英美文化差异,要英语的,有谁知道吗

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英美文化差异,要英语的,有谁知道吗?~

CHINESE
AMERICANS
Conception Of the Self

Collectivist: Higher value placed on group cooperation and individual modesty.

Individualist: Higher value placed on self-reliance.

Self-promotion is more accepted. High value placed on "freedom" from externally imposed constraints.


Social Relationships Formal, hierarchical. People most comfortable in the presence of a hierarchy in which they know their position and the customs/rules for behavior in the situation. Informal, egalitarian. People most comfortable with their social equals; importance of social rankings minimized.

Friendship
Small number of close, lifelong friends who feel deeply obligated to give each other whatever help might seem required.
Large collection of "friends" and acquaintances which changes over time and involves only limited mutual obligations.

Obligation
Relationships with other people involve reciprocal obligations.
People avoid interdependent relationships and situations that might entail long-term obligations.

Task vs. Relationship Orientation
Relationship-oriented: Maintaining a harmonious relationship has priority over accomplishing tasks.
Task-oriented. Relationships are less important than getting the work done.

Harmony vs. "Truth"
Avoid direct confrontation, open criticism, and controversial topics. Concern maintaining harmony and with "face."
Willing to confront directly, criticize, discuss controversial topics, press personal opinions about what they consider "the truth. Little concern with "face."

Role of laws, rules, and regulations More faith in personal relationships than in written rules and procedures for structuring interactions.
Written rules presumably apply to everyone and are assumed to produce fair, reasonable procedures and decisions.

Time Consciousness
Relatively more attention to the past and to the longer-term future.
Less interested in the past; eye on near-term future.

Ascribed vs. Achieved Status
Traditionally, a person's status in the society was based importantly on inherited characteristics such as age, gender, and family. This is changing.
People's status is based mainly on their own achievements, including education obtained and level of success realized in their line of work.

提示:去google一下,可以查找关键词:Differences between Chinese and American culture

试谈美国英语和英国英语的区别 孟建华 目前,在我们各校的英语教学中,大多数教师教授的是标准的英国英语,而教美国英语的则不太多。我们这里所指的美国英语(American English)和英国英语(British English)指的是美国人用的英语和英国人用的英语。尽管用的都是英语,但是由于地理,历史,文化风俗习惯等因素的影响,两国人民在使用语言的过程中,很自然产生歧异。这种现象主要表现在发音,词汇和某些表达方式方面。 前不久,我们邀请了一位美国客人讲过一次课,在谈到学校生活时,美国客人说:“The students always play basketball after class”。(学生们总是课后打篮球)。学生们听到这句话后都说不太懂,经过老师解释后学生们才恍然大悟。原来basket,after和class其中的字母a美国人读[]的音,而英国人则读[ɑ:]的音。通过上面的实例我们可以看出,在我们的工作和学习中,我们会遇上英国人,也会见到美国人,我们阅读的材料即有英国人写的,也有美国人写的,所以,学习英语要注意英美人发音的不同和使用语言的不同,否则我们就会只知其一,不知其二,因而可能产生理解上的错误,甚至闹出笑话来。有时英美人用的是同一个词或说法,但表示的意思却不一样,例如Wash up在英国是洗碗的意思而在美国是洗手,洗脸的意思,说洗碗用wash(或do)the dishes,如果你只知前者而不知后者,那么当一个美国人请你吃饭,吃完后你对主人说:“I’ll help you to wash up”。主人听后首先感到尴尬,等明白过来后,也许不禁哈哈大笑,反而弄得你莫名其妙。 以下是笔者在日常的学习中对美国英语和英国英语歧异的简单总结,并分别举例说明。 先让我们来看一下美国英语和英国英语发音的不同(一下简称美音和英音)。 一、 辅音区别: 1.美音中有一个与[w]相对应的轻辅音[ ],有时标作[hw],如which,white,when,why,英音作[wit∫],[wait],[wen],[wai],美音则作[hwit∫],[hwait],[hwen],[hwai]。 2.美音中有出现在元音后的卷舌响音[r],如far,short,poor,here,hair,Harlem,英音作[fa:],[∫:t],[pu],[],[],[ ],美音则作[far],[∫rt ],[pur],[hir],[ ],[harlem]。 3.英音[l]在元音前发清音,即clearl,,在元音后发混音,即darkl;而美音的[l]不管在什么位置,都发混音,如,like,filling等词中的[l]音同till,well等词中的[l]都发一个音。 4.美音的清辅音[t]在重读音节以后的两个元音之间或浊辅音之后元音之前出现时,往往浊化成[d],如city读作[`sidi],dirty。 二、 元音区别 1. 美音的中元音有[r]化现象。英音[]美音读作[],即发[]时带卷舌音,如bird,term,burn,worn 等中的ir ,er ,ur,or 即发此音。 字母er ,or 等在非重读音节中英音读[]美国微软公司音读即发[]时带卷舌音,如teacher,doctor 等词中,词尾的er,or 即发此音。附带说一下,clerk这个词英音读作[kla:k],而美音读作[]. 2.在字母组合aft,ask,ass,ath,ance中的a英音发[a:]音,而美音则发[ae]音,如after[],half[haef],ask[aesk],fast[faest],advans[fraens]. 3.美音e的短音比英音开口大,发作[ε],如get[gεt].went[wεnt],reflect[ri`flεkt]. 4.amd ujf [:]在美音中作[]或[r]如boought[br t],cought[k t]. 5.英音[]在美音中成[a]([a:])的短音,如dog[dag], box[baks],hot[hat],stop[stap]. 6.英音[]在美音中作[],如cup [],one [],dull[]. 7.美音双元[]和[ei]的后一音素发得很弱,几乎发成单元音[O]和[ e]如go[go] late [late]. 8.在有的词里,美音把[ ju:]发成[u:],如tube [tu:b],due [du:],new [nu:].但use,university, Houston [lhju:stn]等词中仍读[ju:]. 三.某些单词的拼法区别: 英美 center center labour labor plough plow tyre tire programme program traveling traveling catalogue catalog cheque check pyjamas pajamas pretence pretense 如果我们不懂这些区别,很可能认为别人写错了,同时我们自己也要注意拼法一致,避免忽而按照美国拼法,忽而按照英国拼法. 四.同一个词,读音有区别 英美 leisure [ ] [] laboratory[] [] tomato[] [] anti[] [] either[] [] schedule[] [] lieutenant[] [] epoch[] [] 某一个词我们原来是认识的,可是因为不知道读音上的不同,听起来以为是一个生,词,因而影响听力,对于我们自己来说,要注意拼法一致,不要一时按美国拼法,一时按英国拼法. 五.同样的东西,名称不同. 假如一个美国人问你: “Could you tell me where the elerstor is? (如果电梯在哪儿)如果你只知道电梯是lift ,那你就不知道问的什么,也就无从回答或答非所问,像这样词,下面举几个例子. 英美 电影films movies 汽油petrol gas, gasoline 图钉drawing thumb tack 钞票banknote bill 跳远long jump broad jump 糖果sweets candy 六.同样的词,意义的区别. 假如一个英国人告诉你住在third floor ,那么,你就要到四层去找他,如果说话的人是美国人,你就到三楼去找他.这是因为英国人把第一层叫做ground floor ,二层楼是first floor,依次上数,美国人则和中国人的说法一样.如果对方不是英美人士,最好问明白,例如可以问: “You mean third floor in the British sense ?”或Do you count floors like the Amerrcans ?同样的词意义不同再举以下几例. Subway在美国指地铁,但在英国却指地下人行道,而这类地下道在美国叫做underpass ,英国人把地铁叫underground 或 tube . Cupboard 在英国是壁橱,而在美国则指厨房或吃饭部的碗橱. 食橱.壁橱在美国是closet . Vest在英国指内衣汗衫,在美国则指西服背心.汗衫在美国是undershirt,西服背心在英国是waistcoat. 象 这一类词,如不搞清楚常会张冠李戴. 七,同样的意思,表达方式不同. 回答对方道谢时,表示 “不用谢”, “没什么” 等意思 美国人一般说 “You are welcome”英国人则说 “Not at all”或“Don’t mention it ”又如 “倒数第二”美国人说next to last . 英国人则说last but one..买火车票或飞机票时,售票员问旅客 “单程还是来回票”?美国人说 “One way or round trip ?” 英国人说 “Single or return”. 总之,美国英语和英国英语除了以上所说的不同外,在某些词的含义,语法,以及语调方面还存在着歧异.作为一名英语工作者,无论是口头表达还是书面表达.都应重视美国英语和英国英语的区别.

美国人开朗、自信、勇敢、活泼;而传统的英国人内向、淡漠、彬彬有礼、诚实可靠、有民族优越感.英国人和美国人互不服气,英国人说美国人没有历史,美国人说英国人不懂未来.长期生活在美国和英国的中国留学生在那里呆的时间长了,不知不觉中言和行也都折射出了英美文化的差异.”
Americans are cheerful, confident, brave and lively; and the traditional British introversion, apathy, polite, honest and reliable, ethnocentrism. The British and the Americans are not mutually convinced, the British said Americans have no history, Americans said that the British people do not know the future. Live for a long time in China, the United States and the United Kingdom overseas students stay in there for a long time, imperceptible in words and deeds also reflects the differences between British and American culture. "
从服饰上看,英美留学差别更加明显.英国人讲究绅士风度,西装革履,皮鞋锃亮.有的英国女士接待黄皮肤朋友时,专门涂抹上黄色面霜,以表示对朋友的亲近和尊重.留学英伦的学子当然不敢怠慢,西装也同样挺括,领带领结也丝毫不差.什么场合穿戴什么,如何化妆,也亦步亦趋.美国人可方便多了,近几年,美国流行大花裤衩,校内校外,老老少少,都少不了它的影子
From the clothing, Britain and the United States to study differences more obvious. British people pay attention to the gentleman poise, suits, shiny shoes. Some British woman to receive friends with yellow skin, yellow cream applied specifically to express of the closest friends and respect. Students of British students, of course not slow lazy, suit the same crisp, tie tie is also not the slightest bad. What the occasion wear what, how to put on make-up, also blindly follow sb. Americans are much more convenient, in recent years, American popular large flower pants, both on and off the campus, the old and less. Ultimately, it's shadow
双语对照


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