如何欣赏英文诗歌

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如何鉴赏英文诗歌~

一 节奏

诗歌是具有音乐性的语言。音乐作品的最大特点之一是音符的流动是有节奏的。所谓节奏就是强拍和弱拍按一定的形式配合起来,有规律地反复出现。懂点音乐的人都知道,音乐中基本的节奏有两种,即强——弱(2/4拍)和强——弱——弱(3/4拍)。举两个简单的例子: 《东方红》的节奏就是强——弱:

5 56│2 —│1 16│2 —│5 5│6i 65│1 16│2 —│

《新年好》(HAPPY NEW YEAR)这首儿歌的节奏是强——弱——弱:

11 1 5 │33 3 1│13 5 5 │43 2 —│23 4 4 │32 3 1│13 2 5│72 1 —│
二 常见的音步类型

音步是轻读与重读构成的。根据重读与轻读搭配的方式的不同,可以划分出不同的音步类型。音步类型不同,节奏自然也不同。最常见的音步类型有以下四种:

(一) 抑扬格 如果一个音步中有两个音节,前者为轻,后者为重,则这种音步叫抑扬格音步,其专业术语是(iamb, iambic.)。轻读是“抑”,重读是“扬”,一轻一重,故称抑扬格。英语中有大量的单词,其发音都是一轻一重,如adore, excite, above, around, appear, besides, attack, supply, believe, return等,所以用英语写诗,用抑扬格就很便利。也就是说,抑扬格很符合英语的发音规律。因此,在英文诗歌中用得最多的便是抑扬格,百分之九十的英文诗都是用抑扬格写成的。前面的那两句诗就是抑扬格诗。

(二)扬抑格 如果一个音步中有两个音节,前者为重,后者为轻,则这种音步叫扬抑格音步,其专业术语是(trochee, trochaic.)。重读是“扬”,轻读是“抑”,一重一轻,故称扬抑格。与抑扬格恰好相反。 英语中也有一批其读音为一重一轻的单词,如Happy, many, holy, yonder, headlong, flaming, upper, grandeur, failing等。写扬抑格的诗,此类词正好合适。但这类词在英语中其数量不及前面的那些多,与英文的语言规律不十分吻合,所以扬抑格诗不多。举两句诗例:

Present │mirth has │present │laughter Shakespeare

Shake your │chains to │earth like │dew Shelley

(三) 抑抑扬格 抑抑扬格含三个音节,即轻——轻——重,专门术语是:Anapaest, anapaestic 例词: cavalier, intercede, disbelieve, reappear, disapprove, indistinct, on the hill.
三 诗行

(一) 一诗行不一定是一个完整的句字。

英文诗每行的第一个字母都大写,但是一诗行不一定是一个完整的句子,不一定能表达一个完整的意思。有时候,一行诗正好是一句,有时两行甚至许多行才构成一个意思完整的句子。前者叫end-stopped line(结句行),后者叫run-on line.(跨行句)。这是英文诗与中国诗的最大区别之一。中国诗歌都是一行表达一个完整的意思。看下面一节诗:

I shot an arrow into the air,

It fell to earth, I knew not where;

For, so swiftly it flew, the sight

Could not follow it in its flight.

前两行是end-stopped line,后两行是run-on line。读跨行句诗,行末停顿较短。
跨行句在英文诗歌中极其普遍,有时十来行才成一完整句子。刚学英文诗的人,对此往往不习惯。对此我们需加注意。

(二) 诗行的长短以音步数目计算:

英文诗行的长度范围一般是一音步——五音步。六、七、八音步的诗行也有,但不多。最多的是四音步、五音步的诗。(各种长短诗行的专门术语:一音步诗:monometer 二音步诗:dimeter三音步诗:trimeter四音步诗:tetrameter 五音步诗:pentameter 六音步诗:hexameter 七音步诗:heptameter八音步诗:octameter.)

 英诗的欣赏:诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判。诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐,用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想,运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法,形成了独特的语言艺术。

  一、 诗的格律 “格律是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”,是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式,也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。重读音节为扬(重),在音节上用“-”或“?”标示,非重读音节为抑(轻),在音节上用“?”标示,音步之间可用“/”隔开。以下是五种常见格式:
  1. 抑扬格(轻重格)Iambus:是最常见的一种格式,每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
  As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,
  So deep / in luve / am I :

  And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear, Till a` / the seas / gang dry:
  Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose
  注;art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go
  上例中为四音步与三音步交叉,可标示为:?-/?-/?-/(?-)
  2.扬抑格(重轻格)Trochee:每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。
  下例中为四音步扬抑格(少一个轻音节),可标示为:-?/-?/-?/-
  Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright
  In the / forests / of the / night
  William Blake: The Tyger
  3. 抑抑扬格(轻轻重格)Anapaestic foot: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如:三音步抑抑扬格??-/??-/??-
  Like a child / from the womb,
  Like a ghost / from the tomb,
  I arise / and unbuild / it again.
  4. 扬抑抑格(重轻轻格)Dactylic foot: 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如:两音步扬抑抑格-??/-??
  ?Touch her not / ?scornfully,
  ?Think of her / ?mournfully.
  - Thomas Hood
  5. 抑扬抑格(轻重轻格)Amphibrach:每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如:三音步抑扬抑格?-?/?-?/?-?下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。
  O ?hush thee / my ?babie / thy ?sire was / a knight.
  在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律,格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。
  二、 诗的押韵
  押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。
  1. 尾韵:最常见,最重要的押韵方式。
  1) 联韵:aabb型。
  I shot an arrow into the air,
  It fell to earth, I knew not where;
  For, so swiftly it flew, the sight
  Could not follow it in its flight.
  Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song
  2) 交叉韵:abab型。
  Sunset and evening star,
  And one clear call for me!
  And may there be no moaning of the bar,
  When I put out to sea,
  Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar
  3) 同韵:有的诗押韵,一韵到底,大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。
  如下例就共用/i:p/为韵脚。
  The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
  But I have promises to keep,
  And miles to go before I sleep,
  And miles to go before I sleep.
  Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
  2. 头韵:是指一行(节)诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵。下例中运用/f/、/b/与/s/头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。
  The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
  The furrow followed free,
  We were the first that ever burst
  Into that silent sea.
  T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Acient Mariner
  3.内韵(同元音):指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。
  下面一节诗中/i/及/iη/重复照应,呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。
  Spring, the sweet spring, is the year‘s pleasant king;
  Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,
  Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing:
  Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!
  Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring
  三、 诗的体式
  有的诗分成几节(stanza),每节由若干诗行组成(每行诗均以大写字母开头);有的诗则不分节。目前我们常见的诗体有:
  1. 十四行诗(Sonnet),源于中世纪民间抒情短诗,十三、十四世纪流行于意大利,意大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)为代表人物,每行十一个音节,全诗一节八行,加一节六行,韵脚用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提问,后六行回答。
  后来,怀亚特(ThomasWyatt,1503-1542)将十四行诗引人英国,五音步抑扬格,全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问,后二句结论。斯宾塞(EdmundSpenser,1552-1599)用韵脚 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee.莎士比亚(WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616)用韵脚abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,称英国式或莎士比亚式。举例见本文第四部分。
  2. 打油诗(Limericks):通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌,一般没有标题也无作者姓名,含有幽默讽刺性,常运用双关,内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行,押韵为aabba,格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。
  1) There was a young lady of Nigger
  Who smiled as she rode on a tiger;
  They returned from the ride
  With the lady inside,
  And the smile on the face of the tiger.
  2) A tutor who taught on the flute
  Tried to teach two tooters to toot,
  “Is it harder to toot, or
  Said the two to the tutor,
  To tutor two tooters to toot?“
  3. 无韵体(Blank Verse):五音步抑扬格,不押韵诗体。
  Across the watery bale , and shout again,
  Responsive to his call, - with quivering peals,
  And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud.
  Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wild
  Of jocund din!…
  William Wordsworth: There Was a Boy
  4. 自由诗(FreeVerse):现代诗中常见的体式,长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中,不讲究押韵与格律,只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人WaltWhitman的>(Leaves of Grass)中,就采用此格式。例子见第四部分。
  四、 诗的评判
  对一首诗,个人的感受会有不同。节奏流畅,语言精炼,联想新颖的诗可算是好诗。堆砌词藻,一味抒发感情而无实际内容的诗,只能是下乘的诗。
  二十世纪英美诗歌大量采用自由诗体,接近口语,可谓大胆创新,大概也是诗歌发展的大势所趋吧。以下通过三首诗的分析看诗的评判。
  1. That Time of Year
  That time of year thou may‘st in me behold
  When yellow leaves,or none,or few, do hang
  Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,
  Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang,
  In me thou see‘st the twilight of such day
  As after sunset fadeth in the west,
  When by and by black night doth take away,
  Death‘s second self, that seals up all in rest.
  In me thou see‘st the glowing of such fire,
  That on the ashes of his youth doth lie.
  As the deathbed whereon it must expire,
  Consumed with that which it was nourished by.
  This you perceivest, which makes thy love more strong,
  To love that well which thou must leave ere long.
  Notes:may‘st:may behold:see late:no long ago thou:you see’st:see
  fadeth:fades doth:does seals up all at rest:彻底埋葬
  thy:your perceivest: perceive ere long: before long
  此诗是莎士比亚(William Shakespeare, 1564-1616)的一首十四行诗。作为英国文学巨匠,他以37部剧作和154首十四行诗屹立于世界文坛。
  此诗为五音步抑扬格,每个诗行格律为:?-/?-/?-/?-/?-/。
  全诗涉及衰老、死亡及爱情问题。前十二行:通过描写深秋的树枝黄叶凋零,曾是百鸟争鸣的歌坛,联想到自身青春会如夕阳消逝在远方,被黑夜吞没;自身的青春会如将尽的柴火奄奄一息,被曾滋养过它的火焰焚化。其中choirs(歌坛),deathbed(灵床)使用暗喻手法,同时又用夕阳和柴火象征人的衰老死亡。最后两行:点题,人们对即将永别的东西会更珍惜。本文动词变化具有明显的伊利沙白时代的特点。
  2. The Daffodils
  I wandered lonely as a cloud
  That floats on high o‘er vales and hills,
  When all at once I saw a crowd,
  A host of golden daffodils;
  Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
  Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
  Continuous as the stars that shine
  And twinkle on the Milky Way,
  They stretched in never-ending line
  Along the margin of a bay:
  Ten thousand saw I at a glance,
  Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
  The waves beside them danced; but they
  Outdid the sparkling waves in glee:
  A poet could not but be gay,
  In such a jocund company:
  I gazed - and gazed - but little thought
  What wealth the show to me had brought:
  For oft, when on my couch I lie
  In vacant or in pensive mood,
  They flash upon that inward eye
  Which is the bliss of solitude;
  Ans then my heart with pleasure fills,
  And dances with the daffodils.
  Notes: a crowd, a host of: many sprightly:happy glee:joy
  jocund:happy bliss:complete happiness pensive:sadly thoughtful
  华兹华斯(WilliamWordsworth,1770-1850),十九世纪初英格兰北部湖区三大“湖畔派诗人”(浪漫主义)之一。此诗向我们描绘了一幅美好的自然景象,同时抒发作者对自然美景的喜欢。黄水仙据说是威尔士国花(1282年,威尔士归顺英格兰,被封公国),在英国广泛栽种,春季开花,花期不长。有许多关于黄水仙的诗歌,这首诗无疑是脱颖而出的。
  全诗语言精炼,通俗易懂,四音步抑扬格,分四节(stanza),每节6行,每节押韵均为ababcc.第一节写诗人孤寂时外出散步,偶遇水仙;第二节写水仙争相开放,千姿百态;第三节,诗人看到这景象感到欣喜异常;第四节写诗人在日后忧郁时,回想当时情景,又让他心中充满了欢乐,随着水仙跳起舞来。
  3. Song of Myself
  I celebrate myself, and sing myself,
  And what I assume you shall assume,
  For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.
  I loafe and invite my soul,
  I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.
  My tongue, every atom of my blood, form‘d from this soil, this air,
  Born ere of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same,
  I, now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin,
  Hoping to cease not till death.
  Creeds and schools in abeyance,
  Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten.
  I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard.
  Nature without check with original energy.
  Notes: a spear of: a piece of school:学说,流派 hazard:chance
  abeyance: the condition of not being in use for a certain time
  惠特曼(Walt Whitman,1819-1892),美国诗人。此诗选自其巨著。本文是Song of Myself 一诗的第一部分,采用自由诗体,语言接近当时的美国口语。
  文中I指作者,you指读者,这种写法使读者身临其境,进入作者描写的世界。作者在文中表明人的价值是平等的,同时他把自己融入到自然带给他的启发思考中。
  从上看出,诗歌的欣赏评判并非可望而不可及,关键要抓住诗中的意象,了解其语义,以便把握诗的大意。纵然每个人的读后感会有不同,但每个人都会在阅读过程中感受到诗歌带来的美和精神上的共鸣。

英文诗歌是各种英语文体中最富有激情和感情色彩的一种文体。诗歌往往用高度凝练的语言来表达诗人的喜怒哀乐以及诗人对生活和客观世界的理解和感悟。当我们在欣赏一首诗时,可以通过文字捕捉到诗人的内心情感。一首优秀的诗可以以其特有的方式影响人们的精神世界。

一、诗歌的篇幅一般短小精悍,语言精练,感情强烈;在格式上,英语诗歌同汉语诗歌一样讲究押韵。诗的押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定的音韵效果。一首诗的押韵具有带规律性的一致性,尤其是在诗句的末尾,称尾韵。下面我们来看Thomas Nashe的一首诗:

Spring
Spring, the sweet Spring, is the year’s pleasant king;

Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,

Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing,

Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!

The palm and may make country houses gay,

Lambs frisk and play, the shepherds pipe all day,

And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay,

Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!

The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet,

Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit,

In every street theses tunes our ears do greet,

Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!

Spring! the sweet Spring!

这首诗押韵整齐,读起来很有节奏感, 表现了春天里万物复苏、生机盎然、一派欢乐祥和的生动景象。

二、现代诗歌可以押韵,也可以不押韵,但需注意两点:

1. 要有节奏感。没有节奏感的诗歌不能算诗,最多是分行的散文。

2. 要把握句子结构的平衡,也就是诗句长短不要相差太远,否则读起来给人不平衡、不舒服之感。

下面我们欣赏一首现代诗:

The Significance of Failure
Failure doesn’t mean you are a failure,

It does mean you haven’t succeeded yet.

Failure doesn’t mean you have accomplished nothing,

It does mean you have learned something.

Failure doesn’t mean you have been a fool,

It does mean you had a lot of faith.

Failure doesn’t mean you’ve been disgraced,

It does mean you were willing to try.

Failure doesn’t mean you don’t have it,

It does mean you have to do something in a different way.

Failure doesn’t mean you are inferior,

It does mean you are not perfect.

Failure doesn’t mean you’ve wasted your life,

It does mean you have a reason to start afresh.

Failure doesn’t mean you should give up,

It does mean you must try harder.

Failure doesn’t mean you’ll never make it,

It does mean it will take a little longer.

Failure doesn’t mean God has abandoned you,

It does mean God has a better idea.

这首诗是Robert Harold Schuller的一篇励志佳作。这首诗虽然句尾不押韵,但是由于每句诗都以排比的形式重复使用Failure doesn’t mean ... It does mean ...,使得整首诗节奏感很强,读起来催人奋进,使读者受到感染。

[佳作赏析]
When You Are Old
When you are old and grey and full of sleep,

And nodding by the fire, take down this book,

And slowly read, and dream of the soft look

Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;

How many loved your moments of glad grace,

And loved your beauty with love false or true,

But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,

And loved the sorrows of your changing face;

And bending down beside the glowing bars,

Murmur, a little sadly, how Love fled

And paced upon the mountains overhead

And hid his face amid a crowd of stars.

这首诗的作者是William Butler Yeats(威廉·巴特勒·叶芝)。叶芝是爱尔兰最伟大的诗人之一 ,对现代诗影响很大。这首诗是叶芝写给自己心爱之人的情诗。诗中的主人公“你”指的是爱尔兰革命家Maud Gonne,诗人遇见她并爱上她,曾多次向其求婚,均未成功,但诗人对她爱慕终生,于是就有了这篇经典之作。

全诗共三节,前两节均是对Maud Gonne的爱意倾诉。第一节中虽然多次用第二人称“你”,但实际上是描述作者自己心中的所思所想。第二节中诗人采用了对比的手法,讲述了对Maud Gonne的爱慕之情,突出自己永恒的爱。最后一节诗人描述了自己内心悲伤的感情。诗中sleep / deep, book / look, grace / face, bars / stars, fled / overhead这几组韵调使诗歌富于音韵感,有音律美,节奏感强,读起来琅琅上口。纵观全诗,没有华丽的辞藻,也找不到甜蜜的情话,有的只是平淡的文字背后寄予的永恒的爱意和深情,反而能让读者久久回味。


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