清史稿，黄宗羲传和李赓芸传的全文翻译

李赓芸文言文全文翻译~

《清史稿·李赓芸传》原文及译文——翻译
原文：
　　李赓芸，字郏斋，江苏嘉定人。乾隆五十五年进士，授浙江孝丰知县。调德清，再塑平湖。嘉庆三年，九卿中有密荐之者，诏询巡抚阮元，元奏：“赓芸守洁才优，为浙中第一良吏。”引见，以同知①升用。寻擢嘉兴知府，正己率属，无敢以苞苴进者。十年，水灾，减粜有实惠，赈民以粥，全活者众。
　　以继母忧去官。服阕，补福建汀州，调漳州。俗悍，多械斗，号难治。赓芸召乡约②、里正问之曰：“何不告官而私斗为？”皆曰：“告官，或一二年狱不竟，竟亦是非不可知，先为身累。”赓芸曰：“今吾在，狱至立剖。有不当，更言之，无所徇护。为我告乡民，后更有斗者，必擒其渠，焚其居，毋恃贿脱。”众皆唯唯退。已而有斗者，赓芸立调兵捕治，悉如所言，民大惧。赓芸日坐堂皇，重门洞开，诉者直入，命役与俱。召所当治者，限时日。不至，则杖役。至则立平之释去。即案前书狱词，无一钱费。民皆欢呼曰：“李公活我！”
　　漳属九龙岭多盗，下所属严捕，擒其魁十数，商旅坦行。故事，获盗当甄叙③，悉以归属吏。寻擢汀漳龙道。二十年，擢福建按察使，署布政使，逾年实授。
　　赓芸守漳州时，龙溪县有械斗，令懦不治。署和平令朱履中内狡而外朴，赓芸误信之，请以移龙溪。久之，事不办，始稔其诈。赓芸之去漳，监造战船工未竣，留仆督率之，仆假履中洋银三百圆，诡以垫用告，赓芸如数给之，仆匿不以偿。福州知府涂以辀鞫之，阿总督意，增其数为一千六百，逼令自承，辞色俱厉，赓芸终不肯诬服。虑为狱吏所辱，遂自经。
　　赓芸家不名一钱，殁无以殓。盐法道孙尔准与之善，为经纪其丧。方治狱使者至闽，士民上书为赓芸讼冤，感泣祭奠，踵接于门，为建遗爱祠。（选自《清史稿》，有删改）
【注】①同知：官职名。②乡约：明清时乡中小吏，由县官任命，负责传达政令、调解纠纷。③甄叙：经甄别而加以提升或任用。

译文：
李赓芸，字郏斋，江苏嘉定人。乾隆五十五年考中的进士，被授命为浙江孝丰知县。（后来）调任德清知县，又调任平湖知县。嘉庆三年，九卿中有人私下举荐李赓芸，皇帝下诏向巡抚阮元询问。阮元回奏说：“李赓芸德性高洁才能优秀，是浙江可列在第一的优秀官员。”由此皇帝召见了李赓芸，把李赓芸升为同知。不久又提升李赓芸为嘉兴知府，他严格要求自己，作下属的标率；下属官员没有敢向他送礼的。嘉庆十年，嘉兴发生了水灾，李赓芸将官仓粮食低价出售，给百姓实实在在的好处，又提供粥汤赈济灾民，求活了很多人。
（后来）李赓芸因为继母去世，他要为继母守孝而离职。守孝期满后，他补任为福建汀州知州，又调任为漳州知州。当地民风剽悍，经常发生械斗，出了名的难以治理。李赓芸召集乡吏、里正，问他们：“为什么百姓不到官府告状，而是私下斗殴呢？”众人都说：“告到官府，可能一两年都无法判决，判决了也是是非未必分清，告状的人自己已经陷于困顿了。”李赓芸道：“如今我在，案件报上来就立刻解决。（判决）有不合理的，（大家）尽管提出来，我不会徇私偏袒。为我告诉乡民们，以后再有斗殴的，必将抓捕其中领头的人，烧他的家，不要指望行贿脱身。”众人都唯唯诺诺地退下了。不久有人斗殴，李赓芸立即调兵抓捕治罪，都如他所说过的（做了），百姓都十分害怕了。李赓芸每天坐在大堂上，正大光明，府门大开，要告状的人直接就可以进来，李赓芸命差役和要告状的人一起。要传召应该治罪的人，都限定时日。被传召的人不来，就杖责差役。人带来了就马上宽恕差役并将他们释放。（直到他）靠到桌前写下判词结案，（告状的人）都不用花一文钱。民众都欢呼说：“李公救了我们的命啊！”
漳州辖区的九龙岭有多很强盗，李赓下令所属差役严厉抓捕，捉住了其中领头的十多人，商旅从此可以平安通行。按照惯例，抓到的强盗要经过甄别，挑选可用的人，李赓芸把他们都交给了下属官吏。不久李赓芸被提任汀漳龙道。嘉庆二十年，李赓芸升任福建按察使，代理布政使，第二年转正。
李赓芸治理漳州时，龙溪县常发生械斗事件，县令怯懦，无法治理。代理和平县县令的朱履中内心狡诈却外表忠厚，李赓芸误信他，请他调任到龙溪（去治理事务）。时间久了，事情却没办，李赓芸才知道他的狡诈。李赓芸离开漳州（去就任福建按察使）时，监造战船的工作还没有完成，他便留下仆人督办这件事，这个仆人借了朱履中三百块银洋，骗李赓芸说他用作垫款了，李赓芸如数给了他，但这仆人却将钱藏了起来，没还（朱履中）。福州知府涂以辀审问此案，揣度并迎合总督的心意（李赓芸为人耿直，曾因言得罪总督汪志伊），把涉案钱数增改为一千六百银冰，逼迫李赓芸自已认罪，声色俱厉，李赓芸终究不肯无辜服罪。（他）担心被狱吏所侮辱，就上吊自杀了。
李赓芸家中分文也没有，死了都没钱收殓安葬。盐法道孙尔准和他交好，帮他治办了丧葬事宜。当审理案件的使者到福建的时候，百姓上书为李赓芸申冤。他们满怀感激之情流着泪前去祭奠李赓芸，到门祭奠的人络绎不绝。当地百姓为他建了一座遗爱祠。


1．对下列句子中加粗的词的解释，正确的一项是（ ）
A．赈民以粥，全活者众——全：全部，都
B．或一二年狱不竟——竟：从头到尾
C．后更有斗者，必擒其渠——渠：首领
D．福州知府涂以辀鞫之，阿总督意——阿：明白
2．以下各组句子中，都能表现李赓芸为“良吏”的一组是（ ）
①赈民以粥，全活者众
②今吾在，狱至立剖
③赓芸如数给之
④事不办，始稔其诈
⑤虑为狱吏所辱，遂自经
⑥赓芸家不名一钱
A．①③④
B．②⑤⑥
C．①②⑥
D．③④⑤
3．下列对原文有关内容的分析和概括，不正确的一项是（ ）
A．经人举荐，李赓芸被皇帝以同知提拔任用，后又被提拔为嘉兴知府。他严于律己，率先垂范，没有人敢去贿赂他。
B．李赓芸调任漳州知府前，当地人常常发生持械打斗事件，但他们不信任官府，不愿到官府去告状。赓芸到任后，情况迅速好转。
C．李赓芸做漳州知府时，错误地信任朱履中，结果，反被其污蔑陷害，最终，被逼无奈就上吊自杀了。
D．李赓芸家里极其贫穷，以至死了以后都没有钱安葬。老百姓对他满怀感激之情，给他修建了一座遗爱祠，来表达对他的怀念。
4．把文中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。
（1）调德清，再调平湖。嘉庆三年，九卿中有密荐之者，诏询巡抚阮元。
译文：____________________________________________
（2）方治狱使者至闽，士民上书为赓芸讼冤，感泣祭奠，踵接于门。
译文：____________________________________________



参考答案：
1．C
2．C
3．C
4．（1）（后来）调任德清知县，又调任平湖知县。嘉庆三年，九卿中有人私下举荐李赓芸，皇帝下诏向巡抚阮元询问。
　 （2）当审理案件的使者到福建的时候，百姓上书为李赓芸申冤。他们满怀感激之情流着泪前去祭奠李赓芸，到门祭奠的人络绎不绝。

清史稿是民国初年设立的清史馆编写的记述清代历史的未定稿。它按照历代封建「正史」的体例，也分为纪、志、表、传四部分，共五百三十六卷。清史馆由赵尔巽任馆长，先后参加编写的有柯劭忞等一百多人。一九一四年工作开始，至一九二七年大致完稿，历时十四年。
《清史稿》虽编成于辛亥革命以后，而编者却基本上还是站在清王朝的立场来写清史的。由于成于众手，彼此照应不够，完稿后又未经仔细核改，刊行时校对也不认真，是以体例不一，繁简失当，以至年月、事实、人名、地名的错误往往可见。

黄宗羲，字太冲，馀姚人，明御史黄尊素长子。尊素为杨涟、左光斗同志辈，因为弹劾魏忠贤死于诏狱，事情在明史中有详细记载。崇祯登基后，黄宗羲进京诉讼冤屈。到的时候，魏忠贤已经被处以极刑，即上疏请诛杀曹钦程、李实。正碰上朝廷审问许显纯、崔应元，宗羲和他们对簿堂上，拿出藏在衣袖里的锥子锥显纯，显纯留血满身；又殴打应元，拔了他的胡须回来后祭奠在尊素神牌之前；又追杀牢卒叶咨、颜文仲，盖尊素绝命於二卒手也。当时曹钦程已列入逆案，而李实上疏辩解原来的上疏不是自己写的，暗地里送了三千金求宗羲不要对质，宗羲马上上奏，说：“李实现在还能公然行贿，他的辩解怎么能够相信”。与他对簿时又用锥子锥他。官司打完后，携带全家子弟在大狱门前设祭，哭声到达皇宫中，崇祯听到后，叹息道：“忠臣孤子，令我非常同情”。回来后，更加致力于学。对于科举之学禁锢人的思想非常愤慨，思考如何改变这种情况。便找出家里全部藏书研读，不够，就抄写了同里世学楼钮氏、澹生堂祁氏家里藏书，【南中】则千顷堂黄氏、绛云楼钱氏，而且建造续钞堂於馀姚南雷，以继承先祖黄震（字东发）的志业。山阴刘宗周讲学于蕺山，因为父亲遗命跟从他游学。而越中继承海门周氏的学说，引用儒家经典来解释佛经，姚江地区的儒家的传承几乎要被毁坏了。宗羲独自与同学六十余人排斥周氏的学说，原来蕺山弟子如祁、章等人都以名声品德为人所重，但抵御儒家被侮的功劳却不如宗羲。他的弟弟宗炎、宗会，都有不同一般的才能，自己教导他们，人们称他们为“东浙三黄”。
戊寅，南都作防乱揭贴攻击阮大铖，东林子弟中推举顾宪成之孙顾杲为首，天气被难诸家中推举黄宗羲居首，大铖恨之入骨，突然行动，按照揭贴中一百四十人姓氏，准备全部诛杀。当时宗羲刚刚上疏朝廷，而祸事大作，于是和顾杲一起被捕。母亲姚氏叹息道：“难道王章妻子和范滂母亲的命运要都集于我一身了吗？”驾帖未行，南都被攻破，宗羲仓皇归来。会孙嘉绩、熊汝霖奉鲁王监国，画江而守。宗羲纠集邻里子弟数百人跟从他们，号世忠营。授于职方郎职务，不久改为御史职务。制定了监国鲁元年大统历颁行浙东。马士英跑到方国安营中，众言其当诛，熊汝霖害怕他挟持国安为患，好言相劝他，宗羲说：“诸臣之力不能杀了马士英！春秋的孔子的力量，不可能加于陈恒之身，但不能说他不该杀。”汝霖向他道歉。又给王之仁写信，“诸公不沉舟决战，用意在自守，小小三府之地，要供养十万之众，必不能久支，有怎么守得住？”人们都认为他说的对，但却不能采纳他的意见。
这时候，孙嘉绩以一营的士兵交给了宗羲，宗羲与王正中合兵，得到三千余人。王正中，是王之仁的从子，以忠义自勉。宗羲与他交往很深，使得王之仁不能干扰军事。于是渡海屯兵潭山，由海道进入太湖，招募吴中地区的豪杰，直达乍浦，约崇德义士孙奭等为内应。此时清军戒严不能前进，而江上部队溃败，宗羲进入四明山扎寨自保，剩余约五百兵士，驻兵在杖锡寺。他变换装束去访问监国，告诫部下与山民好好相处。部下没有全都遵守他的命令，山民担心引来祸端，暗地烧了他们的兵寨，部将茅翰、汪涵都死难。宗羲没有地方可去，抓捕他的官文屡屡下达，于是携带子弟进入剡中，听说鲁王在海上，就投奔他，被授予左副都御史岗位。每天与吴锺峦坐在船中，穿戴整齐讲学论道，有时间就注解授时、泰西、回回三种历书。
宗羲逃亡的时候，他的母亲仍然居住在老家。清廷以前朝遗臣不顺天命，记录了他全家人口，人们都知道这件事。宗羲听说后，马上向监国陈情，得到允许后，就变更姓名暗中回到家里。这一年，监国由健跳至滃洲，又召宗羲前来，他作为冯京第副手到日本乞求救兵，达到长崎后，得不到允许，于是做一篇文赋名式微，来感奋将士。从此后，东西迁徙，没有定所。弟弟宗炎因为与冯京第来往，快要被处刑，宗羲使用计谋使其得救。甲午，张名振暗中派使者前来，被抓了，又要抓捕宗羲。丙申，慈水寨主沈尔绪祸事起，也是宗羲为首，宗羲能够不死，都是上天庇佑，而宗羲并没有被震慑住。后来，海上军队全溃败了，宗羲再没有希望，就侍奉母亲回到牢记，全力著述，各地来向他请教学业的人渐渐多了起来。
戊午，清廷下诏征召其为博学鸿儒。掌院学士叶方蔼以诗歌相劝，敦促他启程，两次推辞便没有成行。不久，方蔼奉诏同掌院学士徐元文监修明史，准备征召他为顾问，督抚恭敬的来聘请他，又推辞掉了。清廷议论如果一定不来，请下诏给浙江巡抚，让其抄录他所著的书中有关历史的部分，送到京城，他的儿子黄白家参与了史馆事情。徐乾学值班侍奉清帝，清帝问到遗留文献之事，又以宗羲相对，且说：“曾经臣弟元文上疏推荐，可惜老了不能前来。”清帝说：“可召至京，我不授予他政务。如果想回去，就遣官送他回去。”乾学说宗羲年老坚决不来，清帝叹息无言，认为人材难得。宗羲虽不应召，而史局有大的事情一定会去咨询他。历志出吴任臣之手，总裁千里传书，乞求他审核后才定下来。曾经说宋史单立道学传，是元儒见识粗陋。明史不当沿袭这种体例。朱彝尊也正有这个提议，得到宗羲的书信给众人看后，于是就去掉了道学传。宗羲八十六岁过世。
宗羲的学问，出于蕺山，听说了诚意慎独学说，缜密平实。曾经说，明人讲学，沿袭语录的糟粕，而不以六经为根本，把书扎起来从事与游谈。因此问学之人必须先追究经典，治理学术是用来治理世事的，。不做迂儒，一定要读史，读史不多，不能够证明道理的变化；读得多，但没有心得，就是浅薄学位。因此上下古今，【穿穴群言】，自天官、地志、九流百家之教，没有不精深研读的。所著作的《易学象数论》六卷，《授书随笔》一卷，《律吕新义》二卷，《孟子师说》二卷。文集则有《南雷文案》、《诗案》。今共存《南雷文定》十一卷，《南雷文约》四卷。又著《明儒学案》六十二卷，叙述明代讲学诸儒流派分合得失颇为详细，《明文海》四百八十二卷，阅读了明人文集二千馀家，自己说是与十朝国史【相首尾】。又有《深衣考》一卷，《今水经》一卷，《四明山志》九卷，《历代甲子考》一卷，《二程学案》二卷，《辑明史案》二百四十四卷，又《明夷待访录》一卷，讲的都是治理世事的道理。顾炎武看到后而赞叹道：“三代之治可以恢复了！”天文则有《大统法辨》四卷，《时宪书法解新推交食法》一卷，《圜解》一卷，《割圜八线解》一卷，《授时法假如》一卷，《西洋法假如》一卷，《回回法假如》一卷。其后梅文鼎根据周髀谈论天文，世人惊为不传之秘，却不知道宗羲是开山之人。晚年又辑《宋元学案》，与《明儒学案》，记录了七百年儒苑门户。宣统元年，从祀文庙。

Huang Zongxi, words Taichong, Yu Yao people, Ming Shi Huang Zunsu eldest son. Zun Su Yang Lian, comrade Zuo Guangdou generation, because the impeachment of Wei Zhongxian died in prison, things are recorded in detail in Ming dynasty. Chongzhen reign, Huang Zongxi went to the capital litigation grievances. To time, Wei Zhongxian has been executed, i.e. hydrophobic please kill Cao Qincheng, Li shi. Where the court questioned Xu Xianchun, Cui Yingyuan, Zong Xi and they went to church, come up with an awl cone on their sleeves was pure, pure blood was significantly; and beating should yuan, pulling his beard came back to before the statue was God card; and after he leaves the prison, Yan Wenzhong respect, cover factor desperate for two stroke hand. At that time Cao Qincheng has been included in the reverse case, but Li Shi defended the original sparse Shu is not his writing, secretly sent three thousand gold begged Zong Xi not confrontation, Zong Xi immediately report, said: "Li Shi can now bribes openly, how can he argues that". And he went with him again when the awl cone. The lawsuit, bring the whole family children offerings in the large prison door, crying arrived at the palace, Chongzhen after hearing, sighed: "loyal soliton, to my great sympathy". After coming back, more committed to learn. The imperial examinations confine people's ideas are very angry, thinking about how to change this situation. Find out the home library reading, not enough, just copied the Tongli World Building button's, Dan Tong Sheng Qi family in books, [South] is 1000 ares church Huang, Jiang Yun Lou Qian, and construction continued to rest Yao Nanlei Chao Tang, to inherit ancestral Huang Zhen (word East) work. Shanyin Liu Zongzhou lectured on the Jishan, because father chose to follow him. While the Haimen Zhou inheritance more theory reference to explain Buddhist, Confucian classics, Yao River area of Confucian heritage almost destroyed. Zong Xi alone with the students more than 60 rejection Zhou's theory, the original Houttuynia cordata Hill disciples such as Qi, et al. Chapter reputation character of heavy people, but against the Confucian to be humiliated credit but not Zong Xi. His brother in inflammation, Zong Hui, have different general ability, he taught them, people call them "East Zhejiang sanhuang".Wu Yin, Nandu to prevent random post attack Ruan Dacheng, Donglin who elected Gu Xiancheng Sun Gugao headed by elected Huang Zongxi, weather from the top, Dacheng guts, sudden action, in accordance with the one hundred and forty adhesive in name, prepare all kill. Zong Xi was just open court, and could work, then arrested with Gu gao. The mother had a sigh: "is Wang Zhang wife and fan Pang mother's fate to set me up?" Driving with no, Nandu is compromised, Zong Xi fled back. "Jiaji, Shawn Rolling in King Chien-Kuo, painting River conservation. Zong Xi neighborhood children gathered hundreds of people follow them, Shizhong camp no.. Given the staff side Lang positions, soon changed to censor duty. The supervision of the first year of Datong Li Lu issued in eastern zhejiang. Ma Shiying went to the party and the country, says when Zhu, Shawn Rolling was afraid he had held Guoan, coaxing him, Zong Xi said: "the ministers of force cannot kill Ma Shiying! In the spring and Autumn Period Confucius strength, impossible to Chen Hengzhi body, but can not say that he should not kill." Ru Lin apologized to him. Wrote to Wang Zhiren, "this is not a battle, with the intention of automorphic, three small house, to feed one hundred thousand people, will not be long branch, how to hold?" People think he is right, but not to take his advice. At this time, Sun Jiaji with a battalion of soldiers to Zong Xi, Zong Xi and Wang Zhengzhong and soldiers, get 3000 people. Wang Zhengzhong, Wang Zhiren is from, to encourage loyalty. Zong Xi and his deep contacts, so that Wang Zhiren could not interfere with military. So the troops Tan Hill, by sea into Taihu, the recruitment of Wuzhong area hero, reach Zhapu, about Chongde leader Sun Shi as internal. At this time the martial law can not move forward, and Jiang military defeat, Zong Xi into the four mountain Walled root of self-preservation, surplus of about five hundred soldiers, troops in the stick tin temple. He transform costumes to access supervision, warned men and people get along. Men have not all obey his commands, people worry that attracted scourge, secretly burned their fortress, Mao, Wang Han killed John department. Zong Xi had no place to go, catch his official documents issued repeatedly, so carrying children into the quiet, heard that the king in the sea, to him, was awarded the left side all criticism of post. Every day and Wu Zhongluan sat in the boat, dressed and lectures on, there is time to time, the west, and note three almanac.When Zong Xi fled, his mother still living at home. The Qing government toward the left officials before not destiny, records the population of his house, people know this thing. After Zong Xi heard, petition to supervise the country immediately, was allowed to change the name, secretly back home. This year, supervise the country by national health to jump to the caterpillar Chau, also called Zong Xi came to him as Feng Jingdi, deputy to the Japanese beg for help, after arriving in Nagasaki, was not allowed, so do an article named micro, officers and men to you. Since then, the thing migration, no fixed. Brother Zong Yan and Feng Jing because of society, is condemned, Zong Xi using a trick to be saved. Jia Wu, Zhang Mingzhen secretly sent messengers came, caught, and arrest Zong xi. Bing Shen, Shen Chi water Zhaizhu Erxu mishap, is headed by Zong Xi, Zong Xi to die, is God blessed, and Zong Xi have not been intimidated. Later, maritime forces total defeat, Zong Xi had no hope, will serve the mother back to remember, to write, to consult him around the school many people up gradually. Wu Wu, the Qing court order called the erudite scholar. Abbot Bachelor Ye Fangai in poetry and persuade, urging him to leave, the two decline will not take place. Soon, Ai Feng Zhao with the abbot bachelor party Xu Yuanwen supervisor Ming, ready to call him as a consultant, governors and respectful to hire him, and finding a way out of the. The discussion if not, please letter to the governor of Zhejiang, the relevant part of history, let the copy of his book to the capital, his son Huang Baijia in the museum. Xu Qianxue is on duty to serve the emperor of Qing Dynasty, the Qing emperor asked legacy literature things, and to Zong Xi, and said: "once his brother Yuan Wen Shu recommended, but the old can't come." Qing emperor said: "can be summoned to Beijing, I'm not awarded him the government. If you want to go back, will send officials to send him back." Zong Xi old dry theory determined not to, the Qing emperors sigh speechless, that talent is rare. Although Zong Xi did not call, and the Bureau of history have big things would be to ask him. Li Zhi Wu Chen Ren hand, President of a thousand miles Messenger, begged him to review before they settle down. Once said that the history of the Song Dynasty Daoxue Zhuan is single, Yuan Confucianism see rude. The history of the Ming Dynasty followed the system. Zhu Yizun is also have this proposal, Zong Xi's letter to the people to see, and then remove the Daoxue zhuan. Zong Xi died at eighty-six. The knowledge of Zong Xi, out of Houttuynia cordata hill, heard of cautiousness theory, careful. Once said, Ming lecturing, followed quotations dross, and not as fundamental to the six classics, the book tied up in and you talk about. Therefore, people must be asked to learn classical academic, governance is used to control the world,. Don't do Yuru, must histories, histories is not much, can't change that makes sense; read more, but there is no experience, that is shallow degree. Therefore on the ancient and modern, [in] hole open, since the days of officer, topography, various sects of religion, no deep study. The book "to learn like number theory" six volumes, "the book" a volume of essays, "Lulu" new "two volumes, Mencius said" volume two division. Essays are "Nanlei copy", "poem case". This coexistence "Nanlei," eleven volumes, "Nanlei about" four volumes. And the "Ming Confucianism case" sixty-two volumes, the Ming Dynasty Confucianism school lectures division and rather detailed, clear sea "" four hundred and eighty-two volumes, read Ming. More than two thousand home, he said that history and ten in the [End]. And "deep clothing test" a, "this water roll" Siming Mountain "," nine volumes, "Jia Zi" the test volume, "two-way learning plan" two volumes, "Ji Ming case" two hundred and forty-four volumes, and "Ming Yi Dai" volume, are telling the governance world the truth. After Gu Yanwu see and praise: "three generations of the rule can be restored!" Astronomy is "Datong on" four volumes, "when the new constitution calligraphy solution eclipse method" a "solution", won a roll, "cut line" won eight solution volume, "timing method if the" roll ", western law if" volume, "and" law if a roll. Mei Wending then according to Zhou Bi about astronomy, the world was not secret, but do not know Zong Xi is the founder of the. Old age, "learning" song series, and "Ming Confucianism case", recorded seven hundred years Ru yuan portal. Xuantong year, from the worship of Confucious'temple.

黄宗羲字太冲,余姚人,是明朝御史黄尊素的长子.黄尊素因为弹劾太监魏忠贤死在诏狱里.明思宗即位后,黄宗羲赴京师为父亲申冤.抵达时太监魏忠贤已被分尸处死,便写了奏疏请求皇帝处死曹钦程,李实.正逢朝廷审问许显纯,崔应元,黄宗羲和他们对簿公堂,拿出衣袖中所藏的铁锥子刺许显纯,刺得遍体流血.当时曹钦程已经牵连到魏忠贤的逆案中,李实上疏申辩原先的奏疏并非出自己手,暗地里送给黄宗羲三千两银子请求他不要出面对质,黄宗羲立即把这件事奏报朝廷,在和李实对簿公堂时又用铁锥刺他.官司了结以后,他和受害各家的子弟到狱门前设祭台对亲人祭奠,痛哭声传到皇宫里.明思宗听到以后,叹息说:"忠臣孤子,朕的心中很可怜他们"明朝灭亡后,清廷下诏征求博学鸿儒,掌院学士叶方蔼敦促他上路就任,推辞两次才得以避免.过了不久,叶方蔼奉诏监修《明史》,以礼聘请他,又被推辞.皇上说:"可以召他到北京来,我不交给他任务,如果他要回去,当即派遣官员送他回去."黄宗羲虽然不肯来,而史局凡有重要的问题,一定向他征求意见,请黄宗羲审订改正而后定稿.曾经说到《宋史》另外列有《道学传》,元朝者的鄙陋所致,《明史》不应该按照《宋史》的旧例这样做.朱彝尊正好有这种主张,得到黄宗羲的书信以后拿给大家看,便删去《明史》中的《道学传》.
王夫之,字而农,衡阳人.张献忠攻陷衡州,王夫之避居南岳,张献忠抓住他父亲作为人质.王夫之自己举刀遍刺肢体,被人抬去交换父亲.对方见他伤重,放了他,和父亲一起回家.明王驻扎桂林,任命他担任行人一职.当时国势危急,大臣们仍然水火不容.夫之多次弹劾王化澄,化澄想杀他.明朝灭亡,更加收敛锋芒,隐蔽行迹.回到衡阳石船山,学者称他船山先生.吴三桂在衡州称帝,有人让王夫之上劝进表,王夫之说:"亡国遗臣,剩下的只有一死罢了,现在怎么会写给此不祥之人呢!"于是逃入深山,作了《祓禊赋》来表明心志.吴三桂被平定,上级官员听到此事,心中称许,嘱咐郡守赏赐王夫之粟帛,召见他,王夫之以患病推辞.当时,海内大儒,道推容城,馀姚,昆山.然而这些人通过隐居声望日盛,虽然朝廷征召都以死拒绝,可是公卿称赞,天子动容,他们的著作容易在世上流传.只有王夫之避身瑶峒,声影不出林莽,最终得以完发而死.

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