中国历史事件英文翻译

用英文翻译中国历史故事~

二十四孝＿忠孝双全

明朝湖南道川守将沉至绪，有一个独生女儿，名叫沈云英。自小聪明好学，跟父亲学得一身好武艺。因其父率兵迎异军死在战场上，当时沈云英才十七岁，她登上高处大声呼曰：“我虽然是一个小女子，为完成父亲守城的遗志，我要决一死战。希望全体军民保卫家乡。”大家深受感动，发誓要夺回失地。很快解除了包围，取得了胜利。沈云英找到父亲的尸体，大声痛哭，全体军民都穿上孝服，参加了葬礼。朝廷下令追封沉至绪为副总兵，并任命沈云英为游击将军，继续守卫道州府。后来人们为她建了一座忠孝双全的纪念祠。有诗颂曰：

异军攻城围义兵，娥眉汗马解围城；父仇围难两湔雪，千古流芳忠孝名。
Man pages _ Zhongxiao queen

Ming-Chuan Wu Jiang, Hunan Road to Xu Shen, a daughter, named Shen Yun-ying. Smart studious young age, my father learned a swordsman. Shuaibing Ying horizon due to his father died on the battlefield, when Shen Yun excellence 17 years old, she boarded the height loud call, saying: "Although I was a small woman, for the completion of his father Shoucheng's behest, I would like to become accustomed. hope that the whole army to defend the homeland. "everyone was deeply moved and vowed to regain lost ground. Quickly lifted the siege, to victory. Shen Yun-ying to find his father's body, crying loudly, all the soldiers wore mourning to attend the funeral. Bestowed on the court order to thread the Fuzong Bing Shen, and named Shen Yun-ying for the guerrilla general, continue to guard the Road state capital. It was built for her a temple to commemorate the Chunghsiao queen. Song A poem reads:

Different military siege Wai-yi soldiers, crescent siege city of Khan MA; Fu Chou Wai difficult 2 Jian Xue, Liu-Fang Chung Hsiao name through the ages.
二十四孝＿上书救父
汉文帝时，有一位叫淳于意的人，拜齐国著名医师杨庆为师，学得一手高超的医术，曾经做过齐国的仓令。他的老师去世以后，弃官行医。因为个性刚直，行医的时候，得罪了一位有权势的人，导致后来自己遭陷害，被押往京城治罪。他的女儿名叫缇萦，虽然是一位弱小女子，然而不辞劳苦，长途跋涉一同前往长安向皇帝诉冤。她陈述了肉刑的害处，并说明了父亲做官时清廉爱民，行医时施仁济世，现在确实是遭人诬害。愿意替父受刑。汉文帝被缇萦的孝心深深感动，赦免了她的父亲，并且下诏书废除了肉刑。有诗颂曰：
随父赴京历苦辛，上书意切动机定； 诏书特赦成其孝，又废肉刑惠后人。
Man pages _ petitioned Jiufu
Emperor Wen of Han, there are a named Chunyu Italian people, thanks to well-known physician Qi Yang as a teacher, learned first-hand the superb art of healing, Qi positions have done so. After the death of his teacher, Qi Guan practice. Because upright and outspoken personality, practice time, offended a powerful person, which later led to his being framed and was then transferred to capital punishment. His daughter called Ti-ying, though a small woman, but the painstaking work, and travel long distances to travel together to the Emperor Chang-Su Yuan. She stated the harmful effects of corporal punishment, and describes his father as an official when the clean and loving, practicing medicine Ren Shi save the world, and now is really being Wuhai. For the parent is willing to torture. Han Emperor Wen Ti-ying of filial piety have been deeply moved, pardoned her father, and the abolition of corporal punishment under the imperial edict. Song A poem reads:
Calendar Kuxin father to Beijing, a petition intended to cut motive determined; edict into its filial amnesty, abolition of corporal punishment also benefit future generations.

一、秦朝
1、Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty (221-207 BC) was the first unified dynasty in the history of China developed by the Qin State in the Warring States Period.
The ancestors of the Qin Dynasty were descendants of Huangdi's Sun Juan-xuan, and Shun gave him his surname. In the time of Emperor Qin Mugong, Ren Xian was an envoy.
he was modest in admonishing, he destroyed the country twelve times, opened the ground thousands of miles, and his national strength was growing. In the first 361 years,.
the Emperor Xiaogong of Qin succeeded to the throne and made use of Shang Yang's two reforms, which made the economy of the Qin State develop.
and the army's fighting capacity continue to strengthen and become the richest and strongest vassal state in the later Warring States Period.
The Qin government successively destroyed Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi, and accomplished the great cause of reunification. In 221 years ago.
the government of Qin Kingdom was called emperor, and the history of Qin Shihuang was called emperor.
The Qin Dynasty set up three princes and Nine Emperors in the central government to manage state affairs; abolished the feudal system at the local level.
replaced by the county system; and implemented the system of books and articles, cars and rails, and unified weights and measures.
To attack the Huns in the north and Hundreds of Vietnamese in the south, to build the Great Wall to resist foreign enemies, and to dig Lingqu to open up the water system.
The establishment of centralized power system has laid the basic pattern of China's political system for more than 2000 years and laid the foundation for the rule of the Great Unity Dynasty in China.
Therefore, it is called "the Qin Dynasty and the Qin Dynasty are the capital of the hundred dynasties".
The Qin Dynasty ended the five hundred years since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and became the first centralized state with multi-ethnic integration in Chinese history.
It has exerted a far-reaching influence on Chinese history. In the first 210 years, Qin Shihuang died of illness in the sand dunes during his cruise (now northwest of Guangzong County, Hebei Province).
His son Hu Hai ascended the throne and was the second Qin Dynasty. Although the Qin Dynasty had great influence in history, it abused the people's power and unified only for more than ten years.
In the first 209 years, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang chopped wood as soldiers and rose to the top. The world responded.
Liu Bang and Xiang Yu jointly fought against the Qin Dynasty in the Yangtze and Huaihe rivers. In the first 207 years, Qin died.
2、中文翻译
秦朝（前221—前207）是由战国时期的秦国发展起来的中国历史上第一个大一统王朝，秦人的祖先大费是黄帝之孙颛顼的后裔，舜赐其嬴姓。
秦穆公时，任贤使能，虚心纳谏，灭国十二，开地千里，国力日盛。前361年，秦孝公继位，重用商鞅两次变法，使秦国的经济得到发展，军队战斗力不断加强，发展成为战国后期最富强的诸侯国。
秦王政先后灭韩、赵、魏、楚、燕、齐，完成统一大业。前221年，秦王政称帝，史称“秦始皇”。
秦朝在中央设三公九卿，管理国家大事；地方上废除分封制，代以郡县制；实行书同文、车同轨、统一度量衡。对外北击匈奴，南征百越，筑长城以拒外敌，凿灵渠以通水系。
中央集权制度的建立，奠定中国2000余年政治制度基本格局，奠定中国大一统王朝的统治基础，故称“百代都行秦政法” 。
秦朝结束了自春秋战国以来五百年来诸侯分裂割据的局面，成为中国历史上第一个多民族共融的中央集权制国家。
对中国历史产生了深远影响。前210年，秦始皇巡游途中病死于沙丘（今河北省广宗县西北）。其子胡亥即位，为秦二世。
秦王朝虽在历史上拥有巨大影响，但滥用民力，统一仅十余年。前209年，陈胜、吴广斩木为兵，揭竿而起，天下响应，刘邦、项羽起兵江淮共抗秦。前207年，秦亡。
二、汉朝
1、Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty (202-8 years ago, 25-220 years ago) was a unified dynasty after the Qin Dynasty. It was mainly divided into the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty.
After overthrowing the Qin Dynasty, Liu Bang was crowned King of the Han Dynasty. In 202 B.C., after the victory of the Chu-Han struggle, the emperor established the Han Dynasty.
historically known as the Western Han Dynasty, and Dingdu Chang'an. Emperor Wendi of Han Dynasty and Emperor Jingdi of Han Dynasty carried out the national policy of recuperation.
health and rest to create the rule of Wen Jing; Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty opened up silk road and exploited land to achieve the "prosperity of Han Wu" after taking office.
and the national strength reached its peak in the period of Emperor Xuandi of HanDynasty.
In 8 AD, Wang Mang abolished the late emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, and Dingdu Chang'an was known as the New Dynasty. The Western Han Dynasty perished.
In 25 AD, after Liu Xiu unified the world, he still used the Han Dynasty as the national name and was historically called the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Luoyang, the capital of Dingdu, was called "Guangwu Zhongxing" after unification of the world.
Emperor Hanming and Emperor Hanzhang followed the light and humble Fu to create "Mingzhang Zhi".
Emperor Hanhe broke through the Northern Huns and recovered the Western Regions after succession to the throne, creating "Yongyuan Long", and the national strength of the Eastern Han Dynasty reached its peak.
The Yellow Towel Uprising broke out in 184 A.D., but the suppression of civil unrest led to local self-respect.
After the Dong Zhuo Rebellion, the name of the Eastern Han Dynasty survived. In 220 AD, Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty perished.
After Liu Bei established Shuhan to continue the Han Dynasty, China entered the Three Kingdoms Period.
2、中文翻译
汉朝（前202年-8年,25年-220年）是继秦朝之后的大一统王朝，主要分为西汉、东汉时期，共历29帝，享国四百零五年。
秦末天下大乱，刘邦在推翻秦朝后被封为汉王。公元前202年，楚汉之争获胜后称帝建立汉朝，史称西汉；定都长安。汉文帝、汉景帝推行休养生息国策开创“文景之治”。
汉武帝即位后开辟丝路、攘夷拓土成就“汉武盛世”；至汉宣帝时期国力达到极盛。公元8年，王莽废西汉末帝，定都常安，史称新朝，西汉灭亡。
公元25年，刘秀统一天下后，仍沿用汉作为国号，史称东汉。定都洛阳 ，统一天下后息兵养民，史称“光武中兴”；汉明帝、汉章帝沿袭轻徭薄赋，开创“明章之治”。
汉和帝继位后大破北匈奴、收复西域，开创“永元之隆” ，东汉国力达到极盛[。公元184年爆发黄巾起义，虽剿灭民乱却导致地方拥兵自重，董卓之乱后东汉名存实亡。公元220年曹丕篡汉，东汉灭亡。
三、晋朝
1、Jin Dynasty
Jin Dynasty (266-420 years), a dynasty in Chinese history, was divided into two periods: the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
The Western Jin Dynasty was one of the unified dynasties in Chinese history, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty was one of the six dynasties.
There were fifteen emperors in the two Jin Dynasties, for a total of one hundred and fifty-five years.
Sima Yan usurped the Wei Dynasty in 266 AD. His name was Jin and his capital was Luoyang.
He was historically called the Western Jin Dynasty. In 280 AD, he destroyed Wu and achieved unification.
After the Eight Kings'Rebellion and Yongjia's disaster, the national situation gradually declined. In 316, the Western Jin Dynasty was destroyed by the northern barbarians.
and the North was in chaos. Historically, it was called the "Five Hu Hua". In 317, Jinshi went south, Sima Rui established the Eastern Jin Dynasty in Jianye.
and the Eastern Jin Dynasty had many Northern Expeditions. It was temporarily consolidated after the battle between Eastern Jin Dynasty and Fengshui Pre-Qin Dynasty in 383.
During the Jin Dynasty, Wuhu moved to the Central Plains, strengthened ethnic integration, moved from the north to the south.
2、中文翻译
晋朝（266年－420年），中国历史上的朝代，上承三国下启南北朝，分为西晋与东晋两个时期，其中西晋为中国历史上大一统王朝之一，东晋则属于六朝之一，两晋共传十五帝，共一百五十五年。
公元266年司马炎篡魏，建国号为晋，定都洛阳，史称西晋，公元280年灭吴，完成统一。后经历八王之乱和永嘉之祸，国势渐衰，316年西晋被北方蛮族灭亡，北方陷于混乱，史称五胡乱华。
317年，晋室南渡，司马睿在建邺建立东晋，东晋曾多次北伐。383年东晋与前秦淝水之战后得到暂时巩固。
四、隋朝
1、Sui Dynasty
The Sui Dynasty (581-618 or 619) was a unified dynasty in Chinese history, which inherited the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty.
In February 581, the Jingdi Chan of the Northern Zhou Dynasty gave way to Yang Jian, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty collapsed. Yang Jian's national name is "Sui Dynasty".
Dingdu Daxing City (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province). In 589, the Chen Dynasty was destroyed in the South and China was unified.
ending nearly 300 years of division since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty. In 605 AD, after Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty assumed the throne.
Yuwenkai was ordered to build Tokyo and move the capital of Luoyang (now Luoyang, Henan Province) in the same year.
During the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, people's livelihood was prosperous, people lived and worked in peace and contentment, and politics was clear and bright.
which created a prosperous situation of the rule of emperor. During the reign of Emperor Yangdi of Sui Dynasty, the Grand Canal was built through the north and the south.
However, because of the excessive consumption of national power, it led to the people's revolt and noble rebellion in the late Sui Dynasty.
2、中文翻译
隋朝（581年—618年或619年）是中国历史上承南北朝下启唐朝的大一统朝代。
公元581年二月，北周静帝禅让于杨坚，北周覆亡。杨坚定国号为“隋”，定都大兴城（今陕西西安）。公元589年南下灭陈朝，统一中国，结束了自西晋末年以来长达近300年的分裂局面。
公元605年，隋炀帝即位后，令宇文恺营建东京，同年下诏迁都洛阳（今河南洛阳）。隋文帝在位年间社会民生富庶、人民安居乐业、政治清明，开创了开皇之治繁荣局面。

五、唐朝
1、Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty (618-907) was a unified Central Plains Dynasty after the Sui Dynasty. It had twenty-one emperors and enjoyed the country for 289 years.
At the end of the Sui Dynasty, the world rose together. In 617, Li Yuan, the Tang Emperor, set up the Tang Dynasty in Jinyang. The next year, he called the Emperor Chang'an.
Tang Taizong initiated Zhenguan Zhi after he succeeded to the throne. Tang Gaozong inherited the legacy of Zhenguan and initiated the rule of Yonghui.
In 690, Wu Zetian, with the Tang Dynasty of Zhou Dynasty and Luoyang as the capital of Dingdu, was known as Wuzhou in history.
He created a situation of "inheriting Zhengguan from the past and opening up Yuan from the next", which laid a foundation for the emergence of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
In 705, after the Shenlong Revolution, Tang Zhongzong restored the title of Tang Dynasty. Tang Xuanzong inaugurated the flourishing era of Wanbang's coming to dynasty.
Tianbaomei has a population of about 80 million. After the Anshi Rebellion, Fanzhen's separatist regime and eunuch's autocratic power led to the decline of national power.
2、中文翻译
唐朝（618年—907年），是继隋朝之后的大一统中原王朝，共历二十一帝，享国二百八十九年。
隋末天下群雄并起，617年，唐国公李渊于晋阳起兵，次年于长安称帝建立唐朝。唐太宗继位后开创了贞观之治。
唐高宗承贞观遗风开创永徽之治。690年，武则天以周代唐，定都洛阳，史称武周，开创了“上承贞观，下启开元”的治世局面，为盛唐的出现奠定了基础。
705年，神龙革命之后，唐中宗恢复唐朝国号。 唐玄宗即位后开创了万邦来朝的开元盛世。 天宝末全国人口达八千万左右。
参考资料来源：百度百科——秦朝
参考资料来源：百度百科——汉朝
参考资料来源：百度百科——晋朝
参考资料来源：百度百科——隋朝
参考资料来源：百度百科——唐朝

戊戌变法

[解释]指1898年（农历戊戌年）以康有为为首的改良主义者通过光绪皇帝所进行的资产阶级政治改革，主要内容是：学习西方，提倡科学文化，改革政治、教育制度，发展农、工、商业等。这次运动遭到以慈禧太后为首的守旧派的强烈反对，这年九月慈禧太后等发动政变，光绪被囚，维新派遭捕杀或逃亡国外。历时仅一百零三天的变法终于失败。也叫戊戌维新、百日维新。

戊戌变法又名维新变法，其高潮则为百日维新， 是中国清朝光绪年间（1898年）的一项政治改革运动。这次变法主张由光绪皇帝亲自领导，进行政治体制的变革，希望中国走上君主立宪的近代化道路。

明治维新成功与戊戌变法失败的真正原因

简单的说：

1、光绪帝和几个书生的全变和大变的急进变革得罪了整个上层阶级，包括知识分子， 废除科举堵住了某些知识分子的升官之路。 而日本则是稳健的改革

2、戊戌变法和之后慈禧太后的新政都有洋人的破坏 .而日本的改革受到洋人的扶持

上面的两个原因，以第一条为最主要，下面仔细说一下我的理由：

至于有人说失败是因为“主观方面，中国资产阶级发展不彻底，具有软弱性和妥协性 。客观方面，中国封建反动势力太强大，严重阻碍 。”这个是教科书的标准答案，但却是不符合事实的。其实，这里的主客观因素日本和清代都也有这个问题，日本的封建反动势力的反抗甚至比中国还强大，比如日本改革之后，日本九州的封 建势力就发起对新政权的武装进攻。

1895年的甲午战争失败后，1898年由光绪帝帝主持的戊戌变法维新应运而生。在教科书和主流媒体的影响下，人们基本上认为戊戌变法运动是慈禧太后镇压的，慈禧太后是阻碍中国进步的祸根。但真实情况并非如此。 甲午惨败，老佛爷岂能无动于衷? 据费行简《慈禧太后传信录》载，早在变法之初，慈禧太后即对光绪帝说：“变法乃素志，同治 初即纳曾国藩议，派子弟出洋留学，造船制械，以图富强也。”“苟可致富强者， 儿自为之，吾不内制也。”光绪帝帝素怕慈禧太后，待到慈禧太后太后太后坦露心迹，抑郁顿释，也就在 几个书生的簇拥下放胆行动起来，恨不得把一千年的任务在一个礼拜之内便大功告成。欲速则不达，反而适得其反，得罪大批既得利益者。光绪帝和维新派全变、大变的急进变革主张，造成整个社会结构的强烈震荡，使许多与现存社会有利害关系 的社会集团和政治势力觉得受到了威胁。百日维新期间，上谕达一百一十多件，令人目不暇接。各地方官员都怨声载道。光绪帝严惩阻挠变法的官员，树敌太多。至于废除八股改革科举制度，又在庞大士人群体中引起普遍恐慌。

几个书生的所做所为就要导致清朝的崩溃了，慈禧太后不得不走出来稳定政局，吞下 “血腥政变”的恶果。 在处理戊戌变法上，慈禧太后太后太后有功无过。慈禧太后当时要是真的要象武则天哪样有野心，慈禧太后为什么后来不称帝呢？因为种种原因，慈禧太后已经被丑化的不能再丑化了。

慈禧太后是支持改革的，这个由她自己主导的新政证明了这一点，“前因中外积弊过深，不得不因时制宜，力加整顿。而宵小之徒，窃变法之说，为煽乱之谋。业经严拿惩治，以遏横流。至一切政治有关国计民生者，无论新旧，均须次第推行，不得因噎废食。”但处在那样一个社会大变革的时代，她不具备有一个最高统治者应有的知 识素养。她没有主动吸纳新知识的渴求和行动，因而在不少问题上表现出惊人的无知，如认为修铁路破坏风水，火车要用驴马来牵引等等（但这也不能全怪她，那个 时代的知识背景就是如此）。她的无知影响到她所支持的洋务运动和同治中兴的实 绩。更为重要的是，因为受教育水平和时代的局限性，她对事态的严重性、改革的 进程和目标没有足够的心理准备和通盘考虑，在外力的刺激下被动地调整政策。 在 新政实行后，还是犯了光绪帝帝帝帝帝主持的戊戌变法维新的冒进的错误，日本的维新用了 20年完成，而慈禧太后太后太后用了8年。由于改革的步子太大太快，导致政局不稳定，导致权力下放，最明显的例子就是保路运动。 这里强调一下，清朝的灭亡不是因为通常说 的什么腐败，而是自己的改革大跃进。这和当年苏联解体的原因相似，苏联解体不是因为腐败，而是激进的改革。

从国际环境上。日本明治维新发生在19世纪60年代末，当时世界还处于自由竞争资本主义时期，夺取殖民地的高潮也尚未开始。而西方列强在东亚侵略的主要目标是地大物博的中国，加上亚洲民族解放运动特别是中国太平天国运动对西方列强力量的牵制，都为日本明治维新提供了一个较为有利的国际环境。日本维新派本身也比较注意外交斗争策略，尽量利用英法、英俄之间的矛盾。而中华人民共和国戊戌维新已经到了19世纪90年代末，世界资本主义已经向帝国主义阶段过渡，列强通过争夺殖民地的高潮已经基本上把世界瓜分完毕。中国成了列强在东方争夺的“惟一富源”，出现了瓜分中国的狂潮。这时帝国主义列强绝不愿意中国成为一个独立强大的资本主义国家，国际环境对中国维新运动很不利。

因为中国土地大，人口多，发展起来对其他国家不利，而世界的资源是有限的。其他国家也是为了自己的利益，所以，无所谓好坏来评价他们的侵略行为。正是为了让中国这个睡狮永远也不醒来，西方对日本的改革维新大力扶持，而对清朝晚期的戊戌变法采取破坏行动。所以，从国家利益角度来说，西方抑制中华人民共和国的发展，从东西方第一次碰撞就开始了，西方抑制中国的政策现在还在继续，并在可预见的将来持续下去。西方对中国的抑制和中国姓封，姓资或者姓社无关的。而日本土地面积小，再怎么发展也不会对西方构成严重的威胁，这也是为什么西方自明治维新起就一直受到西方扶持的原因，用一个强大的日本控制中国的发展。

洋务运动

1840年鸦片战争战败后，中国跟世界的关系出现前所未见的改变。接连的外忧内患，使清政府及一众知识份子逐渐醒觉到必须要改变以自强。咸丰、同治年间开始，清政府进行洋务运动，希望能够“师夷长技以自强”，改良生产技术。各地先后引入外国新科技，开设矿业、工厂，建设铁路、架设电报网，培训技术人材；在军事上亦建立了远东最具规模的北洋水师。1894年至1895年发生甲午战争，中华人民共和国被日本打败，北洋水师全军覆没。证明只靠经济上洋务运动未能根本改变中华人民共和国的落后。于是出现了要求从更基本层面，包括政治体制上，进行变法维新的声音。

公车上书

维新运动开始於1895年於北京发生的公车上书。当时齐集在北京参与科举会试的十八省举人，收到《马关条约》中，中国割去台湾及辽东，并向日本赔款二万万两的消息，一时间群情激动，4月， 康有为、梁启超作成上皇帝的万言书，提出拒和、迁都及变法的主张，得到一千多人连署。5月2日，康、梁二人，十八省举人及数千市民，集合在都察院门前要求代奏。因为外省举人到京是由朝廷的公车接送，事件亦被称为公车上书。虽然公车上书在当时没有得到直接实质的后果，但却形成了国民问政的风气，之后亦催生了各式各样不同的议政团体。当中由康、梁二人发起的犟学会最为声势浩大，更曾一度得到帝师翁同龢、南洋大臣张之洞等清朝高级官员的支持。

变法开始

1897年末， 山东发生曹州教案， 两名德意志帝国传教士被杀。 德国乘机侵占胶州湾（今青岛），俄国同时进占旅顺大连，法国进占广州湾(今广东湛江)，英国进占山东威海，并要求拓展九龙新界。列犟意图瓜分刚败於日本的中华人民共和国，在朝中再次敲响了警钟。

光绪帝虽然在1887年十七岁时已在名义上亲政，但实权仍然掌握在慈禧太后太后的手里。面对列犟瓜分的危险，1898年（戊戌年）, 慈禧太后同意光绪帝进行朝政的改革。6月11日，光绪帝帝颁布《定国是诏》，表明变更体制的决心，这亦是百日维新的开始。之后光绪帝帝召见康有为， 调任他为京章行走， 作为变法的智囊。 其后又用谭嗣同、杨锐、林旭、刘光第等人，协助维新。

新政内容主要有：裁汰冗员、废八股、开学堂、练新军、满汉平等,等等；涵盖教育、军事等多方面的政策和体制。其最终目标,是推行君主立宪制。康有为向光绪帝帝赠送康有为自己的著作日本变政考和俄罗斯大彼得变政记，还有李提摩太的〈泰西新史揽要〉的译本和其他有关各国改革的书。正在变法的时候想要推荐使把型号特别地当作明治维新的改革前进了。

戊戌政变

新政一开始便遭到原来各大臣的抵制。特别是北洋大臣、直隶总督荣禄，更是保守派的头目。9月16日，光绪帝在颐和园召见统率北洋新军的直隶按察使袁世凯，面谈后升任他为侍郎候补。另一方面，直隶总督荣禄以英俄开战，催袁急回天津。据袁世凯的日记，之后谭嗣同於9月18日夜访袁世凯住处，透露皇上希望袁世凯可以起兵勤王，诛杀荣禄及包围慈禧太后太后太后住的颐和园。两日后（9月20日），袁世凯回到天津，将谭嗣同的计划向荣禄报告。 9月19日，慈禧太后太后太后回宫，9月21日即临朝，宣布戒严，火车停驶；并即幽禁光绪帝，废除新政，搜捕维新党人。是为戊戌政变，结束了只有一百零三天的维新。维新党人中，康有为早离开北京，梁启超逃入日本使馆。其他数十人被捕，包括称为「戊戌六君子」的谭嗣同、杨锐、林旭、刘光第、杨深秀、康广仁，六人於9月28日斩於菜市口。徐致靖处以永远监禁；张荫桓则发放新疆。所有新政，除京师大学堂外，一律都被废止。

变法的影响

近年亦有历史学家认为，维新运动自开始即不具有成功希望。除了光绪帝帝未具备足够的权力和威望推行改革外，维新派人物（特别是作为智囊的康有为）对政治现实的无知，和他们对西方社会制度的粗糙了解，亦注定运动的失败。

变法的意义

戊戌变法是中国近代史上具有重大意义的事件，是一次爱国救亡运动。它要求发展资本主义经济和扩大资产阶级政治权力，符合近代中国发展的历史趋势，因此也是一次进步的政治改良运动。它传播了资产阶级新文化、新思想，批判封建主义旧文化、旧思想，又是一次思想启蒙运动。

气昂昂暗暗暗暗暗暗暗暗暗暗暗暗暗暗暗暗

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