请高手帮忙翻译一下这篇文章,急急!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

帮忙翻译一下这篇文章,急急!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~

Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall. Because they lack a cell wall, they are unaffected by some antibiotics such as penicillin or other beta-lactam antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis. They can be parasitic or saprotrophic. Several species are pathogenic in humans, including M. pneumoniae, which is an important cause of atypical pneumonia and other respiratory disorders, and M. genitalium, which is believed to be involved in pelvic inflammatory diseases. They may cause or contribute to some cancers.
The genus Mycoplasma is one of several genera within the class Mollicutes. Mollicutes are bacteria which have small genomes, lack a cell wall and have a low GC-content (18-40 mol%). There are over 100 recognized species of the genus Mycoplasma. Their genome size ranges from 0.58 - 1.38 megabase-pairs. Mollicutes are parasites or commensals of humans, animals (including insects), and plants; the genus Mycoplasma is by definition restricted to vertebrate hosts. Cholesterol is required for the growth of species of the genus Mycoplasma as well as certain other genera of mollicutes. Their optimum growth temperature is often the temperature of their host if warmbodied (e.g. 37 degrees Celsius in humans) or ambient temperature if the host is unable to regulate its own internal temperature. Analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences as well as gene content strongly suggest that the mollicutes, including the mycoplasmas, are closely related to either the Lactobacillus or the Clostridium branch of the phylogenetic tree (Firmicutes sensu stricto).
Mycoplasmas are often found in research laboratories as contaminants in cell culture. Mycoplasmal cell culture contamination occurs due to contamination from individuals or contaminated cell culture medium ingredients. The Mycoplasma cell is usually smaller than 1 µm and they are therefore difficult to detect with a conventional microscope. Mycoplasmas may induce cellular changes, including chromosome aborations, changes in metabolism and cell growth. Severe mycoplasma infections may destroy a cell line. Detection techniques include PCR, plating on sensitive agar and staining with a DNA stain including DAPI or Hoechst.
The bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma (trivial name: mycoplasmas) and their close relatives are largely characterized by lack of a cell wall. Despite this, the shapes of these cells often conform to one of several possibilities with varying degrees of intricacy. For example, the members of the genus Spiroplasma assume an elongated helical shape without the aid of a rigid structural cell envelope. These cell shapes presumably contribute to the ability of mycoplasmas to thrive in their respective environments. M. pneumoniae cells possess an extension, the so-called 'tip-structure', protruding from the coccoid cell body. This structure is involved in adhesion to host cells, in movement along solid surfaces (gliding motility), and in cell division. M. pneumoniae cells are of small size and pleomorphic, but with a rough shape in longitudinal cross-section resembling that of a round-bottomed flask.
Mycoplasmas are unusual among bacteria in that most require sterols for the stability of their cytoplasmic membrane. Sterols are acquired from the environment, usually as cholesterol from the animal host. Mycoplasmas also generally possess a relatively small genome of 0.58-1.38 megabases, which results in drastically reduced biosynthetic capabilities and explains their dependence on a host. Additionally they use an alternate genetic code where the codon UGA is encoding for the amino acid tryptophan instead of the usual opal stop codon.
In 1898 Nocard and Roux reported the cultivation of the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), which was at that time a grave and widespread disease in cattle herds. Today the disease is still endemic in Africa and Southern Europe. The disease is caused by M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC (small-colony type), and the work of Nocard and Roux represented the first isolation of a mycoplasma species. Cultiviation was, and still is difficult because of the complex growth requirements. These researchers succeeded by inoculating a semi-permeable pouch of sterile medium with pulmonary fluid from an infected animal and depositing this pouch intraperitoneally into a live rabbit. After fifteen to twenty days, the fluid inside of the recovered pouch was opaque, indicating the growth of a microorganism. Opacitiy of the fluid was not seen in the control. This turbid broth could then be used to inoculate a second and third round and subsequently introduced into a healthy animal, causing disease. However, this did not work if the material was heated, indicating a biological agent at work. Uninoculated media in the pouch, after removal from the rabbit, could be used to grow the organism in vitro, demonstrating the possibility of cell-free cultivation and ruling out viral causes, although this was not fully appreciated at the time (Nocard and Roux, 1890). The name Mycoplasma, from the Greek mykes (fungus) and plasma (formed), was proposed in the 1950’s, replacing the term pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) referring to organisms similar to the causative agent of CBPP (Edward and Freundt, 1956). It was later found that the fungus-like growth pattern of M. mycoides is unique to that species.
This confusion about mycoplasmas and virus would surface again 50 years later when Eaton and colleagues cultured the causative agent of human primary atypical pneumonia (PAP) or 'walking pneumonia.' This agent could be grown in chicken embryos and passed through a filter that excluded normal bacteria. However, it could not be observed by high magnification light microscopy, and it caused a pneumonia that could not be treated with the antimicrobials sulphonamides and penicillin (Eaton, et al., 1945a). Eaton did consider the possibility that the disease was caused by a mycoplasma, but the agent did not grow on the standard PPLO media of the time. These observations led to the conclusion that the causative agent of PAP is a virus. Researchers at that time showed that the cultured agent could induce disease in experimentally infected cotton rats and hamsters. In spite of controversy whether the researchers had truly isolated the causative agent of PAP (based largely on the unusual immunological response of patients with PAP), in retrospect their evidence along with that of colleagues and competitors appears to have been quite conclusive (Marmion, 1990). In the early 1960's, there were reports linking Eaton's Agent to the PPLOs or mycoplasmas, well known then as parasites of cattle and rodents, due to sensitivity to antimicrobial compounds (i.e. organic gold salt) (Marmion and Goodburn, 1961). The ability to grow Eaton's Agent, now known as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, in cell free media allowed an explosion of research into what had overnight become the most medically important mycoplasma and what was to become the most studied mycoplasma.
Recent advances in molecular biology and genomics have brought the genetically simple mycoplasmas, particularly M. pneumoniae and its close relative M. genitalium, to a larger audience. The second published complete bacterial genome sequence was that of M. genitalium, which has one of the smallest genomes of free-living organisms (Fraser, et al., 1995). The M. pneumoniae genome sequence was published soon afterwards and was the first genome sequence determined by primer walking of a cosmid library instead of the whole-genome shotgun method (Himmelerich, et al., 1996). Mycoplasma genomics and proteomics continue in efforts to understand the so-called minimal cell (Hutchison and Montague, 2002), catalog the entire protein content of a cell (Regula, et al., 2000), and generally continue to take advantage of the small genome of these organisms to understand broad biological concepts.
Scientists have also been exploring an association between mycoplasma and cancer. Despite a number of interesting studies, this cancer bacteria association hasn't been clearly established, and has yet to be fully elucidated (Ning and Shou, 2004), (Tsai, et al., 1995).
The medical and agricultural importance of members of the genus Mycoplasma and related genera has led to the extensive cataloging of many of these organisms by culture, serology, and small subunit rRNA gene and whole genome sequencing. A recent focus in the sub-discipline of molecular phylogenetics has both clarified and confused certain aspects of the organization of the class Mollicutes, and while a truce of sorts has been reached, the area is still somewhat of a moving target (Johansson and Pettersson, 2002).
The name mollicutes is derived from the Latin mollis (soft) and cutes (skin), and all of these bacteria do lack a cell wall and the genetic capability to synthesize peptidoglycan. While the trivial name 'mycoplasmas' has commonly denoted all members of this class, this usage is somewhat imprecise and will not be used as such here. Despite the lack of a cell wall, Mycoplasma and relatives have been classified in the phylum Firmicutes consisting of low G+C Gram-positive bacteria such as Clostridium, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus based on 16S rRNA gene analysis. The cultured members of Mollicutes are currently arranged into four orders: Acholeplasmatales, Anaeroplasmatales, Entomoplasmatales, and Mycoplasmatales. The order Mycoplasmatales contains a single family, Mycoplasmataceae, which contains two genera: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma. Historically, the description of a bacterium lacking a cell wall was sufficient to classify it to the genus Mycoplasma and as such it is the oldest and largest genus of the class with about half of the class' species (107 validly described) each usually limited to a specific host and with many hosts harboring more than one species, some pathogenic and some commensal. In later studies, many of these species were found to be phylogenetically distributed among at least three separate orders. A limiting criterion for inclusion within the genus Mycoplasma is that the organism have a vertebrate host. In fact, the type species, M. mycoides , along with other significant mycoplasma species like M. capricolum, is evolutionarily more closely related to the genus Spiroplasma in the order Entomoplasmatales than to the other members of the Mycoplasma genus. This and other discrepancies will likely remain unresolved because of the extreme confusion that change could engender among the medical and agricultural communities. The remaining species in the genus Mycoplasma are divided into two non-taxonomic groups, hominis and pneumoniae, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The hominis group contains the phylogenetic clusters of M. bovis, M. pulmonis, and M. hominis, among others. The pneumoniae group contains the clusters of M. muris, M. fastidiosum, U. urealyticum, the currently unculturable haemotrophic mollicutes, informally referred to as haemoplasmas (recently transferred from the genera Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon), and the M. pneumoniae cluster. This cluster contains the species (and the usual or likely host) M. alvi (bovine), M. amphoriforme (human), M. gallisepticum (avian), M. genitalium (human), M. imitans (avian), M. pirum (uncertain/human), M. testudinis (tortoises), and M. pneumoniae (human). Most if not all of these species share some otherwise unique characteristics including an attachment organelle, homologs of the M. pneumoniae cytadherence-accessory proteins, and specialized modifications of the cell-division apparatus.
A detailed analysis of the 16S rRNA genes from the order Mollicutes by Maniloff has given rise to a view of the evolution of these bacteria that includes an estimate of the time-scale for the emergence of some groups or features (Maniloff, 2002). This analysis suggests that about 600 million years ago (MYA), late in the Proterozoic era, Mollicutes branched away from the low G+C Gram-positive ancestor of the streptococci, losing their cell wall. At this time on Earth, molecular oxygen was present in the atmosphere at 1%, and the fossil record shows that multicellular marine animals had recently spread in the Cambrian explosion. One hundred million years later the requirement for sterols in the cytoplasmic membrane evolved along with the change to the alternate genetic code. Also, the ancestor of the genera Spiroplasma and Entomoplasma (primarily plant and insect pathogens) and Mycoplasma emerged at this time and would itself diverge into the Spiroplasma-Entomoplasma and Mycoplasma lineages approximately 100 million years after that. This diversity coincided with the origin of land plants 500 MYA. It appears that the calculated rate of evolution for the Mycoplasma group increased several fold about 190 MYA, soon after the appearance of vertebrates, while the Spiroplasma-Entomoplasma ancestor continued to evolve at the previously shared slower rate until about 100 MYA, when angiosperms and their associated pollinating insects appeared. Then the evolution rate of these bacteria appears to have also increased significantly. This is an attractive hypothesis, but while it tracks the emergence of several of the unusual characteristics of Mycoplasma and related organisms, it does not address the selective pressures driving their evolution, except perhaps the widespread close association of a parasite with a specific host. The advantages of a reduced genome, cell wall-less structure, and alternate genetic code remain murky.

你有过这样的经历么：乘公交车的时候有人很大声地接电话？作出租车的时候司机按喇叭？你可能会回答“有”，但你有没有试过停下来一会去倾听安静呢?也许没有，安静是我们几乎不会注意的东西。

当今，我们中很多人都太忙了以致于没有时间去欣赏生活中微小的事物，包括安静。随着经济的发展，我们被噪音和一些其他的东西包围。我们不能意识到噪音是怎样影响我们的，但是它确实改变了我们说话和相互倾听的方式。因为我们太习惯噪音了，忘记了在最后没有噪音的时候要心怀感激。甚至没有噪音的时候我们想要说话来填补安静。我们害怕安静因为感到不自在，这似乎很有趣。但是，事实上安静比嘈杂更好，而且我们需要去欣赏它。

我的一些朋友问我为什么不喜欢说话。事实上我很健谈但是我不喜欢用说话来赶走安静因为我喜欢安静的美。我相信我的一个朋友说过的话“不要讲话，除非你可以改善安静”。所以下次你在公交车或者出租车上时，记得去欣赏你某一天遇到的安静。

China's modern history of biological research ideas
Modern biology is not inherent in our cultural heritage, which is introduced from foreign countries to the East and West. Therefore, this study subjects in the course of development of our country, it is necessary to carefully trace the spread of it, take root and grow in all aspects. Its close relations and reality, lessons learned, for today the biological sciences rather reference, the significance is self-evident. Of course the study is also very difficult. Many things in the event, for a variety of complicated relations, but the process did not disclose all information on file, not for judgement and interpretation. In addition, because of what happened Qiejin more difficult to see cause and effect, clarifying the truth and make a reasonable judgement. At the same time, in the course of the study, vulnerable to feelings and emotional waves of Health, described the impact of objectivity. And the relevant parties to the relatives, students may also have to study some human interference. In addition, reviewed the development of the environment, may be complicated by a number of ideological problems. However, despite all the difficulties, or to begin the study. In Gouchen historical facts and clarify the Development of disciplines, restore the historical truth of calm and pragmatic attitude, as much as possible with a comprehensive, systematic, objective and real historical data of past things happened, as far as possible avoid unnecessary side issues and difficult Extricate themselves. In other words, the memory of China's efforts to "things in terms of the letter," the good tradition of historiography, removal "due to heart likes and dislikes, and then Huiyu" bad habit.
China's introduction of modern biology short time, relevant research lacks. However, as China is a country attaches great importance to the history, people have always been concerned about the subjects of the development process and its development experience. In the 1940s, the "science" has been disseminated by the then active in a number of fields biologists write the branch of the state of development of the article. The article for scholars and the public about developments in biology and then popularize knowledge plays an important role. In the 1980's, the number of units to learn anniversary commemoration of the establishment of dozens of opportunities for organizations to write the history of the development of this discipline, such as: China Plant Society (1933) 50th anniversary of the founding of the time, the organization has prepared a "Chinese botanist History "(Science Press, 1994); China physiology (1926) in the 60th anniversary of the founding of the time, the organization prepared by the" History of China Physiology "(Peking Union Medical College Press, 1993). Scientists also have some old work on their own memories to write articles or monographs, such as biochemist Zheng set, Zou Chenglu virologist and noble Yam, physiologist Zhang Xiangtong, Wang Zhijun, and so on. Some concern has always been the history of biological research biologists such as tree entomologist Zou Wen, Zhou Yaohe, plant physiologist Gong Li Liang, Michael Tan Jiazhen, and so on, they have committed to the preparation of the relevant professionals History. Some of the biological sciences departments such as the management of Pan Gao and Xue Wu Chun, also according to their own experiences and related literature to write some information on the biological development of China's history of articles and books.
Modern biology in China's development, but also aroused the concern of some foreign scholars. French scholar-too justification (G. Schneider), since the 1980s has been to China the development of genetics has a special interest in history, has written a monograph in this area; American scholar of Concepción (J. R. Pusey) also The theory of evolution in China spread done many studies. In addition, the U.S. Cornell University in Eagle Rock (K. Adler) had amphibians and reptiles zoology professor at China's development of a comprehensive study done.
In addition, there are a lot of young scholars in doing post-graduate theses, from the biological development of China's modern history of the area chosen topics, such as Chen Shengkun, Cao Yu, Jiang Yuping, Xiong Wei-min, such as by the Science Society of China in modern times The introduction of physiology and molecular biology of development in China, from some specific aspects of the beneficial exploration. Some of the history of science workers also carried out some research work in this area, such as WANG Zi-chun, Cheng Guang-sheng, Fan Hongye, Zhang Jie, asked in the early liberation of our country and the development of the biology of, and so on. In addition, the publication of the biography also many biologists, for the development of the work there are also some important exposition.
Overall, though his predecessors has done some very meaningful work, but a considerable part of these efforts are engaged in biological research and management personnel using amateur time, the situation according to their own professional writing. Most of these works is relatively simple, mainly review the facts. These long series of similar nature of things is to study the information was accumulated very important, but even the collation of historical materials, and its work there still exist many deficiencies. The deeds of the study, scientists are still inadequate. From the research point of view, the lack of historical analysis and less subject to consider the impact between the disciplines of biology and the adjacent infiltration in the study of the social environment impact on the development of biology, has yet to be deepening. There are many people on the field before, the overall research is still inadequate, not fully reflect the history and development of the whole subject which should be summed up experiences and lessons. Some works are purely for the patchwork,错误百出. Not to mention the research work of scientists worldwide in the review, the overall research work in measurement analysis of the literature, and so on. In short, the scope of the study and development of deep-seated problems still not enough, there are a lot of work to be started.
Modern biological research and study the history of modern history, will need to read a lot of relevant information on file, the biologist and the related parties to carry out the necessary interviews, according to detailed and objective historical data to elaborate what the past has happened. In this I have no intention to talk about relevant research methods, but based on past can see, without mentioning some of the original emphasis on the subject but also the development of an important number of issues, in particular the following aspects.
1. Assessment of the work of foreign scholars
During the inspection, the spread of disciplines, the first involving the relevant people and institutions in this regard attention should be paid to a reasonable number of foreigners Review of the work. These people's political inclination and the world as well as research purposes there may be one way or another, but their academic contribution, or should be an objective evaluation. These people are the two categories is the study of China's foreign scholars, and the other is in China's direct knowledge and dissemination of biological theory of scholars. These two aspects of work, less attention to the past. They work for us is the development of modern biology had some influence, such as Britain, France, Russia, Germany and the United States some biologists in the scientific research institutions of China's biological research, for the classification of plants and animals, resources survey For a considerable foundation for the emergence of modern biology is to stimulate and promote the role of Health. In the first category, scholars such as the U.S. representative at Cornell University, Professor Ni Damu (also translated Nidan, J. G. Needham), research works include "China's dragonflies Manual" (Manual ofthe Dragonflies ofChina), including Law Chi, many at Cornell University to study the early Chinese Health
Of Jurists in their subglottic learning; College of Agriculture Dean of the University of California Professor Mel (E.D.Merril1) is similar to the scholars that he had in the Philippines Secretary of the science, botany research has long been engaged in East Asia , The "East Asian botany bibliography" (A Bibliography ofe ~ tem Asiatic Botany, 1938), China's Pei Kam that botanists from his subglottic In addition, such as Harvard University professor Ellen (G. M. Allen) China has long-term study of the beast, published "China and Mongolia, the beast" (e Mammals ofChina andMongolia), and so on. The third category, such as Qi Tianxi (N. G. Gee) 1912, in Soochow University and established the first biological science, and director, one of the founders of China's entomology Mr Fu that is, from his name; Scholars have similar fraternity, the Harvard-Yenching University (A. M. Boring; amphibious reptiles China's one of the founders of Liu Cheng-chiu that is out of her subglottic), Shi De Wei (Albert N. Steward), Ke-li Hu (c.R.Ke1.
1ogg), Wright (s.F.Light), and so on, they are on the biology of early education has been relatively good contribution. They spread in China and the introduction of the biological aspects of work should be given appropriate review.
2 China's early development model of discipline and institutional process
At that time, in this regard to the main biologists inspected the idea of building disciplines and subjects mode of development, and their system of biological disciplines of the efforts.
Early the founders of China's biological disciplines such as physiologist Lin-sheng, zoologist and botanist Law-Hussein cheated, Liu Shen-e are all very entrepreneurial spirit of the well-known scholars, but their fate and academic life of the idea of building Not the same, which reflects the personnel training and the establishment of branches has their own characteristics, but they have excellent performance. For example, from building their own research institutions in the practice, students can see that the countries in which research institutions and schools formed the first to follow the example of the object, such as the United States to study the Law Chi-fu, such as imitation Hussein and the United States Institute for the establishment of Science Society of Westchester Biological Institute at Harvard University's Arnold Arboretum to imitate the establishment of forest Lushan Botanic Garden; scholars in France have tried to France in accordance with the relevant model to the establishment of universities and research institutions. Study the social environment in China at that time appeared in such features, and its subjects in the history of the development of the results, may be very meaningful.
In the disciplines of the system in efforts to establish the academic community is also an important aspect. In this regard the general narrative has many, but his usefulness and effectiveness analysis or deficient. In addition, the introduction of science as the basis of biological terminology and identification of a translation is also very worthy of in-depth study of a problem. Accept the new disciplines, involving a new set of theories and concepts, terminology related to the translation and reunification is a very important aspect. Animals and Plants in China and the whole of biology, the terminology of the Japanese influence is profound, its pros and cons of how to «very worth exploring.
Period of very entrepreneurial biologist with the international academic community to maintain the exchange of academics is able to track the international trend of academic disciplines and an important driving force for rapid progress in the (then paleontology, physiology, anthropology and birds, fish are classified This has been reflected). To achieve such an exchange, the use of foreign language publications published papers is very important, such as "Chinese Journal of Physiology," "China-paleontology," and "Institute of Biological Science Society of China on" the use of foreign languages are a specialized academic papers. But they also noted that the full localization must use their own disciplines for the universal biological knowledge, the only way to make biological sustainable development. Such as "China-paleontology," often foreign-language books translated into Chinese, and "Science" and other publications are generally published a large number of scientific papers and senior Popular Science. Early this attention to the biologists to track international academic developments, and efforts to popularize biological knowledge of both domestic practice is noteworthy.
Discipline in the process of development will inevitably produce some academic thinking of the confrontation. In the 1930s, Hu and Wang Jing-hee had a confrontation on the steps reflected the social reality (they are the original ideology of "trendy" and "tradition" of the difference, is a "trendy" go-getters, is a "Xue Heng" The main force, while they wrote the "independent reviews" in the "New Youth", "relatives" relations).
China has "by the World Bank Zhiyong," the great tradition, but in the nature of the universe and the essence of life in Why, it seems to be some weak. Western modern science-come, we are learning how effective, in addition to classification, the development of the theory of the subjects had what kind of contribution. There are factions, but there are school? «This is also very worthy of in-depth examination.
3 social environment for the development of biological effects
The introduction of modern biological science at a time when China's "poor and weak," the calamity-ridden period. The establishment of the scientific community itself there is a "science to save the country" concept included. On the one hand, the scientific community hopes that the rapid development, the prosperity of the country to become an important tool, on the other hand, it lacks funds to support such a tool. At that time, the development of biology and geology Similarly, a strong pragmatic tendency (boring and the British Chen diverted to illustrate the impact of the socio-economic backwardness, on the theory of the strong and spend more experimental science is the development of A lot of limitations. Also, the National Academy of Peiping by the plant only two microscopes, one of Taiwan or the bad, is enough to note the lack of equipment at that time). On biology, agriculture, forestry services, medical and health was the cause of biologists moment to consider the issue. After all, we want to make a strong country with the desire too urgent. In addition, the traditional social and cultural (by the World Bank Zhiyong) on the impact of this process (the public's understanding of biology, and the impact of this discipline). These topics of science and the choice to carry out the work of
And achievements have all had an impact on. In the course could be considered in general and case studies on the combination.
4 unified scientific planning and identification of the pros and cons of "climbing" the effectiveness of inspection
1949 after the founding of New China, China's restructuring of the science and technology education and scientific research system. This system for our economic backwardness of such a large country, and concentrate the limited human and financial resources, giving priority to the development (some of the continued development) and linked to the national economy closely related to a branch of a prominent role. China's vast number of biologists with the actual national conditions, and following by the World Bank Zhiyong, and explore the great tradition of truth in the development and utilization of biological resources, flora and fauna-prepared, pest and disease control and biological macromolecules, such as protein synthesis and research is made A considerable contribution. However, in practice there are often quick success of the guiding ideology, but also over-emphasized science and technology for politics, the academic exchanges with foreign countries rarely, its negative impact is very serious.
5 political interference in the scientific development of hazards
This aspect of the problem was mainly due to the first half of the 20th century under the previous,后起China as a socialist country in science and technology development in a comprehensive follow the Soviet Union "Big Brother" caused a consequence, of course, have our own reasons. At that time, the ideological influence, to the scientific work of political labels affixed with philosophy and theory instead of scientific conclusions, had a very bad influence. In that period asked, decision-makers formulate a series of extreme leftist line, principles and policies so that biologists can not work properly, some scholars flee abroad. "Anti-Rightist" campaign after the failure to promptly corrected, resulting in the development of the "Cultural Revolution" extreme point, seriously dampened the enthusiasm of large numbers of intellectuals to China's great cause of the biological sciences harm. Has been to implement the reform and opening up in 1978, only to change this situation, in this regard is very serious lessons to be careful summing up.
6 China's development of biological status
In recent years, China's biology is a very rapid progress, but there are many unsatisfactory status quo in place. The most prominent inadequate or lack of innovation. My biology and the development of advanced countries than there are still gaps in biotechnology and genetic engineering, neuroscience, developmental biology, and other cutting-edge fields, our original results still inadequate. Western developed countries still use their technological superiority, low-cost access to China's germplasm resources and high prices to sell their patent. China says economic development and social progress while making a tremendous contribution to, but in biological pharmaceuticals, national health care, reproductive health, biodiversity and germplasm resources protection, external monitoring of biological invasion, a major biological disaster warning, the global Climate warming on the impact of China's biological and countermeasures, and other aspects of our work is far from being to achieve the desired objectives. Where problems arise, the fundamental reason for what is very worthy of our consideration. Perhaps our culture is a more utilitarian focus on the culture, understanding of its natural life or the nature of limited interest. We may also be the introduction of Western science, cognitive science
And it called for the development of the social environment and management philosophy and education there is some bias. Because today, because of institutional reasons, our research work there are still large number of low-level duplication, issues such as lack of basic research, research topics instant success, only concerned about the number of published articles, research can not be concerned about the depth and quality of the papers. This, in turn, and the prevailing academic community as a whole impetuous closely related.
We are continuing to introduce advanced foreign technology and biological science theory, in other words, in the past domestic scholars to face the academic introduction, spread and how to speed up their biological development issues still exist today. Review of the past course of development, no doubt can provide useful lessons.
有的实在不懂。

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潮态苦碟：[答案] Ask ace to help translate an article.A reward points: 0 - from problems have 14 days over 23 hoursThe flowers are beautiful, is not only gorgeous color, more in which contain his life brilliance. Some...

澄海区18287374157： 跪求高手帮忙翻译这篇英语文章.咱英语无能啊..不要机翻.谢谢.I played a racquetball game against my cousin Ed last week. It was one of the most surprising ... - ？
潮态苦碟：[答案] 上周我和我的堂兄艾德打了场回力球,那是我打过的最意外和劳累的比赛之一了.最初艾德打电话让我跟他打比赛的时候,... 接下来我们打的像两个疯子.当比分到16以上时,我十分怀疑这样打能不能活到21岁.(觉得这句有问题,不知道怎么翻译合适...

澄海区18287374157： 紧急求助,英语高手帮忙翻译一下这篇短文,急用,谢谢!最好不要少于50个词. - ？
潮态苦碟： My holiday will plantomorrow is Saturday, daddy buys two to me to die the abundant garden ticket, one 100 Yuan, another 160 Yuan, we rode the bus to go, altogether spent 4 Yuan, when 7:00 pm went home. the day after tomorrow will be Sunday, ...

澄海区18287374157： 请英语高手帮忙翻译一下这篇短文,中翻英,急需,谢谢中国自古是一个礼仪之邦,有着五千年的优良传统!然而随着时代的变迁,人们思想的转变,最传... - ？
潮态苦碟：[答案] China is an ancient nation with amenity and 5,000-year tradition !However,as times change,people's thinking changes,the most traditional,one of the oldest rituals has been gradually be forgotten! Take a phenomena what we encountered in daily life for ...

澄海区18287374157： 请各位高手帮忙翻译下这篇英语作文,谢谢,急需TV vs. the newspaper TV seems to enjoy even greater popularity than before. Some people claim that TV has... - ？
潮态苦碟：[答案] 电视和报纸 电视看起来比以前更受公众欢迎.有人抱怨说,电视已经以其巨大的公众冲击力控制了传媒市场;另外一些人甚至预言说在将来电视将会取代印刷传媒.但是当我们近距离研究这两种媒体形式的特点时,结论也许会有所不同.报纸和杂志有着...

澄海区18287374157： 求英语大神帮忙翻译一下这篇短文 在线等 急急急 感谢!!! - ？
潮态苦碟： 我最喜欢的一个衣服店是我们镇上的一个折扣店.里面卖新的和二手衣服,但是质量都很好.所有衣服都挂着供你去看,有童装区,男装区,女装区.如果你看到喜...

澄海区18287374157： 古文高手请进!!!!!! 帮忙看一下这是什么文章!!!! 然后帮忙翻译一下全文!!! 谢谢!!!! - ？
潮态苦碟： 《愚公之谷》译评 【原文】 齐桓公出猎,逐鹿而走入山谷之中,见一老公而问之,曰:“是为何谷?”对曰:“为愚公之谷.”桓公曰:“何故?”对曰:“以臣名之.”桓公曰:“今视公之仪状,非愚人也,何为以公名?”对曰:“臣请陈...