机械专业英语翻译成中文（急）

机械专业英语翻译成中文（急）~

3.1.2
Friction
3.1.2
磨擦
Whenever
there
is
a
relative
motion
between
two
touching
surfaces,
there
is
a
resistance

to
this
motion
called
friction.
当两个接触的表面之间存在
相对运动
时，对这一运动就有一种称为磨擦的阻力。The
mechanics

of
friction
are
complex.
摩擦的机理很复杂。Although
the
fundamentals

of
the
phenomenon

have
been
given
much
study,
very
little
that
is
known
would
facilitate

formulation

of
the
exact
functional

relationship

between
friction
and
the
other
process
variables
.
虽然这一现象的基本原理已由很多研究所提供，但已知很少有助于在磨擦和其他工艺变量之间形成准确的
函数关系
。The
most
common
simplifying
assumptions

made
with
regard
to
friction
stress
(J)
between
the
workpiece
and
the
tool
are
the
following
:
关于工件和工具之间的磨擦应力（J）所做的最常用的简化假设如下：
1.
Coulomb
Friction.
It
is
assumed
that
the
shear
stress
J
is
proportional
to
the
pressure
p
between
the
workpiece
and
the
die.
Then
J
=
μp,
where
the
proportionality
factor
μ
is
called
the
Coulomb
coefficient

of
friction.
1.
库伦
磨擦。它假设
剪切应力
J与工件和模具之间的压力p成正比。于是J＝μp，式中的
比例因子
μ被称为库伦磨擦系数
2.
Constant
friction.
It
is
assumed
that
the
shear
stress
is
proportional
to
the
strength
of
the
workpiece
material.
Then
τ
=
m/√3,
where
the
proportionality
factor
m
is
called
the
shear
factor,
with
0
<
m
<
1.
The
factors
μ
and
m
are
assumed
constant
for
a
given
die,
workpiece
and
lubricant.
2.
恒定的磨擦。它假设剪切应力正比于工件材料的强度。于是，T＝m/√3，式中的比例因子m被称为剪切因子，0
<
m
<
1。因子μ和m对于给定的模具、工件和润滑剂而言都被假设为常数。
3.
Hydrodynamic,
Hydrostatic,
and
Thick
Film
Lubrication.
When
a
lubricant
film
separates
the
workpiece
from
contact
with
the
die,
then
hydrodynamic
or
hydrostatic
film
lubrication

prevails
together
with
its
special
laws
of
shear
within
the
lubricant
medium.
Sometimes
high-
viscosity

lubricants
adhere
to
the
workpiece
to
form
similarly

thick
film
separation

of
the
workpiece
from
the
tool.
Film
lubrication
may
separate
the
workpiece
from
the
die
on
the
entry
side
to
a
smaller
or
larger
extent.
At
the
extreme
(Sec.
7),
the
entire
workpiece
is
separated
from
the
die
by
this
film
of
the
lubricant.
3.
流体动力润滑、静压润滑和厚油膜润滑。当一层润滑剂膜将工件与接触的模具隔离时，那么流体动力的或静压的油膜润滑，以及其在润滑剂介质中特殊的剪切定律就会占上风。有时，高粘度润滑剂黏结到工件上，形成工件与工具类似厚油膜的隔离。油膜润滑可以在入口侧将工件与模具以较小或较大的程度隔离。在极端情况下（第7节），整个工件就被此润滑剂膜与模具隔离开来。

3.1.3 Other Independent Process Parameters
3.1.3 其他独立的工艺参数
These three process variables - reduction, cone angle, and friction - are independent in that the
process planner may exercise a degree of freedom in choosing their values. The severity of
friction, for instance, is controlled, within limits, by choices of lubricant, die material and finish,
speed, etc.
这三个工艺变量－缩小量、锥角和磨擦－在工艺设计者在选择这些变量的值中可能运用自由度时是独立的。例如，磨擦的激烈程度可通过选择润滑剂、模具材料和磨光、速度等而控制在一定限度内。The above three parameters, namely, reduction, cone angle and friction are the primary factors
affecting the process. 以上三个参数，即缩小量、锥角和磨擦是影响工艺的最主要因素。Their effects on the first dependent parameter, the drawing or extrusion force, will be analyzed first. 首先将分析它们对第一相关参数－拉丝力或挤压力－的影响。Other independent parameters also play a role during processing. 其他独立参数在工艺过程中也发挥作用。For example, the drawing or extrusion force is linearly proportional to the flow strength of the material, but when inertia forces are neglected, it is independent of the speed. 例如，拉丝力或挤压力与材料的流动强度成线性比例关系，但是当惯性力被忽略时，它与速度无关。The power, on the other hand, is linearly proportional to speed. 另一方面，功率则与速度成线性比例关系。Furthermore, we will first consider isothermal processing, where temperature is not a factor and then extend the treatment to handle adiabatic processing and temperature effects. 而且，我们将先考虑等温过程，在这种情况下，温度不是一个因素，然后将处理扩展，以处理绝热过程和温度的影响。Thus, at first, only the effect of the three independent parameters (r%, a, and friction) is considered. 因此，首先只考虑三个独立参数（r%, a和磨擦）的影响。
3.1.4 The Dependent Variable
3.1.4 相关变量
The force required for drawing or extrusion can now be characterized. 拉丝或挤压所需的力现在可加以表征了。In Fig. the drawing force F (or drawing stress Fxf = F front/Af) is obviously a function of reduction (larger reduction requires higher force), of cone angle, and of friction, and similarly for the extrusion force F (or extrusion stress Fxb = F back/Ao). 在图1中， 拉丝力F（或拉丝应力Fxf＝F前沿/Af）显然是缩小量（缩小量越大，要求的力越大）、锥角和摩擦力的函数，而挤压力F（或挤压应力Fxb = F 后面/Ao）则类似。 In short, the motivation force or stress causing the drawing or extrusion is a dependent variable which is a function of reduction, cone angle, and friction. 简单来说，引起拉丝或挤压的促动力是一个相关变量，它是缩小量、锥角和磨擦的函数。Description of the drawing force, for example, as a function of these three independent variables may be undertaken by either an experimental approach or an analytical approach. 例如，对作为这三个独立变量的函数的拉丝力的描述可以通过实验途径或分析途径来进行。Each approach can be aided by the other. Both approaches will be reported here and the results will be compared. 每种途径都可得到另一种途径的帮助。两种途径都将在这里加以报道，其结果将加以比较。

3.3.1 Exact Solutions vs. Limit Analysis
3.3.1 精确解和极限分析
Exact analytical solutions are not available for such problems in metal forming as flow through
conical converging dies. 当通过圆锥会聚模流动时，金属成型中的这类问题不能获得精确的解析解。Approximations and simplifying assumptions are inevitable and many
approaches - slug equilibrium, slip line techniques and others - have been partially successful. 近似和简化假设不可避免，而很多途径已获得部分成功，比如段塞平衡（slug equilibrium）、滑移线技术等。
With recent advances in computer science and technology, numerical approaches are emerging
lately. 随着计算机科学和技术的最近进展，数值方法近来正在涌现。
Limit analysis, as an analytical tool, is a promising approach which is being used with
increasing frequency. 作为一种分析工具，极限分析是一种很有前途的方法，它正在越来越多的被采用。In this approach, as applied to the study of drawing or extrusion force, two
approximate solutions are developed. 在这种方法中，当用于拉丝力或挤压力的研究时，开发了两个近似解。 One, the upper-bound solution, provides a value which is known to be higher than or eq slip line techniques ual to the actual force; 一个是上限解，它提供了一个已知高于或等于实际力的值（这里原文有错，翻译不一定确切，请稍加修改）；the other, the lower-bound solution,
provides a value which is known to be equal to or lower than the actual force; 另一个是下限解，它提供了一个已知等于或低于实际力的值；the actual force thus lies between the two solutions. 因此实际力位于两个解之间。 For example, in Fig. <7>, with drawing stress as ordinate and the semi-cone angle of the die as abscissa, upper- and lower-bound solutions are plotted for several reductions together with corresponding measured values of actual stress. 例如，在图7中，在拉丝应力作为纵坐标，而模具的半锥角作为横坐标的情况下，在若干缩小量及相应的实际应力实测值时的上限解和下限解，它们被绘制成了曲线图。 Even when experimental results are not available, it is expected that the actual stress and the exact solution, if these were available, would lie between the upper and lower bounds as obtained analytically. 即使在不能获得实验结果时，预计实际应力和精确解，如果它们可以获得的话，也会如解析方法得到的那样，位于上下限之间。Thus, by limit analysis, an approximate solution is given with an estimate of the maximum possible error. 因此，通过极限分析，可在估计最大误差的情况下得到一个近似解。The gap between upper- and lower-bound solutions may be narrowed by providing several upper bounds, choosing the lowest upper bound, and by providing several lower bounds, choosing the highest lower bound. 上限解和下限解之间的间隔可以 通过提供若干上边界，选择最高的下边界来收窄。Upper- and lower-bound solutions are obtained by following strict rules (including requirement of proper description of friction behavior and material characteristics) which thereby make the solutions upper and lower bounds. 上限解和下限解遵循严格的规则获得（包括要求完善的描述磨擦性状和材料特性），从而使解处于上下边界间。In Fig. <7>, the upper bound is from Ref. [4] and the lower bound from Ref. [5]. 在图7中，上边界来自于文献【4】，下边界来自于文献【5】。The experimental data are from Reference [6]. 实验数据来自于文献【6】。A full illustration of limit analysis is given in Section {9.5}, 'Limit Analysis'.
对极限分析的充分说明在9.5节“极限分析”中提供。
The rules and procedures for developing an upper-bound solution will be demonstrated in
what follows, keeping in mind that several upper-bound solutions may be obtained for any
specific process. 用于开发上限解要遵循的规则和程序将加以演示，记住，对任何特定的工艺可能获得若干的上限解。

3.3.1确切的解答对极限分析

Exact分析解答为这样问题不是可利用的在形成的金属象流经
conical聚合的模子。 略计和简化假定是不可避免的和许多
approaches -猛击平衡，滑动线技术和其他-是部分地成功的。 在计算机科学和技术的With最近前进，数字方法是涌现的
lately.

Limit分析，作为一个分析工具，是使用与的一项可行措施increasing频率。 在这种方法，应用于图画或挤压力量的研究，二
approximate解答被开发。 一，上部跳起解答，提供是的价值是的known大于或等于实际力量; 其他，低跳起解答，
provides低于实际力量知道相等或的价值; 实际力量
thus放在二种解答之间。 例如，在图，与图画重音当弹道高度
and模子的半锥体角度作为横坐标的，上部和低跳起解答为被密谋与实际重音一起的对应的测量值的several减少。 既使当
experimental结果不是可利用的，期望实际重音和确切的解答，如果
these是可利用的，放在上限和下限之间如分析获得。
Thus，由极限分析，一种近似解答给与最大的估计possible错误。 鞋帮之间的空白和低跳起解答也许变窄
providing几个最高界面，选择最低的最高界面，和通过提供几
lower跳起，选择最高的最低界面。 上部和低跳起解答是获得的
by从事严密的规则(摩擦行为和的适当的描述的包括要求material特征)哪些从而使解答上限和下限。 在图，
the最高界面是从参考[4]和从参考[5的]最低界面。 实验性数据是
from参考[6]。 极限分析的一个充分的例证在{第9.5部分}被给， ‘极限
Analysis'.
开发的The规则和方法在上部跳起解答将被展示what跟随，记住几上部跳起解答可以为所有获得specific过程。

3.3.1苛求解答对极限分析

Exact分析解答为这样问题不是可利用的在形成的金属象流经
conical聚合的模子。 略计和简化假定是不可避免的和许多
approaches -猛击平衡，滑动线技术和其他-是部分地成功的。 在计算机科学和技术的With最近前进，数字方法是涌现的
lately.

Limit分析，作为一个分析工具，是使用与的一项可行措施increasing频率。 在这种方法，应用于图画或挤压力量的研究，二
approximate解答被开发。 一，上部跳起解答，提供是的价值是的known大于或等于实际力量; 其他，低跳起解答，
provides低于实际力量知道相等或的价值; 实际力量
thus放在二种解答之间。 例如，在图，与图画重音当弹道高度
and模子的半锥体角度作为横坐标的，上部和低跳起解答为被密谋与实际重音一起的对应的测量值的several减少。 既使当
experimental结果不是可利用的，期望实际重音和确切的解答，如果
these是可利用的，放在上限和下限之间如分析获得。
Thus，由极限分析，一种近似解答给与最大的估计possible错误。 鞋帮之间的空白和低跳起解答也许变窄
providing几个最高界面，选择最低的最高界面，和通过提供几
lower跳起，选择最高的最低界面。 上部和低跳起解答是获得的
by从事严密的规则(摩擦行为和的适当的描述的包括要求material特征)哪些从而使解答上限和下限。 在图，
the最高界面是从参考[4]和从参考[5的]最低界面。 实验性数据是
from参考[6]。 极限分析的一个充分的例证在{第9.5部分}被给， ‘极限
Analysis'.
开发的The规则和方法在上部跳起解答将被展示what跟随，记住几上部跳起解答可以为所有获得specific过程。

精确解和误差分析

---

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