初二下学期英语语法

初二下学期英语语法重点~

一．定义
语态是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，或者是说动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。
■当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。
The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天，教室的前窗被打破了。(不知谁打破的)
They have been poorly paid. 他们的工资太低。(没必要指出工资是谁付的)
■突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。
The time-table has been changed. 时间表已变动了。(要突出的是“时间”)
These books are written especially for children. 这些书是专门为孩子们写的。(强调的是“”这些书)
■为了使语言得体或圆滑等不愿意说出动作的执行者。如：
You are requested to make a speech at next meeting. 请您在下次会议上作个发言。
It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner. 据说她要嫁给一个外国人。
■出于修辞的原因，或是说为了更好地安排句子。如：
The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area. 这个提议特别遭到了那些在本地区投资很大的人的反对。(因those的定语太长了，若用它作主语，主语与谓语就相距太远而显得句子松散。)

8种常用时态的被动语态

由“助动词be + 动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be 有时态、人称和数的变化。
(1) 一般现在时：am/is/are +过去分词。如：
Rice is grown in south China. 华南种植水稻。
(2) 一般过去时：was/were+过去分词。如：
The glass was broken yesterday. 这块玻璃是昨天打烂的。
(3) 现在进行时：am/is/are being +过去分词。如：
The project is being carried out. 这个计划正在执行中。
(4) 过去进行时：was/were/being +过去分词。如：
This road was being built this time last year. 这条路去年这个时候还在修建。
(5) 一般将来时：will be +过去分词。如：
The cars will be sent abroad by sea. 这些汽车将由水路运往国外。
(6) 过去将来时：would be +过去分词。如：
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. 经理说这个工程在年底前将会完成。
(7) 现在完成时：have/has been +过去分词。如：
This novel has been translated into several languages. 这本小说已被译成了几种语言。
(8) 过去完在时：had been +过去分词。如：
When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. 我到达剧院时，发现票已卖完了。 给分哦，

主要的就是：（我们老师总结的）
U1：一般将来时
U2：情态动词
U3:过去进行时
U4:宾从语序，时态
U5:条件状语从句
U6:现在完成进行时
U7：礼貌提出请求
U8:如何提建议
U9:现在完成时
U10:反义疑问句

1 、宾语从句：

如果一个句子作为动词或介词的宾语，称为宾语从句。

（1） 如果一个特殊疑问句作某个动词或介词的宾语，一定要用其陈述的语序。如： they often ask him where he is from.. 不能说成： they often ask him where is he from.

（2） 某些特殊疑问句作宾语可以简写成“特殊疑问句 +to do” 的形式。例如： i am thinking about what to say < what i should say.> 我正在考虑我该说点儿什么。

练习：

一， 选择题；

( )1,thanks a lot for---------me about it. a.to tell b.tell c.telling d.told

( )2.best wishes-------your birthday. a. for b.to c.on d.in

( )3.in england, people usually call james jim-------. a.shortly

b.for short c.easy d.easily

( )4. mother with her three children-----------going shopping.

a.are b.is c.will d.were

( )5. march 8 th is-----------.a.the womens day b.the womans day

c.womens day d.women day

二， 改错题：

（ ） 1.every here like english very much.

a b c d

( )2.mr wu is going to want me to give a talk.

a b c d

( )3.in england, you never cant put their family name first.

a b c d

( )4.i dont know why do people call me jim.

a b c d

( )5.id like to buy something for mr wu in teachersday.

a b c d

三、 单项选择：

（ ） 1.best wishes---------teachersday. a.to b.for c.of d.with

( )2.thank you for english fun. a.make b.to make c.makes d.making

( )3.in england , people never use the first name their family name.

a.before. b.in front of c.with d.after

( )4.the teacher didnt teach us in the last lesson.

a.new anything b,new something c.anything new d.something new

( )5.everyone is here. nobody is-----------

a.not away b,away c.not out d.go

( )6.his friends call jim short. a.he, for b.him, for c.him,in d.her,for

( )7.would you like to give us a-----------?

a.talking b.talk c.to talk d.talks

( )8.come to my office after school, tom. lets a talk about your

lessons.

( )9.----hi, tom. how is your father? -----oh,----------------

a.he is not tall b. he doesnt feel well c.he is old d.he is a teacher

( )10.david william lewis is called when we meet him for

the first time.

a.dave b.david c.mr lewis d.mr willian

( )11.rober thomas brow is my very good friend, so i usually call

him-------

a.mr brown b.rober browm c.bob d.mr robert

( )12. something about your family, ok?

a.say b.tell c.speak d.talk

( )13.you can call me bob, you should never call me mr bob.

a.but b.or c.and d./

( )14.in china, the first name is name.thats different english name.

a .family, with b.given, from c.family, from d.given ,with

( )15,im very glad the news.

a.hear b.to hear c.listen dlistening

( ) 16.what about to the great wall hotel ?

a.go b.to go c.goes d.goin 语法 :

2. 一般将来时 : be going to 结构的用法 :

(1) 用 be going to+ 动词原形表示 ” 将要发生的事情或主观上打算 , 计划 , 决定要做的事 . 其后的时间状语通常为表示短期或近期含义的短语或表示固定时间的从句 . 如 :tomorrow morning,/tomorrow afternoon /tomorrow evening, next month /next week /next year /next saturday, this week /year/afternoon/saturday. 或者 when you grow up---------? 等等

(2) be going to 结构中 ,be 是助动词 , 要按句中主语的人称和数的变化而变化 . 其后要接动词的原形 . 该句的否定式是在 be 后面加 not, 其疑问式将 be 提到句首 . 如 :she is going to help her mother clean the house this sunday./we are going to watch tv tomorrow evening. /are they going to have a sports meeting next month.? /there is going to be

an english call tomorrow afternoon..

(3), 在英语中 , 表示位置转移的动词 , 如 :come, go, fly, drive, leave, stay, 等 , 可用现在进行时表示按计划或安排即将发生的事 , 不必用 be going to 结构 . 如 :she is flying to nanjing herself. 明天她一个人飞往南京 . are you driving home ? 你开车回家吗 ?

练习：

单项选择题：

（ ） 1.what are you going to do friday evening ? a.in b.on c.at d.of

( )2.do you have to do every day ?

a..much work b.many work c.much works d.many works

( )3.what about meat for supper ?

a.to buy some b.to buy any c.buying some d.buying any

( )4. ann her hair this saturday .

a.wash b.washes c. to wash d.is going to wash

( )5.my school is near. i like walking there.

a.too b.quite c.quiet d.so

( )6. these new shoes are for .

a.you and i b.i and you c.you and me d.me and you

( )7. would you like boating ?

a.go b.to go c.going d.to go to

( )8. why not there by bus ?

a.to go b.goes c. go d .going

( )9. are you free next saturday ? ------------------.

a.sure b.i think so c .nothing much d.why

( )10.i s li ming good singing ?

a.at b.in c.on d. for

( )11.i have some books .

a.read b.reading c.to read d.to reading

( )12.a.re you going to stay at school on may day ? no, im not. .

a.im going to home b.im home c.im going home d. i go to home

( )13. kate has good friends at school.

a.a quite lot of b,quite a lot of c.quite a lot d.a quite of

( )14. its five miles the farm the bus stop .

a.from , to b.to, from c.from , with d.from ,by

( )15. our teacher likes us english in the morning .

a.to read b.reading c.read d.reads

( )16. they are going to play football next friday.

a.on b./ c.in d.at

( )17. lets now .

a.going to the park b.to play games c.are singing d.have a rest

3 . 形容词的比较级和最高级的用法：

(1) 表示两者之间的比较时用比较级，常用于“比较级 +than ”结构。如：

this box is heavier than that one . 这个盒子比那个重。

he is much taller than i < am > ,< 口语一般用 me >. 他比我高很多。通常可用 much, a little , a lot , still , even 等词修饰比较级。还可以用“数词 + 名词”构成的名词短语表示确定的度量，来修饰比较级。如：

i am ten years older than my little brother. 我比我的小弟弟大了十岁。

(2) 表示三者或三者以上的比较时用最高级，常用于“最 -----“.

最高级的前面一般要加定冠词 the, 后面可带 of<in> 短语来说明比较的范围。如： the one with nuts is the nicest of all . 里面夹果仁的月饼是所有月饼中最好吃的。 li lei is the best at english in his class. 李雷在他们班英语学得最好。

此外，最高级还可以被序数词所修饰。如：

the yellow river is the second longest in china. 黄河是中国第二大长河。

一， 根据句意填入适当的词：

1,they are having tea the open air .

2,thank you very much your help.

3,would you like to come supper?

4,wu xia is the at chinese in her class.

5,this is a book many colour picture

6,our classroom is clean .it is cleaner yours.

7,this bottle is empty .may i have a one ?

8,what is the with your pen ? it is broken.

9, is the third season of a year.

二， 句子改写：

ma li lis ruler is longer than kates.( 变为一般疑问句 )

—— ma li lis ruler____,_____kates?

2,jims box is the heaviest of all.( 变为否定句 )

jims box _____the heaviest of all.

3,the black bag is the oldest of the four .( 对划线部分提问 )

_____ _____is the oldest of the four ?

4,li lei is thirteen. zhang hong is twelve.( 连成一句 )

li lei is one year____ _____zhang hong.

5,tom is the tallest boy in the class.( 同义句改写 )

tom is ____ than____ _____boy in the class.

6,he watches tv every evning.( 用 this evening 替换 every evening)

he _____ _____ _____ ______tv this evening.

三， 用所给的词的适当形式填空：

1,i have nothing_____(do) today.

2,is lucy running_____(slow) than lili ?

3,what kind of _____(duck) are you feeding now?

4,his hobby is____(is)an artist.

5,which do you think is______(beauty), the city or the country?

6can you hear something_______(sing) in the next room?

7,stop_____(play). now lets have our lesson.

8what _____(grow)on this farm?

9,now my brother is learning more about ______(draw).

10,riding a bike is much ______(easy).

四， 根据句意填上一个最恰当的词，使句子通顺，语法正确：

1,do you all agree____her? 2, the corn_____slowly.

3,i pick more pears than he_____. 4,why____come with us ?

5,which ____faster , a taxi or a bus ? 6,today she____to stay at

home. 7,my little dog is hungry. i must _____it.

8,my mother likes ____me some stories at weekend.

9,what are you going to do after you _____school?

10,i think the trees in shenyang is much fewer than____in dalia. 五，句型转换：

1,please walk guickly, or you will miss the train.

______ ______ _____walk guickly,you will miss the train.

2,do you have time this weekend? ____ you___this weekend?

3, lets have a rest ? ____ ____ ____a rest? ____ ____have a rest.

4, which is the way to the station, please ?

______ _____the station, please?

5,i dont know. i have _____ ______.

6,the post office is not inside the station.

the post office is______the station.

7,jim sits in front of bill. bill sits_____jim.

8,today some countries dont use animals to do farm work any more. today some countries____ _____use animals to do farm

work.

9,this pen is cheaper than any other one in the shop.

this pen is_____ ______in the shop.

五， 动词的适当形式填空：

1． listen! who______(sing) in the classroom?

2,may i_____(come)in? im sorry im late.

it_____(not, matter). come in ,please.

3.jim usually____(do) his homework at school,but he______

(do) it at home now .

4,we____(see)uncle wang tomorrow. would you like______

(go) with us ? 5,why not______(go) boating?

6.what about _______(go) on a picnic?

4 ．提建议的表达方法：

ⅰ、 shall i / we do( 动词原形 )------ ？表示“我 / 我们 ----- 好吗？” 例： shall we go to the zoo? 我们去动物园好吗？

ⅱ、 lets do( 动词原形 )------ 。表示“让我们做 ----- 吧”

例： lets make it half past one. 让我们定在一点半吧。

iii 、 why not do( 动词原形 )------ 表示“为什么不做 ----- 呢？”

例： why not give her some flowers? 为什么不送给她一些花呢？

5 ．怎样“表示需要”、“询问方向”和“指点方向”

i ．表示需要： 1.he needs some help . 2.you need a number 16 bus.

3.which number do i need ?

ii. 怎样“问路（询问方向）”：

1.e xcuse me. which is the way to the post office?

2.excuse me. can(could) you tell me the way to the park?

3.excuse me. can(could) you show me the way to the bookshop?

4.excuse me. do you know the way to the bank?

5.excuse me. how can i get to the farm ?

6.excuse me.can(could) you tell me how i can get to the hospital?

7.excuse me,can(could) you tell me where the theatre is?

8.excuse me.where is the nearest hospital, please?

iii. 怎样“指点道路”（指点方向）：

1 、 its over there on the right /left.

2 、 its next to /in front of /behind /outside the school.

3 、 walk along /do down this road.

4 、 take the first turning on the left /right.==turn left /right at the

first turning.

5、 ts about two hundred metres along on the left /right .

6、 ts about five kilometers away.

a) its about ten minutes ‘ walk from here.

b) the nearest is about three kilometers away. you need a no.1 bus.

c) take a no.3 bus on the right and get off at the sixth stop.

6. 序数词的用法：表示事物的顺序叫序数词。序数词往往与定冠词 the 连用。

（ 1 ）， 1----3 ，没有规律，要逐个记忆。

one first ; two second ; three third ;

(2). 4-----12. 有规律，其中 four, six , seven ,ten , eleven 是在基数词的后面加上 th, 而 five fifth , eight eighth , nine ninth , twelve twelfth 是没有规律，要逐个记忆。

(3). 13------20 有规律，是在基数词的后面加上 th 就行。

（ 4 ）。第二十至第九十的整十的倍数都是在基数词后将词尾的 -y 改为 i, 再加 -eth 构成的。

（ 5 ），十位以上的基数词变成序数词时，把个位数变成序数词即可，十位数不变。第一百、第一千、第一百万都是在基数词的后面直接加上 -th 构成。

（ 6 ），序数词的缩写形式是由阿拉伯数字加上序数词的最后两个字母构成。

附： 基数词变为序数词的口诀：

基变序，有规律，词尾加上 th ；

一、二、三，特殊记，词尾字母 t,d,d ;

八减 t , 九减 e, f 来把 ve 替；

单词 ty 作结尾， ty 变成 tie;

若是碰到几十几，只变个位就可以。

练习题：

一．听力： 20 分。 （四个类型）略。

二．笔试： 80 分。

《一》。 词汇：

a． 根据句子的意思及首字母提示，用适当的词填空：

1． w______back to school. 2.october comes after s_______.

3.there are many b______flowers in the park.

4.e______is the biggest animal on the land.

5.walk along this road, and take the fourth t_____on the right.

6.shall we meet o_____the school gate?

7.dont swim in the river. its d_______.

8.tigers usually live in the f______and the mountains.

9.its far from here.you had better c_____a bus .

d) thank you all the s______.

e) do you n____any help , miss black?

f) lets make it half past nine .no p_____.

g) this big box is too h______.i cant carry it .

h) jim often goes the w_____way .

i) i am very t______. shall i have a rest?

b. 按要求写出下列各词：

1. busy( 比较级 )______ 2.big( 最高级 )_______3.early( 比较级 )____4.nice( 最高级 )______5.beautiful( 比较级 )___________

6.good( 比较级 )______7.many( 最高级 )______8.slowly( 比较级 )_____9.five( 序数词 )_____10.one( 序数词 )_____11.two( 序数词 )_______12.three( 序数词 )______13.nine( 序数词 )______

14. twelve( 序数词 )_____15 .twenty( 序数词 )_____16. swim( 现在分词 )_____17. close( 形容词 )_____18. friend( 形容词 )______

19. wish( 复数 )______20. full( 反义词 )_____21. before( 反义词 )_____22. right( 同音词 )_____23. alse( 同义词 )______24. free( 反义词 )_____25. strong( 比较级 )______26.foot( 复数 )______27. run( 名词 )_____28. zoo( 复数 )_____29. play( 名词 )______30. quick( 副词 )______

c. 根据汉语提示，用单词的适当形式填空：

1． lucy is feeling much ______( 更好 )now.

2． this turkey ________( 尝起来 )fine.

2. miss li is __________( 讲 )children a story.

3. at night ,there are many ______( 星星 )in the sky.

4. he jumps_______( 最高 )at the sports meeting.

二．选择填空： 20 分。略。

三．改写句子：根据要求完成下列各句：

1. he is washing his clothes now.( 用 tomorrow 改写 )

he is _______ ______wash his clothes tomorrow.

2. he is taller than any other student in his class.( 变为同义句 )

he is______ _______in his class.

3. you had better go there on foot .( 改为否定句 )

you had ______ ______go there on foot.

4. they are going to leave on monday.( 划线部分提问 )

_______ _______they going to leave?

5. you usually come to school by bike.( 改为否定疑问句 )

_______you usually______to school by bike?

四．口语运用：从 b 栏中找出能与 a 栏配对的答语：

a b

( )1.what are you going to do next sunday? a.some bread.

( )2.shall we go to the zoo? b.some bread ,please.

( )3.when shall we meet? c.sorry ,im busy .

( )4.what about a quarter past ten ? d.nothing much.

( )5.what can you see on the table / e.at a quarter past ten.

( )6.what would you like ? f. no . lets make it a little earlier.

( )7.are you free tomorrow ? g.i think so.

( )8.could you go there with me tomorrow ? h.good idea.

( )9.what does it say ? i.dont feed the animals.

( )10. would you like to go to the cinema? j. yes, id love to.

五．动词填空：用所给的动词的适当形式填空：

1._______jim usually______(walk) to school ?

2.everyone _____( be) here. let the teacher ______(start) his lesson.

3.i have much homework________(do) and i must finish________(do)it first .

5. she usually ______(play) football on sundays,but now she _____(swim).

6. what ____he_________(do) tomorrow ?

六．补全对话：

a ; excuse me,______ _______a fruit shop near here ?

b; i am______i_______know. i am new here. you had better______that policeman_______there.

a; thank you ______the_____.

b:excuse me , ______the nearest fruit shop ,please?

c;sorry ,there isnt.

a:then ______ _______is the nearest one from here?

c: its_______seven kilometers________. you had better catch a bus.

a: which bus shall i take ,please ?

c: the no.105 bus. it will take you______there .

a; where is the bus stop ,please ?

c: go along this road , and then take the first turning on the right. you can see______in front of you .

a; thank you very much.

c: not at all.

七．看图完成对话：

kate: excuse me! _____can i

____ _____the nearest market ,please?

jill:_____ ______this street, and

______the third______on the ____.

then take the second turning on the _______.

its about _______ _____ _____along on the right.

kate: oh, i see. thanks a lot .

jill:its my pleasure.

八． 书面表达：

根据要求写一段对话：（看图写，不少与 50 个词）

henry is going to buy a dictionary.

he doesntknow the way to the bookshop .

so he asks sam to go with him .

but sam says he is busy. he shows henry

on the map .look at the map,and make a dialogue.

1过去进行时
是was
或were
doing
的形式
I
was
studing
English。
2现在完成时
是have或has
done
的形式
I
have
graduated
from
high
school.
3现在完成进行时是have或has
been
doing的形式
I
have
been
learning
English
for
many
years.
4宾语从句最大的特征是出现在行为动词后面。He
said
that
he
was
studing
English.
5状语从句分为时间状语从句
地点状语从句
。。。等等这个是可以通过整体意思看出来的It
is
two
years
when
I
graduate
from
University
.
6附加疑问句（反意疑问句）最大的特点就是
前肯后否
前否后肯
。He
is
a
student
,
isn't
he
?
He
isn't
a
student,
is
he
?

呢间状语句
间状语句表示间关系句引导间状语句连词根据意义主句间间关系通几种情况:
A.when,
while,
as,
whenever
when,
while,
as表示主句谓语作句谓语作同发或几乎同发
1.when
①when表示点间句用短暂性词;表示段间用持续性词
When
I
got
home,
my
family
were
already
having
dinner.
when意思……候(and
at
that
moment)when能跟前句
He
was
about
to
go
to
bed
when
the
doorbel
rang.
②when表示虽尽管含义相于although或since
He
walks
when
he
might
take
a
taxi.
2.while
①while通表示段间句宜用持续性词作谓语
Strike
while
the
iron
is
hot.
②while作并列连词表示比译…………
I
am
fond
of
English
while
he
likes
maths.
③while引导让步状语句意思虽
While
they
love
te
children,
they
are
strict
with
them.
3.as
①as表示点间句用短暂性词;表示段间用持续性词aswhen两者经通用
The
thief
was
caught
as
when
he
was
stealing
in
the
supermarket.
②as表示
边…边…强调句主句两作交替进行或同步进行
They
talked
as
they
walked.
③as表示随着
As
time
goes
on,
it's
getting
warmer
and
warmer.
4.when,
while,
as用区别
①句表示段间即其谓语词持续性特征三者通用互换
②列情况三者彼间能替换使用:
a.as更强调同间或紧接前或伴随着变化
As
he
grew
older,
he
became
less
and
less
active.
b.when更强调特定间表示句作先于或于主句作
c.while句能表示延续作或状态或主句作比
d.若表示两短促作几乎同发用as场合于when
5.whenever
wheneverwhen强势语描述性作经发习惯性作
You
are
always
welcome
whenever
you
come.
B.
before,
after
1.before表示段间前
2.after表段间
C.till,
until
1.untiltill用于肯定句表示直
止主句必须持续性词
2.
not??untiltill表示直
才
主句通要用短暂词untiltill用before代替
3.not
until位于句首主句主语、谓语要使用倒装语序
4.强调句型般能用until用till
D.since,
ever
since
1.since自……表示作某点间直延续说间止主句通延续性词现完since句般用短暂性词般
2.ever
since
起直至现直表示说者强调主句作或状态持续间语气比
3.since用作副词或介词
E.as
soon
as
F.
immediately
instantly
directly
G.the
moment,
the
minute,
the
instant,
the
second
H.hardly
scarcely??when??,
no
sooner??than
I.once
J.next
time,
the
first
time,
the
last
time,
every
time
等
K.by
the
tine
引导间状语句意
止主句般要用完态

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