机械专业英语翻译
One
A system that transmits forces in a predetermined manner to accomplish specific objectives may be considered a machine. A mechanism may be defined in a similar manner, but the term mechanism is usually applied to a system where the principal function is to transmit motion. Kinematics is the study of motion in mechanisms, while the analysis of forces and torques in machines is called dynamics.
1. 一个以预定方式完成特定目标的,传递力的系统可以认为是一种机器。一个机构可以以类似的方式加以定义,但机构这个术语通常被用于一个主要功能是传递运动的系统。运动学是研究机构的运动,而对机器中的力和转矩的分析则称为动力学
Once the need for a machine or mechanism with given characteristic is identified, the design process be begins. Detailed analysis of displacements, velocities, and accelerations is usually required. This part of the design process is then followed by analysis of forces and torques. 一旦认定需要具有给定特性的机器或机构,设计过程就开始了。通常需要详细分析位移、速度和加速度。在设计过程的这一部分以后,接着就是分析力和转矩。The design process may continue long after first models have been produced and include redesigns of components that affect velocities, accelerations, forces, and torques. In order to successfully compete from year to year, most manufacturers must continuously modify their product and their methods of production. Increases in production rate, updating of product performance, redesign for cost and weight reduction, and motion analysis of new product lines are frequently required. Success may hinge on the correct kinematic and dynamic analysis of the problem.设计过程可能在第一个模型生产出来后继续很长时间,并包括对可能影响速度、加速度、力和转矩的元部件的重新设计。为了成功进行年复一年的竞争,大多数制造商必须不断修改自己的产品技它们的生产方法。生产速度的提高、产品性能的更新、为了降低成本和重量进行重新设计,以及新产品生产线的运动分析等都是不断需要的。成功可能取决于问题的正确的运动学分析和动力学分析。
Many of the basic linkage configurations have been incorporated into machines designed centuries ago, and the terms we use to describe them have changes over the years. Thus, definitions and terminology will not be consistent throughout the technical literature. In most cases, however, meanings will be clear form the context of descriptive matter. A few terms of particular interest to the study of kinematics and dynamics of machines are defined.
很多基本的连锁机构的配置在几个世纪前就已结合进设计的机器中,而我们用来描述它们的术语也随着年代而改变了。因此,定义和术语在技术文献中不是一致的。可是在大多数情况下,从所叙述事物的来龙去脉看这些意义是清楚的。对研究机器运动学和动力学特别有意义的几个术语做了定义。
Two
A new machine is born because there is a real or imagined need for it. It evolves from some one's conception of a device with which to accomplish a particular purpose. From the conception follows a study of the arrangement of the parts, the location and length of links (which may include a kinematic study of the linkage), the places for gears, bolts, springs, cams, and other elements of machines. With all ideas subject to change and improvement, several solutions may be and usually are found, the seemingly best one being chosen.
2 一台新机器因为有真实的或想象的需要而诞生。它从某个人用来完成一项特定目的的设计概念演变而来。从这一概念,引来对零部件排列,连接部件位置和长度(这可能包括连杆机构运动学的研究),齿轮、螺栓、弹簧、凸轮和其他机器元件的放置等的研究。在所有想法都受到改变和改进的同时,就会发现,而且通常就会发现若干解决方案,然后选择似乎最佳的方案。
The actual practice of designing is applying a combination of scientific principles and a knowing judgment based on experience. It is seldom that a design problem has only one right answer, a situation that is often annoying to the beginner in machine design.
设计的实际惯例是采用科学原理和根据经验建立的明智判断。很少有一个设计问题只有一个正确答案,这是一个常常令机器设计新手烦恼的情况。
Design problems usually have more than on answer. Given a general statement of a design problem, such as a machine to wash clothes in the home automatically, and there will be as many different answers there are design teams—as attested by the number of washing machines on the market.
设计问题通常有一个以上的答案。假设给出一个设计问题的一般性说法,比如一台家用自动洗衣机,而那么有多少设计小组就有多少不同的答案,就像市场上洗衣机的数目所证明的那样。
齿轮是直接接触式(挤压式)的传动装置,是成对运行的,把机械运动和力矩从一个旋转轴传到另一个旋转轴,或从旋转轴传到齿条,是它们保持啮合的突出物叫齿,
齿形;齿轮的接触面必须配合适度,使得传动精准(不丢转),动力传递不是靠摩擦力,如直接接触式传动装置的描述中所说的,这种传动装置要求无论主动轮还是被动轮,作用力要垂直于接触面,而不是垂直通过轴线,已知的齿轮传动装置的齿形都是渐开线的,它能使得传动不丢转,速比准确,
基本关系;两个啮合的齿轮中小的叫pinion,大的叫gear,当驱动轴是小齿轮pinion时,是减速传动,反之是加速传动,齿轮更多的用于减速传动,如果一个齿轮有n个齿,每分钟n转,n,n的乘积就是每分钟齿(牙)数,如果两个齿轮啮合的好,它们的乘积应该是相等的,即,主动轮齿数X主动轮转速=被动轮齿数X被动轮转速,在齿轮传动中,齿轮的齿数比和速比是由大齿轮的齿数和小齿轮的齿数之比决定的,如果大齿轮齿数100,小齿轮齿数20,速比就是100/20=5,因此小齿轮的转速相当于大齿轮的5倍,因为切点与轴线平高,所以切点叫pitch point(节圆点),它是齿面进行纯滚动接触唯一的点,不平行齿轮和不平行轴 上的齿轮移动式有节圆的,只是节圆的概念有区别,
1引言
High-efficiency deep grinding (HEDG) offers the possibility to achieve very high material removal rates, while keeping good workpiece surface integ- rity.高效深磨(HEDG)提供了达到很高材料去除率,同时保持工件良好表面完整性的可能。 High wheel speeds (up to 250 m/s), high feed rates, and deep cuts (e.g. 1–8 mm) are typically used in HEDG and the introduction of super abra- sives such as cubic boron nitride (CBN) helps further reduce the heat partitioning to the workpiece and increase wheel life [1–7].在HEDG中一般都采用高的轮速(高达250 m/s),高的进给速度和深的切削(例如1-8mm),而采用超硬磨料(例如立方氮化硼,CNB)有助于进一步减少对工件的热分配和延长砂轮的寿命【1-7】。
The partitioning of the grinding heat to the different heat sinks (workpiece, wheel, grinding fluid, and grinding chips) varies with process conditions and is a controlling factor when designing a grinding pro- cess, in order to work within a safe regime without causing any thermal damage to the workpiece.磨削热对不同受热体(工件、砂轮、磨削液和磨削碎片)的分配随着加工条件而变,而且在设计磨削工艺是是一个控制因素,以便在一个不至于引起工件热损伤的安全安全状况下工作。 Due to the unique heat transfer mechanism associated with the high Peclet number (Pe) and large contact angle in HEDG, a substantial amount of grinding heat can be taken away by the grinding chips [2–7], 由于在HEDG中与高的Peclet数和大的接触角联系在一起的、独特的传热机理,相当大量的磨削热可以被磨削碎片带走【2-7】,which is usually negligible in conventional finish grinding and creep feed grinding. The grinding tem- perature at the finish surface can be much lower than that at the wheel–work contact surface, owing
这在常规的精磨和缓进给磨削中,通常是忽略的。由于在工件内相对较小的热渗透深度和不断去除的磨削碎片,在完成表面的磨削温度可以大大低于砂轮-加工接触面处
*Corresponding author: Manufacturing Systems Department, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK.
通讯作者:英国贝德福德MK43 OAL,克兰菲尔德,克兰菲尔德大学,制造系统系
email: t.jin@cranfield.ac.uk
E-mail: t.jin@cranfield.ac.uk
to the relatively small thermal penetration depth within the workpiece and the continuous removal of grinding chips.由于在工件内相对较小的热渗透深度和不断去除的磨削碎片
1引言
高效深磨( HEDG )提供了实现的可能性非常高的材料去除率,同时保持良好的工件表面集成席位。高级车轮速度(高达250米/秒) ,高饲料利率,并大幅削减(如1-8毫米) ,通常用在HEDG和引进超级阿布拉- sives ,如立方氮化硼( cBN )有助于进一步降低热分割到工件和增加车轮的生活[ 1-7 ] 。
分割的磨削热的差异耳鼻喉科散热器(工件,砂轮,磨削液,研磨芯片)随工艺条件和控制因素是设计时,磨削过程,以便在一个安全的制度未造成任何热损伤的工件。由于独特的传热机理与高Peclet数( PE )和大接触角的HEDG ,大量的磨削热可带走磨削芯片[ 2-7 ] ,通常是微不足道的常规完成研磨和缓进给磨削。磨削温度在完成表面可明显低于在轮接触面的工作,因为
*通讯作者:制造系统部,克兰菲尔德大学,英国克兰菲尔德,贝德福德郡MK43 0AL ,英国。电子邮件: t.jin @ cranfield.ac.uk
以相对较小的热穿透深度
在工件和不断消除磨削芯片。
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