求初一、初二下英语知识点，哥哥姐姐们拜托啊！！！

求初二下英语知识点，哥哥姐姐们拜托啊~！::>_<::~

八年级下册新目标英语重点短语及句型总汇（二）2009-05-25 09:02常见动名词、分词的习惯用法总结
使用-ing分词的几种情况
1.在进行时态中。如： 1.He is watching TV in the room.
2.They were dancing at nine o'clock last night.
2.在there be结构中。如：There is a boy swimming in the river.
3.在have fun/problems结构中。如：We have fun learning English this term.
They had problems getting to the top of the mountain.
4.在介词后面。如：Thanks for helping me. Are you good at playing basketball？
What /How about doing sth? 做某事怎么样? I am interested in playing football.
5.在以下结构中

1. enjoy doing sth 喜欢做某事；
2. finish doing sth；完成做某事；
3. feel like doing sth 想要做某事；
4. stop doing sth 停止做某事（原来的事）
5. forget doing sth 忘记做过某事；
6. go on doing sth 继续做某事（原来的事）；
7. remember doing sth 记得做过某事；
8. like doing sth 喜欢做某事；
9. find /see/hear/watch sb doing发现/看到/听到/观看某人做
10. try doing sth 试图做某事；
11. need doing sth 需要做某事；
12. prefer doing sth 宁愿做某事；
13. mind doing sth 介意做某事；
14. miss doing sth 错过做某事；
15. practice doing sth 练习做某事；
16. be busy doing sth 忙于做某事；
17. can't help doing sth 禁不住做某事；
18. waste time/money doing 浪费时间/金钱做…;
19. keep sb.doing 让…始终/一直做…
20. stop sb.(from)doing 阻止某人做某事
21. prefer doing B to doing B=like A better than A喜欢做A更喜欢做B
22. “do some +doing”短语
如：do some shopping/do some washing/do some reading/do some practicing/do some cleaning/do some speaking
23．“go doing”短语去做某事（主要指文娱活动等）
如：go shopping/go fishing/go swimming/go hiking/go skating/go camping/go skiing（滑雪/go boating /go hunting (打猎)
.注意动词的过去分词的常见搭配:
I feel(am/was) excited/ surprised/ amazed /interested /tired/pleased/worried/lost
Keep…closed/ a boy called/named Tom

—不好意思，只有这么一小点点、先看着吧

1. bring/take
Bring表示“带来、拿来”，指从别处朝说话人所在或将在的地方“带来、拿来”。而take则表示“拿去、带走”，它表示的方向与bring相反，指从说话人所在地“拿走、带走”。如：
Bring me the book, please. 把那本书给我拿来。
Take some food to the old man. 给那位老人带去些食物。
2. somebody/ anybody/nobody
一般说来，somebody用于定句，anybody用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句。例如：
Somebody came to see you when you were out. 你出来时有人来见你。
Does anybody live on this island? 有人在这岛上住吗？
I didn't see anybody there. 我在那儿谁也没看见。
Don't let anybody in. I'm too busy to see anybody. 别让任何人进来。我太忙，谁也不想见。
There is nobody in the room. 房间里没人。
Nobody told me that you were ill, so I didn't know about it .谁也没告诉我你病了所以我不知道。
3. listen, listen to, hear
这三个词意思都是“听”，但是它们的用法不完全相同。它们的区别在于：
(1)listen 只用于不及物动词，后面接人或人物做宾语，着重于“倾听”，指的是有意识的动作，至于是否听到，并非强调的重点。如：
Listen! Someone is singing in the classroom. 听！有人在教室唱歌。
(2)listen to 为listen的及物形式，后面一定要接人或物做宾语，这里的to是介词。如：
Do you like listening to light music?你喜欢听轻音乐吗？
(3)hear 可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词，意思是“听到、听见”，指用耳朵听到了某个声音，表示无意识的动作，着重于听的能力和结果。如：We hear with our ears.我们用耳朵听。She listens but hears nothing.她听了听，但是什么也没有听见。
4. many/ much/ a few/ a little/ few/ little
(1)many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词；都表示许多。例如：
He has many books.他有许多书。He drank much milk.他喝了许多牛奶。
(2)a few和a little都表示"有一点儿"，侧重于肯定，相当于"some"，但a few修饰可数名词，a little修饰不可数名词，例如：He has a few friends in London.他在伦敦有一些朋友。
Would you like some coffee? Yes, just a little.喝点咖啡好吗？好的，只要一点。
(3)few和little表示"几乎没有"，侧重否定。few后接可数名词，little后接不可数名词。例如：
He is a strange man. He has few words.他是个怪人，他几乎不说什么话。
Hurry up, there is little time left.赶快，没什么时间了。
5. either/ neither/ both
either可作形容词，一般指"两者中的任何一个"。有时也可表示"两个都……"的意思，后跟名词的单数形式；neither: 指两者中没有一个，全否定；both: 指两者都，肯定。句中可作主语、宾语和定语，both后面应跟名词的复数形式。如：Neither of the films is good.两部电影都不好。（没有一部是好的）Either of the films is good. 两部电影都不错。（谓语动词用单数）Both the teachers often answer the questions.这两个老师都常常解答问题。
6. take part in/join
take part in参加某种活动; join参加，加入某一政党或组织。例如：Can you take part in my party.你能来参加我的派对吗？We often take part in many school activities.我们经常参加学校里的一些活动。He joined the party in 1963. 他1963年入的党。My little brother joined the army last year. 我小弟去年参的军。
7. quite/ rather/ very
(1)quite 表示程度“很，十分，完全地”，“相当”。如：She is quite right.她对极了。
That's not quite what I want . 那并不完全是我所要的。
(2)rather 表示程度上的“相当”，比预想地程度要大，通常用在不喜欢的情况下。如：It's rather cold today.今天的天气相当冷。
(3)very 表示程度“很，甚，极其，非常”，用于修饰形容词或副词，既可用在喜欢的情况下，也可用于不喜欢的情况下。应注意“a very +形容词+可数名词的单数”结构中，"a"应置于"very"之前，该结构相当“quite a/an +形容词+名词”的结构。如：Two months is quite a long time. / a very long time. 两个月是一段很长的时间。It's a very nice day / quite a nice day. 今天天气很好。

英语
语法
动词的语态（Voices）
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态
被动语态的构成
被动语态的基本构成形式 主语+助动词be+过去分词

被动语态的时态
被动语态的时态通过助动词be的变化来体现。这个助动词必须与主语的人称和数相一致。现以do为例，将被动语态常用时态列表如下：
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态
现在 am\is\are done am\is\are being done has\have been done
过去 was\were done was\were being done had been done
将来 shall\will be done shall\will have been done
过去将来 should\would be done should\would have been done

各种时态的被动语态
一般现在时的被动语态 e.g. The lights are usually turned on at 6:30.
一般过去时的被动语态 e.g. Our house was built in 1979.
一般将来时的被动语态 e.g. This question will be answered by our headmaster.
过去将来时的被动语态 e.g. I knew the room would be cleaned.
现在进行时的被动语态 e.g. Your bicycle is being repaired now.
过去进行时的被动语态 e.g. The man was being questioned by the police.
现在完成时的被动语态 e.g. My car has been repaired.
过去完成时的被动语态 e.g. I heard she had already been sent to hospital.

带情态动词的被动语态 情态动词+be+过去分词
e.g. This must be done as soon as possible.

有些短语动词的被动语态
有些短语动词，如“动词+介词”、“动词+副词”、“动词+名词+介词”，其作用相当于及物动词，也可以由被动语态。在被动语态结构中，介词或副词不可丢掉，且其位置不变。
e.g. My brother’s child is taken care of by my mother.

含有两个宾语的被动语态
在多数情况下，把间接宾语变为主语，而把直接宾语保留下来。 e.g. She was told a long story.

含有复合宾语的被动语态
把宾语变为主语，宾语补足语变为主语补足语 e.g. The child was named Tom.

主动语态变被动语态
两种语态结构对比（箭头表示动作方向）

主动语态 → → e.g. He wrote the letter.

被动语态 → → e.g. The letter was written by him.

主动句变被动句的基本步骤
把主动句的宾语作为被动句的主语
把主动句的谓语改为“be+该动词的过去分词”形式，做被动句的谓语，注意be要根据主语的人称、数和该句的时态要求保持一致
主动句的主语改为by的宾语，有时可省略“by+主语”

主动句变被动句的基本句式
主动句：主语+助动词（情态动词）+谓语+宾语
e.g. We will do that experiment next time.
被动句：主语（原宾语）+助动词（情态动词）+be+过去分词+by+原主语
e.g. That experiment will be done by us next time.
主动句：主语+短语动词+宾语
e.g. The nurse takes good care of us.
被动句：主语（原宾语）+be+短语动词的过去分词形式+by+原主语
e.g. We are taken good care of by the nurse.
主动句：主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
e.g. We gave him some magazines.
被动句：主语(间接宾语)+be+过去分词+直接宾语\主语(直接宾语)+be+过去分词+to(for)+间接宾语 e.g. He was given some magazines (by us).\ Some magazines were given to him (by us).
【注】一般将主动句中表示人的间接宾语变为被动句的主语
主动句：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
e.g. They chose Tom captain.
被动句：主语（原宾语）+谓语+原宾语补足语
e.g. Tom was chosen captain.
【注】如主动句中宾语补足语是不带to的不定式，变成被动语态后要加to
e.g. I saw him go to the church.
He was seen to go to the church.

被动语态的用法
英语中，何时情况下才使用被动语态的举例
不知道动作的执行者，只知道承受者的情况 e.g. Silk is produced in Suzhou.
不必说出动作的执行者的情况 e.g. Such books are written for children.

需要突出和强调动作的承受者的情况 e.g. She is liked by everyone.
【注】①不及物动词没有被动语态，如：happen，take，please，disappear等
e.g. 这件事发生在1989年。
（Wrong） This was happened in 1989.
（Right） This happened in 1989.
②有些动词，如：have，feel，hold，become，rise，look，sound，seem等只能着眼于表示状态而不强调动作，一般不用于被动语态中。
e.g. 树变绿了。
（Wrong）The trees have been become green.
（Right） The trees have become green.

被动语态和“连系动词+表语（过去分词）”的区别
被动语态中的过去分词是动词，表动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，表状态。前者可用by短语表示动作的执行者，后者则一般不用by短语。 比较：
This book was written last year. The glass was broken by my sister.
这本书是去年写的。（被动语态） 玻璃杯是我妹妹打破的。（被动语态）
This book was well written. The glass is broken.
这本书写得很好。（系表结构） 玻璃杯破了。（系表结构）

1、 在以下这些动词的后面只能接动名词ing，而不能接动词不定式：
suggest 建议 finish完成 stop 停止（正在做某事）
can't help 禁不住 mind 介意 admit 承认
enjoy 喜欢 delay 耽误
practice 练习 consider 考虑 miss 错过
escape逃脱 keep 继续 advise 建议
allow 允许 permit 准许 avoid 避免
2、在下列短语之后也常常使用动名词：
insist on 坚持 be interested in 对……感兴趣
be afraid of 对……害怕 be fond of 喜欢
be good at 擅长于…… dream of 梦想
feel like 想要 prevent/keep/stop . . . from 阻止
spend . . . in 在……花费 get/be used to 习惯于
be proud of 感到自豪 be tired of 对……厌倦
look forward to 感到自豪 thank . . . for 因……感谢
excuse . . . for 因……道歉 succeed in 在……成功
depend on 依靠 be suitable for 适合于
pay attention to 注意 keep on继续
be busy 忙于 be weak in 在...差
have fun 做某事有乐趣 have trouble做某事有困难
take pride in 以...为自豪 put off 推迟

那叫句型

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