谁能教教我怎么学虚拟语气?

谁能教教我虚拟语气的用法？~

上学期碰巧给人讲过一次。
例句来源是《张道真语法》

1）综述：
在表示一种假相的情况、主观愿望时，动词有时候要用虚拟语气。
涉及动词：原型、情态动词、过去时、完成时
现在的虚拟语气：用情态动词或动词原型，表达需要做或者发生的事情，可能性一般
It is important that he work hard.
They propose that Dr. wood be elected.
Our decision is that the school remain closed.
过去虚拟语气，were，用于各种人称，表示估计、期望，可能性比上一种低
If here were leaving, you would have heard about it.
If she were here, she would speak on my behalf.
I wish she were not married.
其他虚拟形式和过去式相同：
I wish the bus went to the university.
He acts as if he knew me.
If he found a patient listener, he would pour out his trouble.
过去完成式，表示已经完成，没有任何可能
If only I had listened to my parents!
If I had seen her, I would have told her.
I wish I hadn’t wasted so much money
有些情态动词也常用于虚拟语气
I wish I could speak your language.
If only she would go with me!
美国人使用现在虚拟语气的句子中，英国人常用should+动词原型
I demand that the committee reconsider/should reconsider its decision.

2）虚拟语气在条件句中的用法
虚拟条件句，表示假设的情况
It doesn’t matter if you can’t find her.
If you can do it, so can I.
Don’t come unless I telephone.
Suppose you disagree with anything he suggests, you can come to me.
这类句子大多数包含一个由if引起的条件从句，少数条件从句由unless, suppose引起。条件句有两种，一种表示可能成为现实的情况，成为真实条件句。
I must leave if that’s the case.
You will forgive me if I have given you pain.
If she said so, she’s a liar.
If Colin is in London, he is undoubtedly staying at the Hilton.
She’s taking a stick with her in case she has any trouble on the way.
在这些句子中假设的情况都是可能发生的。句中谓语都使用陈述语气。与此相反，如果假设的情况纯然是假想，是与现实不一样的或发生的可能性不大的，这种句子就叫做虚拟条件句
If I were you, I’d go to night school.
If he changed his opinions, he’d be a more likeable person.
If she were younger, she would study computer science.
If anything had happened, he would have let her know.
If they had invited her, she would have attended it. 此类句子中的谓语形式，就是所谓的虚拟语气。
表示现在或者将来情况的虚拟条件句：主句谓语，would + 原型；条件从句的谓语，相当于过去时的形式
If we had enough money, we would buy a computer.
If they invited me, I would certainly attend it.
If you didn’t stay up so late every evening, you wouldn’t feel so sleepy in the morning.
在条件从句中，如果谓语动词是be，一般用were
If there were anything to tell, I would tell it to you.
If she were trying harder, her parents wouldn’t be so anxious.
在口语中，一、三人称可以用was
If I was rich, I would buy you anything you wanted.
这类句子有一些特殊情况值得注意
在主句中有时用could或might构成谓语
If he knew the facts, he could tell us what to do.
If he were here, he could help us.
If we had more police, there might be less crime.
用were to / was to构成谓语，表示将来万一发生的情况
If you were to speak to him, it would carry more weight.
If I were to ask, would you help me?
从句中有时用would表示愿意
If Ann would admit this I shouldn’t quarrel with her.
I should be glad if you would give me an account of it.
If 可能被省略，这时候用倒装
Were she in charge (if she were in charge), she would do things differently.
Were she here, she would support the motion.
Were the government to cut VAT, prices would fall.
Were it to reveal its secret, that house would collapse in shame.
Should I be free tomorrow, I will come.
Should you change your mind, no one would blame you.
Should she be interested, I’ll phone her.
从句有时可用if it were not for表示若不是
If it weren’t for your help, I would still be homeless.
You wouldn't be anywhere if it weren’t for Ruth.
Were it not for your help, I wouldn’t be doing so well.
极少数情况下，从句的谓语用动词原型
If any person be found guilty, he shall have the right of appeal.
If that be the official view, it cannot be accepted.
还有一些特殊的不完整的条件句也可能用虚拟语气
Suppose we told her the truth.
Imagine your child played truant.
Suppose he were lost.
Without me to supplement your income, you wouldn’t be able to mange.
Just suppose everyone were to give up smoking and drinking.
表示过去情况的虚拟条件句：条件从句的谓语，had+过去分词；主句谓语，would have+过去分词
这类从句表示一个与事实完全相反的过去情况
If anything had happened, he would have let her know.
If I had worked harder at school, I’d have got a better job.
If you hadn’t studied hard, you’d have failed the exam.
在从句中也可以用had been构成谓语
If I had been you, I’d have taken the job.
这类句子的特例：
主句可以用could或might should构成谓语
If he had known the facts, he could have told us what to do.
If she had been here, she could have met my sister.
If he had received the present, he should have thanked her.
从句中有时可用if it had not been for以及倒装式的had it not been for做谓语，表示：“要不是有”
If it hadn’t been for Margaret, I might not have understood.
If it hadn’t been for the rain, we would have had a good harvest.
If it hadn’t been for the doctor’s care, I wouldn’t have recovered so soon.
可把从句倒装，省略if
Had I known your address, I would have written before.
Had I not seen with my own eyes, I would not have believed it.
Had Mark been in charge, it wouldn’t have happened.
在主句第一人称后也有人用should
I should have talked to mother if I had thought of it.
I should never have done it if I hadn’t been so hard up.
一些特殊的虚拟条件句
主句谓语和从句谓语动作发生时间不同
If you’d listened to me, you wouldn’t be in such trouble now.
If it hadn’t been for her care, I should not be speaking to you now.
含蓄条件句：句子不包含条件从句，意思却和条件句差不多
To hear him talk, you’d think he was Prime Minister.
But for his pension, he would starve.
Without your help, I couldn’t have achieved all this.
In different circumstances, I might have agreed.
Any person who had behave in that way would have been dismissed.
Don’t bother to read all these papers. It would take too long.
I’d hate to lose this pen.
一些特殊的虚拟条件句
错综时间条件句：
If I had not got married, I would still have been living abroad.
If she were trying harder, her parents wouldn’t be so anxious
If it had been raining this morning, we would have stayed home

3）在从句中的使用
有时主句谓语和从句谓语表示的动作发生的时间不同
If you’d listened to me, you wouldn’t be in such trouble now.
If it hadn’t been for her care, I should not be speaking to you now.

宾语从句：wish 后的宾语从句，表示与事实相反，指现在的情况
I wish we had more money.
I wish I knew the answer to your question.
I wish I were a bird.
I wish the sun was shining at this moment.
另一类意思相当于过去完成时表示过去的状况，有懊悔的意思
I wish that I had never met him.
He wished he hadn’t done it.
有时候指将来，用would，表示可能实现（可能较低），接近一种客气的请求
I wish you wouldn’t smoke any more.
I wish you wouldn’t be so noisy.
有时可用could构成谓语，有时可用might
I wish he could come tomorrow
I wish I could be of some use.
She sincerely wished that she might do something to comfort him
Would rather后的宾语中，谓语用过去式表示现在或将来
I would rather they left on an early train.
I would much rather it was forgotten.
I’d rather she didn’t sit next to me.
也可用相当于过去完成时的形式表示过去
I’d rather you had been present.
Kate went by car and I’d rather she hadn’t.
I’ve told her about it. – I’d rather you hadn’t.
另外had rather和prefer后面的宾语从句也可以用虚拟语气
I had rather you did it
She preferred that he should do it in the kitchen.
I prefer that she drive.
此外在if only, suppose后也常用虚拟语气表示惋惜
If only I had listened to your advice!
If only I were not so nervous now.
Suppose I were to lend him five pounds
Demand, insist, ask等动词后的宾语从句
He urges that the restrictions be lifted.
They demanded that the right to vote be given to every adult man.
Rose insisted that he be present.
I ask that he leave.
The doctor advised that he change his job.
They recommend that this tax be abolished.
The committee proposed Mr. Big be elected.
We requested that the meeting be cancelled.
They intended that the news be suppressed.
英国过去常常会在动词原型前面加上should。至今仍有一些会加上should表示“竟然会”
I regret that she should worry about it.
I can’t think why he should have been so angry.
虚拟语气在主语、表语从句中的运用
不少主语从句中，动词用原型
It’s vital that we be present.
It was intended that you be the candidate.
It is important that this mission not fail.
It is appropriate that this tax be abolished.
有时用should＋原型，有“竟然”的意思
It’s a pity that he should be so obstinate.
It’s amazing that she should have said nothing about it.
That they should refuse to sign the petition required great courage.
表语从句：
Sophia’s idea was that they should lock up the house.
Her suggestion was that they carry on their conversation in French.
同位语从句
They were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished.
They expressed the wish that she accept the award.
The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried.
状语从句
I’m surprised that he should feel lonely.
I’m anxious that I shouldn’t be in the way.
They were insist that we be ready.
I’m afraid the journey would be expensive.
As if/though用虚拟语气较多
He acts as if he knew you.
The stuffed dog barked as if it were a real one.
She closed here eyes as though she too were tired.
有时虚拟语气不明显
She looked a bit queer, as if she knew something.
He paused as though he found a difficulty.
某些让步从句和目的从句
Come what may, we will go ahead with our plan.
Though he be the President himself, he shall hear us.
Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my support.
Be that as it may, we have nothing to lose.
Eloquent though she was, she could not persuade him.
Whatever be the reasons for their action, we cannot tolerate such disloyalty.
Poor though you might be, you cannot live all your life on charity.
目的从句用虚拟语气作谓语
They removed the prisoner in order that he would not disturb the proceedings any further.
They’ve arranged that I should absent myself for part of the meeting.
They left early for fear they sould meet him.
The president must reject the proposal, lest it cause strife and violence.
在这类从句中，美国有时用原型，但是英国多用一个情态动词。以so that 为例，肯定句多用can, may，否定句用 should, would, will.
A. I hired a boat so that I could go fishing.
B. Speaking clearly so that they may understand you.
A. He looked down so that he should not see your eyes.
B. He wore a mask so that on one should recognize him.
A. I wanted her to take this job so that she would be occupied.
B. You must explain the situation plainly so that they will understand.
虚拟语气的一些其他用法
表示祝愿：
God bless you!
God save the Queen!
Heaven forbid that I should let my own parents suffer.
God be praised.
(God) Damn it.
Long live the Republic!
Heaven help us!
So be it.
Please God, there hasn’t been an accident.
So help me God.

4）
一些固定说法：
Suffice it to say that we won.
Far be it from me to spoil the fun.
So be it then!
有些祝愿的话用may开头
May you always be happy!
May you have a long and happy life!
May all your dreams come true.
用在it’s time后的定语从句中的虚拟语气
It’ time，如果用从句的话，必须用虚拟语气
I think it’s time you went to bed.
It’s time we ordered dinner.
I think it’s time they were taught a lesson.
It’s high time they began to take you seriously.
I think it’s high time that she made up her mind.
It’s high time you bought a new car.
在一些其他句型中使用的虚拟语气
由that引起的句子
That he should dare to speak in that tone of voice to me!
Oh, that you would be quite.
Oh, that I could fly.
Would
Would that the end might never come!
Would that we had seen her before she died.
Would that I were with her now.
To think

To think he would come to anything like that.
To think that she should have died such a tragic death.
用在某些成语中的虚拟语气
As it were
He is a grown-up baby, as it were.
He became, as it were a kind of hero from a strand land.
He was, as if were, intoxicated by the soft air and sunshine of spring
Would think
Anyone would think you were in love with the girl.
Anyone would think he owns the place, the way he talks!
He would never think of letting his daughter marry a fellow like you.
Would have thought
Who would have thought to see you here!
You would have thought the school would do more to help a child like Craig.
Should…but 原来是……
Who should come in but his first wife!
When I got off the boat whom should I see but you!
What should I find but an enormous spider.
Would rather + 不定式
I would rather be a miner than a bank clerk.
He’d rather not go by car.
If I’d lived in 1400, I’d rather have been a knight than a monk.
I’d much sooner be happy than rich.
If need be (如果有必要)
If need be, help him to do it.
I will come if need be.
I’ll work at night if need be.

otherwise、or（否则） +句子，
这个句子的虚拟情况跟一般的情况类似，
一表示对现在的虚拟，谓语动词用 would do
I have no money，otherwise（or）i would help you。
二、对过去的虚拟，句子的谓语动词用would have done
I had no money，otherwise（or）i would have given you a hand。
三、对将来的虚拟，谓语动词用would do
I have no money，otherwise（or）i would buy an apartment next year。

虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测， 建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。在条件句中的应用，条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。

一、虚拟语气在从句中的使用

虚拟语气即表达不可能发生或与预期相反的情况。首先我们应熟悉它在三种时态里的使用情况，这是正确使用虚拟语气的基础。这三种时态是：现在；过去；将来。

1、表示现在的虚拟式

时 态从 句 动 词主 句 动 词

现 在 did would + do

If I were a bird, I would fly to you. 如果我是只鸟，我就会飞到你身边去。

If it were not for their help, we should be in a very difficult position.

如果不是他们的帮忙，我们就会处于一个非常困难的境地。

2、表示过去的虚拟式

时 态从 句 动 词主 句 动 词

过 去had + donewould + have + done

If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train.

如果我们早一点动身的话，就不会误车了。

If she hadn’t been ill, she might have come.如果她不是病了，可能会来的

3、表示将来的虚拟式

时 态从 句 动 词主 句 动 词

将 来should + do

were to + dowould + do

If Professor Li should have time tomorrow, we could ask him some questions.

如果李教授明天有空的话，我们可以问他点问题。

If there should be no air, there would be no living things.

如果没有空气，就不会有生物。

二、错综时间的虚拟句

通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的, 但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式.

If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)。

换成我是你，我就会听从他的建议。

If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (从句指过去,主句指现在)。如果我今天早上带了雨衣，现在就不会被淋湿了。

If we hadn’t been working hard in the past few years, things wouldn’t be going so smoothly.

(从句指过去，主句指现在)。如果过去几年里不努力工作，现在的情况就不会如此顺利了。

If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句指过去，主句指现在)。如果当时的天气更好点，现在的庄稼就会长得更好。

If we had not got everything ready by now, we should be having a more terrible time tomorrow. (从句指现在，主句指将来)

如果现在一切还没准备好，明天情况就更糟了。

三、含蓄条件句

有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,二是暗含在上下文中,比如通过介词短语来表示。这些介词常是：but for, without, otherwis等。如：

But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully.

如果不是听了你的建议，我就不会做的如此成功。

The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy.

没有开放的政策，就不会有如此大的变化。

I was so busy then, Otherwise, I would have told him the answer.

我当时很忙，否则，我就会把答案告诉他的。

四、虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用

1、wish后的宾语从句(would rather (sooner) 后也是如此)

I would rather they came tomorrow. 我宁愿他们明天来。

How I wish it wasn’t raining now. 如果现在不下雨该多好呀！

I wish I had not been to yesterday’s party. 我要不去参加昨天的宴会就好了！

但would rather 后没有主语则应使用零不定式.

2、suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist 等动词后的宾语从句

They demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be withdrawn immediately.

他们要求侵略者立刻撤退。

I propose that we (should) set a deadline for handing in the plan.

我提议应该制定一个交计划的最后期限。

3、it is desired, it’s suggested, it’s requested, it was ordered that, it was proposed that, it is necessary that, it is important that, it has been decided that 等之后的主语从句：

It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once. 有必要立刻派他前往。

It’s required that Mr. Lee (should) give a performance at the party.

要求李先生在晚会上出个节目。

It’s desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight.

要求我们在今晚前把一切准备好。

4、在suggestion, motion, proposal, order, recommendations, plan, idea 等后面引出的表语从句和同位语从句中：

The order came that all villagers evacuate from the village.

要求所有村民撤退的命令下达了。

I second Xiao Li’s motion that we set up a special board to tackle the problem.

小李提议成立一个特别委员会处理此问题，我附议。

5、在下列句型中要用 should +动词原形。如：it is a pity, it is a shame, it is incredible, it is strange, it is no wonder

It is a great pity that he should be so conceited.

很可惜，他这个人竟然这么自大。

It’s strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.

奇怪的是他竟看不到自己的缺点。

6、as if, as though 引起的从句，其用法同 wish 构成的宾语从句一样

I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.

我清楚地记得这件事就象昨天刚刚发生的。

It seems as if it were spring already 似乎现在已经是春天的样子了。

7、以 lest, for fear that, in case 引出的从句，动词多用 should + 动词原形，表示 “惟恐”的意思。

He took an umbrella with him lest it should rain. 他带上雨伞以免下雨。

He burned all the important documents for fear that they should fall into the enemy's hands.

他把所有的重要文件全部烧毁以免落入敌人的手中。

Here’s some money in case you should need it. 这是点钱以免你用地着。

8、在 if only 引出的感叹句中

If only I hadn’t lost it! 如果我要不丢该多好！

If only I could see him once! 再能看到他一次该有多好！

Oh, if he only knew how we miss him! 噢，希望他能知道我是多么思念他！

9、在 it is high time that 之后的定语从句中，谓语动词常用过去式表表示虚拟语气。

It is time that we went (should go) to bed. 现在该上床了。

It’s high time that we (should) put an end to this controversy.

现在该是结束这场争辩的时候了。

10、用于expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中。

I never expected that the new apartment should be so small. 没料到这桩新公寓竟这么小。

五、虚拟语气强化练习

1. I’d just as soon ____ rudely to her.

A. you not speak B. your not speaking

C. you didn’t speak D. you hadn’t spoken

2. _________, I’d have done it myself.

A. If I would have known it B. If I had have known it

C. Had I known it D. Should I known it

3. We prefer that the plan ____________ before being put into execution.

A.will be fully discussed B. be fully discussed

C. must be fully discussed D. would be fully discussed

4. If only we ____ then the disease was curable.�

A. knew B. could know � C. had known D. would have known

5.If you _________ my advice, you ________ your failure now. You _________ your victory.�

A. took ... wouldn’t cry over ... would celebrate�

B. had taken ... wouldn’t have cried over ... would have celebrated�

C. had taken ... aren’t crying over ... are celebrating�

D. had taken ... wouldn’t be crying over ... would be celebrating

6.It was urgent that he _________ her immediately.

A.calls B.called C.call D.would call

7. It’s high time that something _________ to prohibit selling fake commodities.

A. must be done B.was done C. be done D. were done

8. He insisted that we all ____ in his office at one o’clock.

� A. be B. to be C. would be D. shall be

9. ____________, I’d have done it myself.

A. If I would have known it B. If I had have known it

C. Had I known it D. Should I known it

10. There was a traffic jam; otherwise I ____ here on time.�

A. would be B. had been �

C. should be D. would have been

六、虚拟语气练习详解

1.【答案】C。

【解析】 would just as soon (=would rather, had rather或had just as soon) 意为 “宁愿” 后接从句时，其从句谓语动词要用一般过去时表示虚拟语气。

2.【答案】C 。

【解析】 if 条件句中包含有 should, had,were 则可省去 if 并把 should,had,were 移到句首，构成倒装句式，而意思不变。

3.【答案】B

【解析】此句考点是虚拟语气。及物动词advise, agree, ask, beg, command, decide, demand, determine, dictate等后面的宾语从句须用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的形式是should+动词原形,should可以省去，因此选B。

4.【答案】C�

【解析】if only引导的句子用虚拟语气，表示与过去的事实相反时，动词用过去完成时。

5.【答案】D。

【解析】当主句与从句时态不一致时，主句与从句分别使用与各自时态相应的虚拟语气。此句中从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反，因而选项D正确。

6.【答案】C。

【解析】 在It is/was urgent that…句型中，that引导的从句谓语动词应用“should+动词原形”形式，should可以省略。类似的形容词还有necessary, advisable, desirable, vital等。

7.【答案】B。�

【解析】 It's high time...结构后应使用虚拟语气，something在这里应接过去时态单数谓语动词was。故选B。

8.【答案】A。

【解析】 “insist”一词意思是“坚决要求” 时，后面的句子用虚拟语气，即宾语从句的谓语用(should)+动词原形。

9.【答案】C。

【解析】 if 条件句中包含有 should, had,were 则可省去 if 并把 should,had,were 移到句首，构成倒装句式，而意思不变。

10.【答案】D。

【解析】此题中前半句是一个陈述句，后半句中otherwise相当于一个虚拟的条件从句“If the traffic had not been very busy”，是对过去的情况的一个假设，因此主句中的谓语要用“would have done”的形式。

虚拟语气主要有两种形式，过去式的和should 型的。
过去式的就是在原本的时态基础上往过去推一个时态，一般现在时变成一般过去时，一般过去时变成过去将来时，现在进行时变过去进行时，其它时态同理。过去式的虚拟一般是表示与实际相反的情况，eg. I wish i were a bird!
should 型的虚拟语气使用主要是以下动词：
一坚持：insist
二命令：order,command
三建议：suggust,advise,propose
四要求：require,request,desire,demand
这些词后面接宾语从句要用should型虚拟，eg.I suggest he (should) go to see the doctor.
注意should经常被省略，这里不能看到he 就用第三人称单数的动词哦！
归纳不完全，你再看一下语法书嘛

看语法书，多做练习题

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