语法难点:英语中常见的六大后置定语_对学习定语从句帮助很大_35

作者&投稿:茌非 (若有异议请与网页底部的电邮联系)
英语定语从句的问题~

D.some of which
中间有逗号,说明后面是前面半句的非限制性定语从句
若逗号变成and就可以选A.some of them
非限制性定语从句不可以用that作关系代词,所以不能用C.some of that
which指代nine planets,是物,因此不能用 B.some of whom

定语从句
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。
(一) 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when引导定语从句表示时间〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
(二)非限定性定语从句:
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时as也可用作关系代词 4. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物.
一.定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句:修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词:引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用:1,引导定语从句。2,代替先行词。3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。
二.关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人,在从句中做主语(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3. which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.4. that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+关系代词引导(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意:1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:look for, look after, take care of等(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2. 若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F) (3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
四.关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally came.2. where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意:关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
五.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句形式上 不用逗号和主句隔开 用逗号和主句隔开意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语,不能删除 是对先行词的补充说明,删除后意思仍完整译法上 翻译成先行词的定语,“…的…” 通常翻译成主句的并列句关系词的使用上 A.做宾语时可省略 A.不可省 B。可用that B。不用that C.可用who代替whom C。不用who代替whom限制性定语从句举例:(1) The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.(2) China is a country which has a long history.非限制性定语从句举例:(1) His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.(2) China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.要注意区分以下几个句子的不同(1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)(2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥是当医生的,常鼓励他要考上大学。(他只有一个哥哥)
六、判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如: This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错(注:先显示题,再显示答案,横线;用不同的颜色表示出。) (错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year. (错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. (对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. (对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案:例1 D,例2 A 例1变为肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held. 在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) 。
介词+关系词
1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。2)that前不能有介词。3) 某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)
as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 典型例题 1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. which D. he 答案C. 此为非限定性从句,不能用 that修饰,而用which.,it 和he 都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..A. that B. which C. as D. it 答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点: (1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。 (2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。 在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为B。As 的用法例1. the same… as;such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引导非限制性从句,常带有'正如'。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式。
关系代词that 的用法
1)不用that的情况 a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b) 介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。 b) 在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。 c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。 d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。. e) 先行词既有人,又有物时。举例: All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
难点分析
(一)限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况1.当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.(3) All that can be done has been done.(4) There is little that I can do for you.注意:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.2. 当先行词被序数词修饰(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时(1) This is the best film that I have seen.4. 当形容词被the very, the only 修饰时(1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时(1) Who is the man that is standing there?(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?6. 当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?(二)关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是:1.As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子。(1) He married her, as/which was natural.(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.2. as 引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外,as有“正如……,正像……”的意思(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe.注意:当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用which(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.3. 当先行次受such, the same修饰时,常用as(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.注意:当先行次由the same修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。(三)以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导,而且通常可以省略。(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.(四) but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句(1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don’t )(五) 区分定语从句和同位语从句1.定语从句修饰先行词,它和先行词是修饰关系;同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,是补充说明的关系(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位于从句2.定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导,关系词在句中充当成分,有时可以省略;同位语从句主要由that引导,在句中一般不做成分;句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导,充当成分(1) The news he told me is true.(2) The news that he has just died is true.(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句不可以(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位语(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all.(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.

楼上的怎么能都是
"重句"呢..
楼主你先看看吧~应该可以看懂


宾语从句

(1)对于宾语从句要掌握以下三点
①语序: 从句的语序必须是陈述句语序, 即“主语 + 谓语”这种形式。
②时态: 当主句是一般现在时或一般将来时的时候, 从句可以是任何时态, 而当主句是一般过去时的时候, 从句, 从句时态必须是过去时范围的时态, 即(一般过去时, 过去进行时, 过去完成时, 过去将来时)。
③连接词: 当从句意思完整, 主句意思肯定时, 连接词用that, 且可以省去, 当从句意思完整, 主句意思不确定或含否定含意时, 常用if或whether(是否), 当从句意思不完整时, 连接词则是代替不完整部分的特殊疑问词。


状语从句

(2)对于状语从句, 我们主要学习了时间状语从句和条件状语从句。对于这两种状语从句, 除了注意语序要用陈述句语序外, 在时态上尤其要注意, “主将从现”这种结构(即: 当主句是将来时态时候), 从句如果也要用将来时, 则必须用一般现在时代替一般将来时, 时间状语从句和条件状语从句的连接词通常为: when, while, as soon as, until和if。所以, 当连接词为以上五个词时, 如果主句是将来时, 就要考虑从句是否也要用将来时, 如果是, 则用“主将从现”结构, 其它还有由so…that…构成的结果状语从句, 由Though…或…but…, 构成的让步状语从句和由because或so构成的原因状语从句, 注意Though(虽然)与but(但是), because(因为)与so(所以)不能同时出现在句子里, 只用其中之一表达汉语中两个词的意义。


表语从句

在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句,位于主句系动词的后面。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。也是名词性从句的一种。


如:What What the police want to know is when you enred red the room警察想知道的是你什么时候进的房间。

The The trouble is that we are short of funds困难是我们缺乏资金。

This This is what we should do这是我们应当做的。

That”s s why I want you to work there那就是我要你在那儿工作的原因。

His His first question was whether Mr. Smith had arrived yet他的第一个问题是史密斯先生到了没有。

注意:从句中的疑问句用正常语序,即陈述语序。


as as if, as though, becau也可用来引导表语从句。

She She seems as if she had done a great thing她看起来好像做了一件大事。

It It is because you eat too much那是因为你吃得太多了。


同位语从句

一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面,用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如:
I heard the news that our team had won.我听到了我们队获胜的消息。
I had no idea that you were here.我不知道你在这里。
二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有new,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,word(消息),possibility等。如:
I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon. 我从王先生那里来,他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that,whether,连接副词 how,when,where等。(注:if,which 不能引导同位语从句。)如:
l have no idea When he will be back.我不知道他什么时候回来。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to if or not.
他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。 如:
Several years later,word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them.
几年以后,有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视 察他们。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.
他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。
五、同位语从匈与定语从句的区别。
1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系,即说明它前面名词的内容;而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系,即限定它前面的名词范围,或补充一些情况。如:
The news that l hove passed the exam is true.我通过了考试这一消息是真的。
(同位语从句,即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。)
The news that he told me just now is true.他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。
(定语从句,从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用,即“他告诉我的”那个消息,而不是别的消息。)
2、引导同位语从句的that是连词,在从句中不充当任何成份,而引导定语从句的that是关系代词,除起连接作用外,还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如:
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.
计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。(that在从句中不充当任何成份。)
The idea that he gave surprises many people.他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。
(that在从句中作gave的宾语。)



定语从句(很麻烦的说~)

定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有:when, where, why等。
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)

2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。

3)which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)

2. 关系副词引导的定语从句


关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?

2)that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

3 .判断关系代词与关系副词


方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.


判断改错(注:先显示题,再显示答案,横线;用不同的颜色表示出。)
(错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.


习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。


方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案:例1 D,例2 A

例1变为肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) 。

语法难点:英语中常见的六大后置定语_对学习定语从句帮助很大_35。(祁老师英语百家号)




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