英语分子请进：速求虚拟语气在几种状语从句中的用法，并各举一例。

英语中虚拟语气有什么用法？举一下例子，谢谢！~

虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。
Ⅰ用以表示虚拟条件的虚拟语气
⒈ 用if条件从句表示的虚拟条件，是虚拟条件最普通的方式。
① 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形，例如：If I were in your position I would marry her.
② 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had＋过去分词，主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词，例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.
③ 大多数的虚拟条件句属于上面三种情况的一种，但并不排除存在条件和后果中，一个和现在情况相反，另一个和过去情况相反，例如：If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now.这个句子在高中出现频率颇高。
④ 但是，如果后果用了虚拟语气，而条件却用陈述语气，这种用法是错的。
⒉ 除了表示虚假条件外，if从句还可以表示对将来的推测，由于是将来还没有发生的，所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的，只能说这个事情发生的可能性有多大。一般情况下，可以用陈述语气的if从句来表示对一个未来事实的推测，这个事实是完全可能发生的。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形，主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形，例如：Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.（1996年1月四级第44题）
⒊ 有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去，而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构,这时候，如果出现not等否定词，否定词需放在主语后面。这种结构在口语中很少使用，但频频出现在各类考试中出现，例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.→Had it not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis.
⒋ 大多数的虚拟条件通过上面所讲的两种方法表达，但在个别句子中也可以通过介词without和介词短语but for表达，副词otherwise等表达出来。例如：We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.（1995年6月四级第46题）值得注意的是，包含but for的句子，谓语动词必定要用虚拟形式，但包含without等短语的句子，谓语动词未必一定要用虚拟语气。
⒌ 有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来，而在蕴含在用but引导的从句里，于是便出现了有谓语动词是虚拟语气的主句加上谓语动词是陈述语气的but从句构成的并列复合句，例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在这样的句子里，如果主句没有用虚拟语气，或者从句用了虚拟语气，都是错的。
Ⅱ用在宾语从句中的虚拟语气
⒈ 在表示愿望的动词wish后的宾语从句中，需用虚拟语气。（wish后的that 常省略），根据主句时态，从句谓语时态相应退后一位，例如：How she wished his family could go with him.
⒉ 在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide …) 后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用(should) +动词原形。值得注意的是，如果宾语从句的动词是否定的，否定词not的位置应在动词之前，而不是动词之后。例如：The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外，如suggest表达“暗示”，insist表示“坚持某种说法”时，后面的从句不用虚拟语气，例如：Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy.
除此之外，上述动词也要求用虚拟式
① 在It is+上述动词的过去分词，其后所跟的主语从句中，如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms.
② 在上述动词相应的名词形式作主语+连系动词，其后的表语从句中，例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled.
③ 在对上述动词相应的名词进行解释的同位语从句中，如：The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation.
⒊ would （had）rather , would sooner也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反，例如：I would rather he went right now.
Ⅲ其他形式的虚拟语气
⒈ it is +necessary等形容词后，that主语从句中虚拟形式使用，这类形容词包括necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable等，例如It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly.
⒉ 在It's (high/about) time 之后的定语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式，例如It is high time that you went to school
⒊ 虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用（谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同）表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑，谓语动词用过去式。例如：He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 表示过去想象中的动作或情况，谓语动词用过去完成式。
⒋ 在lest 引导的状语从句中，谓语动词多用虚拟语气，(should )+ 动词原形。例如： The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.（1998年1月四级第38题）
⒌ 在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式。例如： Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.

虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。 If I were you, Id take them away. 如果我是你的话，我就会带走他们。 If I had met Li Hua, I could had told him. 如果我碰见了李华，我就告诉他了。 If I had time. I could come to help you. 如果我有时间，我会来帮助你的。 He suggested that our class should be divided into five groups. 他建议说我们的班应该分成五个小组。 He speaks to us as if he had been there. 他给我们讲的好象他去过那儿。
　　虚拟语气的用法

　　1) 虚拟语气用在简单句中，表示祝愿，命令。
　　May you be happy. 祝你幸福。
　　May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。
　　May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
　　Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！ You go out！ 你出去！

　　2) 虚拟语气用在宾语从句中。动词 wish, suggest,order,insist, propose,等词后面的宾语从句表示的是一种虚拟语气，宾语从句中的动词动作表示的只是一种愿望、要求。
　　I wish she would be on my side. 我希望她能站在我一边。
　　I wish I could help him. 我希望我能帮助他。
　　He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means. 他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。

　　动词 demand, suggest, order, insist, propose 后面的从句中，"should" 可以省略。
　　The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。
　　He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves. 他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。

　　3) 虚拟语气用在主语从句中。
　　在句型 "It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .... " 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形。
　　 Its necessary that we should have a walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步。
　　Its natural that she should do so. 她这样做是很自然的。
　　Its important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。

　 4) 虚拟语气用在状语从句中。
　　虚拟语气最多地用在表示条件的状语从句和表示结果的从句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时，动词有三种时态形式，即现在、过去和将来。
　　A．与现在事实相反的： If I (we,you,he,they)+ 动词过去式.. if I (he,she) were... I (we) should + 动词原形。 He (you,they) would + 动词原形。
　　B．与过去事实相反的： If I(we,you,he,they)+ had + 过去分词 I(we)should + have+ 过去分词。He (you,they) would + have + 过去分词。
　　If I were you, I should buy it. 如果我是你，我就买了它。
　　If I had time, I would study French. 如果我有时间，我会学习法语的。
　　If she knew English,she would not ask me for help. 如果她懂英语的话，她不会找我帮忙的。
　　If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train. 如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。
　　If it were fine tomorrow,I would go shopping. 如果明天天气好，我就去买东西。

　　有关虚拟语气的几个问题

　　1) 有时if引导的状语从句可以省略 if，而把从句中的动词 were, had 或 should 移到主语前面。
　　Were she younger, she would do it . 如果她年青点， 她就会干的。
　　Had he known her address, he would had gone to visit her. 如果他知道她的地址，他会去看她的。

　　2) 有时表示虚拟语气的条件从句或者主句都可以省略，而只剩下一个主句或者一个条件从句。
　　I could help you. 我本来可以帮助你。
　　If I had time. 我要有时间该多好啊！
　　She should have come to the party. 她应该来参加聚会。
　　If he had much more money. 如果他有更多的钱就能...。

　　3) 虚拟语气中，条件从句的动词动作可以和主句的动词动作时态不一致。
　　If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now. 如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干的就会容易些。
　　If he had not taken my advice, he wouldnt do it much better like this. 如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。

语气是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。虚拟语气表示说话者的主观愿望、假想和建议等，所说的话有的与现在事实相反，或与过去事实相反，或与将来事实相反或与将来事实可能相反。所以虚拟语气总是与假设条件句用在一起。除了if条件句外，还有几种常用的条件句，短语也可表示条件。此外，上下文也能创造虚拟的语言环境。但有时条件从句与结果主句可能发生时间不一致，有时虚拟语气会出现倒装情况。除了与条件句在一起使用的主句用虚拟语气外，有些宾语从句或表语从句也有用虚拟语气的情况。
I虚拟语气的形式与基本用法
一、虚拟语气的形式
虚拟(条件)语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面四类
假设类型
条件从句谓语
动词形式
主语谓语
动词形式

与现在事实相反
动词的过去式(be用were而不用was)
would(第一人称可用should)
+动词原形

与过去事实相反
had+ -ED分词
would(第一人称可用should)
+have + -ED分词

与将来事实相反
were to + 动词原形
would(第一人称可用should)
+动词原形

与将来事实可能相反
should + 动词原形
would(第一人称可用should)
+动词原形

二、虚拟语气的基本用法
1. 与现在的事实相反
1) What type of automobile would you buy ？
〔A〕 if you have free choice to choose the cars available today
〔B〕 if you are free to choose among all the cars available today
〔C〕 if all cars available were free to be chosen by you
〔D〕 if you were free to choose among all the cars available today
2. 与过去的事实相反(有时主句中的should have done表示责备或后悔)
2) ，he would have come to class.
〔A〕 If Mike is able to finish his homework
〔B〕 Would Mike be able to finish his homework
〔C〕 If Mike could finish his homework
〔D〕 If Mike had been able to finish his homework
3) If the United States had not entered the Second World War，probably the 1940 unemployment rate of 14％ still further.
〔A〕 would rise
〔B〕 would risen
〔C〕 would have risen
〔D〕 had risen
4) Top�grade 〔A〕 diamonds had not 〔B〕 increased so sharply 〔C〕 in value in the late seventies 〔D〕 if one company had not controlled almost all of the world’s supply.
3. 与将来的事实相反
5) The report would be 〔A〕 released last January if new developments had not 〔B〕 made it necessary to revise all conclusions drawn from 〔C〕 the first series of 〔D〕 experiments.
6) It is said Tom will go to an appointment tommorrow. If he were to come tomorrow, I ask him to go to your place.
〔A〕 will
〔B〕 would
〔C〕 shall
〔D〕 might
7) If you to see Mary，what would you tell her?
〔A〕 are
〔B〕 will be going
〔C〕 must
〔D〕 were
4. 与将来的事实可能相反
(1) If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home. 要是万一 明天下雨，我就呆在家里不出去。 事实上 现在天气很好，明天下雨的可能性应该不大，不过也说不准。
(2) If I should see her next Monday, I would tell her about it. 如果下周一我能见到她的话我就把这件事告诉她。
三、例题解析
1) D为正确答案。
2) D为正确答案。
3) C为正确答案。
4) B错。改为would have not。
5) A错。改为would have been。
6) B为正确答案。
7) D为正确答案。
II 虚拟语气的特殊表现形式
一、表示“好像”：除了if条件从句外，由as if和as though等引导的状语从句表示方式时，意思是“好像”,这时从句中的谓语动词应用虚拟语气。其动词形式用过去时(be用were的形式)表示所说的与现在的事实相反；用过去完成时表示所说的与过去的事实相反
1) Violetta has a curious 〔A〕 expression on 〔B〕 her face as though she was smiling 〔C〕 about something that amused her 〔D〕 .
二、特殊连词的需要：lest, for fear that和in case引起的从句(这时谓语多用should＋加动词原形)
We dare not play jokes on Mr. Wang lest he should become angry. (我们不敢跟王先生开玩笑，恐怕他生气。)
He hurried on, lest he should drop out in the forced match. (他加紧步伐，生怕在急行军中掉队。)
Every attention must be paid to him lest he (should) feel that he is inferior to my other guests. (我对他特别关照，唯恐他感觉到比我的其他客人低人一等。)
He’s working hard for fear that he should fail in the exam. (他加紧学习唯恐考试不及格。)
三、介词短语表示虚拟： 有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语来表示，或通过上下文或其他方式表示出来。如 but for, but that…, in case of, otherwise, supposing, under more favourable condition, without 等表示让步假设
He worked very hard; otherwise he might have failed. (他刻苦工作，不然他就失败了。)
We could have done better under more favorable conditions.(假设我们有更有利条件，我们还会做得更好。)
2) But for his help，I .
〔A〕 should not have succeeded
〔B〕 had not succeeded
〔C〕 did not succeed
〔D〕 have not succeeded
3) The complex society of a modern 〔A〕 civilization would be 〔B〕 impossible not having 〔C〕 the art of writing 〔D〕 .
4) But that he came to help me, I .
〔A〕 could not have succeeded
〔B〕 did not succeed
〔C〕 could not succeed
〔D〕 can’t but succeed
四、虚拟错综条件句：上面几种假设类型中，主句与从句的谓语动词形式应前后呼应。但是，如果主句与从句的动作发生的时间不一致，谓语动词形式应做适当调整
If I had a bike(now), I would have lent it to you yesterday. 假如我有自行车，昨天早就借给你了。(主句与过去事实相反，从句与现在事实相反。) I am very sorry if I had done anything wrong to you, but I am sure that it was unintentional.(如果我当时对你作错了什么事，我向你表示抱歉。但我敢保证我不是故意的。)
5) If the United States had built more homes for poor people in 1955，the housing problems now in some parts of this country so serious.
〔A〕 wouldn’t be
〔B〕 will not have been
〔C〕 wouldn’t have been
〔D〕 would have not been
6) If you had not studied the problem carefully until recently .
〔A〕 you will find any difficulty now
〔B〕 you would have found any difficulty now
〔C〕 you would find any difficulty now
〔D〕 you have find any difficulty now
五、省略虚拟条件句：虚拟条件从句中的谓语动词如果是were或should(could, might), had等词时，可以省略连词If, 但要将were或should(could, might), had助动词移至主语前形成句子例装(参见第十三章“倒装句”)
7) today, he would get there by Thursday.
〔A〕 He is starting out
〔B〕 If he starts out
〔C〕 Would he start out
〔D〕 Were he to start out.
8) ，John would not have failed.
〔A〕 If he has listened to me
〔B〕 Had he listened to me
〔C〕 If he listened to me
〔D〕 As soon as he listened to me
9) I known it，I should have told him.
〔A〕 Have
〔B〕 Had
〔C〕 Having
〔D〕 If
10) Hadn’t my car broken down，I the train.
〔A〕 should have caught
〔B〕 might catch
〔C〕 could catch
〔D〕 had caught
六、例题解析
1) C错。 改为were smiling。
2) A为正确答案。
3) C错。 改为without。
4) A为正确答案。
5) A为正确答案。
6) C为正确答案。
7) D为正确答案。
8) B为正确答案。
9) B为正确答案。
10) A为正确答案。
III 从句中须用虚拟语气的情况
一、在wish的宾语从句中
1. 动词wish后跟由that引导的宾语从句(that经常被省略)要用虚拟语气表示一种不可实现的愿望。宾语从句中用过去时(be 用were的形式)表示与现在事实相反,用过去完成时表示与过去相反
She wishes she had more money. (她真希望有更多的钱。) / I wish I didn't say that. (要是我不说这件事就好了。) / I wished I were not so worried. Then I would not have had the accident. ( 我要是不那么忧郁就好了，那也就不会发生那场事故了。)
1) I wish I knew 〔A〕 you were arriving 〔B〕 today. I would have met 〔C〕 you at 〔D〕 the station if I had.
2) She wishes that we didn’t send 〔A〕 her the candy 〔B〕 yesterday because 〔C〕 she’s on 〔D〕 a diet.
3) My brother is in 〔A〕 California on 〔B〕 vacation，but I wish he was 〔C〕 here so that he could help me repair my car 〔D〕 .
2. 当wish的宾语从句表示一种愿望、要求时，可用过去时，也可用would＋动词原形
I wish you would stay here longer. (我希望你在这儿多呆一会。) / She wishes you wouldn't go. (她希望你不要走。)
3. would rather(宁愿),would sooner(宁愿), had rather(宁愿) 等词或短语后面的从句中的谓语动词应使用一般过去时表示虚拟语气，表示与过去相反的也可用过去完成时
4) I’d rather you anything about it for the time being.
〔A〕 do
〔B〕 didn’t do
〔C〕 don’t
〔D〕 didn’t
5) I rather you did it.
〔A〕 had
〔B〕 should
〔C〕 shall
〔D〕 have
6) I much rather it was forgotten.
〔A〕 will
〔B〕 could
〔C〕 would
〔D〕 shall
二、在某些特殊概念词的宾语从句中：一些表示提议、主张、要求、命令、紧要等概念的词语，由于它们本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形。这些词可分为下列几类
1. 下列动词后“that”引导的宾语从句
suggest(建议)， propose (提议)， recommend(建议)， move (提议)， advise(建议)， insist(坚持)， urge(极力主张)， ask, require, request(要求), demand, desire, order, command(命令), decide, intend(打算)， prefer(宁愿)， urge(敦促)。
7) The chairman requested that .
〔A〕 the members studied more carefully the problem
〔B〕 the problem was more carefulnessly studied
〔C〕 with more carefulness the problem could be studied
〔D〕 the members study the problem more carefully
8) The committee recommends that the matter at the next meeting.
〔A〕 would be discussed
〔B〕 will be discussed
〔C〕 be discussed
〔D〕 may be discussed
9) The doctor insisted that his patient .
〔A〕 that he not work too hard for three months
〔B〕 take it easy for three months
〔C〕 taking it easy inside of three months
〔D〕 to take some vacations for three months
When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ” (当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“剃刀和水就行了”。)
He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据，直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。)
One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English�speaking country. (我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。)
2. 下列表示主张、要求、命令、愿望、建议等概念结构后的主语从句或逻辑上的主从结构(如下列形容词作宾语从句的补足语时，这时宾语从句一般用it来代替)：这时that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用“should ＋ 动词原形”或省略should，只用动词原形
it is necessary 【 essential (重要的)， vital(极重要的，不可缺少的)，important,imperative(必须的)，urgent(紧要的)，advisable(应该的)，proper(适当的)，obligatory (必须的)，desirable(今人满意的，值得的)，appropriate(合适的)，fitting (合适的), strange (奇怪)】that…； it is(was, has been) desired 【suggested , requested, ordered , proposed, dicided】 that … .
10) From the standpoint of the long�term strategic interest of the West it is imperative that .
〔A〕 their territorial unity being a safeguard
〔B〕 their unity is a territorial safeguard
〔C〕 they’re a territorial safeguard
〔D〕 their territorial unity be a safeguard
11) The irritable 〔A〕 sergeant was 〔B〕 insistent that nothing supersedes 〔C〕 the drilling(训练) of the forty new men 〔D〕 .
12) It is extremely 〔A〕 necessary that you will realize 〔B〕 that reading is not only 〔C〕 a physical 〔D〕 and metal process.
3. 下列表示主张、要求、命令等概念的名词后面可以跟接“that”引导的表语从句和同位语从句。这种由that引导的从句其谓语动词通常用should＋动词原形或省略should。这类词有：order, request, requiremetn, insistence，suggestion, command, necessity, importance, idea, plan, motion(提议)，proposal(建议)，recommendation(建议)，understanding(协议), resolution(决定，决议)
13) The judge assented to the suggestion that .
〔A〕 both of the criminals will soon be set freedom
〔B〕 some of the criminals there are of guilt only
〔C〕 the girl was to be paroled in the custody of a welfare society
〔D〕 the prisoner be sentenced to death
4. 在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句，我们经常用“should＋动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等
I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier. 我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。
14) that the time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran，they would be faced by a large army?
〔A〕 It is believed
〔B〕 Should they believe
〔C〕 They would believe
〔D〕 If they would believe
15) I think it advisable that he for Tokyo soon.
〔A〕 will leave
〔B〕 may leave
〔C〕 leave
〔D〕 leaves
5. 另外，在“开放式条件句”(open conditional clause)和让步状语从句中should是被省略了的。在这种情况下，如果if省略，动词be与主语的位置要倒装
If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. (任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。)
Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. (不管她是对还是错，我都会支持她的。)
16) ,I will take her as my wife.
〔A〕 Were she rich or poor
〔B〕 Being rich or poor
〔C〕 Be she poor or rich
〔D〕 Whether is she poor or rich
但如果把引导词去掉，我们就要用倒装句，如上述几句可变为
Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.
Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.
三、it is (high) time， 〔该(必须)做……〕等词或短语后面的 从句 中的谓语动词应使用过去时表示虚拟语气
It is high time that you went home. (你们现在必须回家了。)
It is high time that this wrong spending .
〔A〕 checks
〔B〕 checked
〔C〕 was checked
〔D〕 is to check
答案： C。
此外，还有省去了结果主句的虚拟结构，一般表示愿望，如： If only I were five years younger! (要是能年轻5岁就好了。) / If only she had never been married. (要是她从没有结婚就好了。)
四、例题解析
1) A错。改为had known。第二句的条件从句(if I had)其实是省略句，完整的句子应为if I had known you were arriving today，所以A处为had known。
2) A错。改为hadn’t sent。
3) C错。改为were。
4) B为正确答案。
5) A为正确答案。
6) C为正确答案。
7) D 为正确答案。
8) C为正确答案。
9) B为正确答案。
10) D为正确答案。
11) C错。改为(should) supersede。
12) B错。改为realize。
13) D为正确答案。
14) B 为正确答案。
15) C 为正确答案。
16) C为正确答案。

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