几个哲学术语帮忙解释一下！！！最好英文的

帮忙解释一下哲学术语（通俗易懂）~

burden of proof 物质基础
straw man 人类起源
begging the question 问题本质
false dilemma 人的认知
slippery slope 螺旋上升
hasty generalization 因果循环
faulty analogy 逻辑错误

太少了

pragmatism
n.（名词）
Philosophy A movement consisting of varying but associated theories, originally developed by Charles S. Peirce and William James and distinguished by the doctrine that the meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences.
【哲学】 实用主义：由查尔斯·S·皮尔斯及威廉·姆斯所创立的一种由各种不同的但又相互联系的理论组成的哲学运动，其特点是提出了概念或建议的意义存在于其可观察到的实际结果中的学说

empiricism
n.经验主义
The view that experience, especially of the senses, is the only source of knowledge.

rationalism
n.（名词）
Philosophy The theory that the exercise of reason, rather than the acceptance of empiricism, authority, or spiritual revelation, provides the only valid basis for action or belief and that reason is the prime source of knowledge and of spiritual truth.
【哲学】 唯理论，理性主义：认为理性分析，而不是对经验主义，权威或神灵感应是信仰和行动的源泉的理论，还认为理性是知识和精神真理的主要来源

absolutism
n.专制主义，绝对论
（1）A political theory holding that all power should be vested in one ruler or other authority.
（2）An absolute doctrine, principle, or standard.

dogmatism
n.教条主义
Arrogant, stubborn assertion of opinion or belief.

pragmatism：
A movement consisting of varying but associated theories, originally developed by Charles S. Peirce and William James and distinguished by the doctrine that the meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences.
实用主义：由查尔斯·S·皮尔斯及威廉·姆斯所创立的一种由各种不同的但又相互联系的理论组成的哲学运动，其特点是提出了概念或建议的意义存在于其可观察到的实际结果中的学说

empiricism：
The view that experience, especially of the senses, is the only source of knowledge.
经验主义：经验，尤指感性经验是认识的唯一源泉的观点

rationalism：
The theory that the exercise of reason, rather than the acceptance of empiricism, authority, or spiritual revelation, provides the only valid basis for action or belief and that reason is the prime source of knowledge and of spiritual truth.
唯理论，理性主义：认为理性分析，而不是对经验主义，权威或神灵感应是信仰和行动的源泉的理论，还认为理性是知识和精神真理的主要来源

absolutism：
A political theory holding that all power should be vested in one ruler or other authority.
专制主义，绝对主义：一种所有权力都应该掌握在一个统治者或其它权力机构的政治理论

dogmatism：
Arrogant, stubborn assertion of opinion or belief.
教条主义：对某意见或信条的傲慢而固执的论断

pragmatism: A movement consisting of varying but associated theories, originally developed by Charles S. Peirce and William James and distinguished by the doctrine that the meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences.
【哲学】 实用主义：由查尔斯·S·皮尔斯及威廉·姆斯所创立的一种由各种不同的但又相互联系的理论组成的哲学运动，其特点是提出了概念或建议的意义存在于其可观察到的实际结果中的

empiricism:the doctrine that all knowledge is derived from sense experience. 经验主义

rationalism: The theory that the exercise of reason, rather than the acceptance of empiricism, authority, or spiritual revelation, provides the only valid basis for action or belief and that reason is the prime source of knowledge and of spiritual truth.
【哲学】 唯理论，理性主义：认为理性分析，而不是对经验主义，权威或神灵感应是信仰和行动的源泉的理论，还认为理性是知识和精神真理的主要来源

absolutism:any theory holding that values, principles, etc., are absolute and not relative, dependent, or changeable专制主义

dogmatism:dogmatic character; unfounded positiveness in matters of opinion; arrogant assertion of opinions as truths. 教条主义

pragmatism
A movement consisting of varying but associated theories, originally developed by Charles S. Peirce and William James and distinguished by the doctrine that the meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences.

empiricism
The theory that all concepts emanate from experience and that all statements claiming to express knowledge must be based on experience rather than on theory. Valid statements must be based on what can be proved to exist, not on what appears to exist. This is known as ontological privilege since ontology relates to the being or essence of things. Such statements must be able to be declared true or false without reference to theoretical statements. This is epistemological privilege since epistemology is the study of knowledge. Knowledge is held to be substantiated by justification derived from observed facts.

rationalism
Philosophical view that regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge. Rationalism has long been the rival of empiricism, the doctrine that all knowledge of matters of fact ultimately derives from, and must be tested by, sense experience. As against this doctrine, rationalism holds reason to be a faculty that can lay hold of truths beyond the reach of sense perception, both in certainty and in generality. In stressing the existence of a "natural light," rationalism also has been the rival of systems claiming esoteric knowledge, whether from mystical experience, revelation, or intuition, and has been opposed to various irrationalisms that tend to stress the biological, the emotional or volitional, the unconscious, or the existential at the expense of the rational.

absolutism
Originally (1733) a theological concept referring to God's total power to decide about salvation. Extended to politics indicating a regime in which the ruler might legitimately decide anything. Usually applied to monarchical regimes of the early modern period, chiefly that of Louis XIV of France, although the term was not used politically until towards the end of the eighteenth century when many such regimes were about to disappear. Unlike tyrannies, absolutist regimes are usually seen to have been legitimate, as indicated by Louis XVI of France in November 1788, just before the French Revolution, when he said to his cousin, the duc d'Orléans (father of the future king Louis Philippe, 1830-48), that any decision he made was legal because he willed it. Some contemporary historians deny that absolutism ever referred to an unlimited power or authority, but was always restricted by traditions and practices which effectively limited its scope.

Dogmatism
Dogmatism denies the relativity of knowledge and the connection of knowledge to historically changing practice and social relations. Dogmatism couplies these denials with the practice of treating knowledge as something abstract, not to be touched by additional input or real world experience. Dogmatism is thinking which minimises the validity of doubt (See Scepticism), asserting the possibility of certain and unalterable knowledge of the world.

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通化县15758195276： 请问这几个哲学术语什么意思? - ？
独旭防风： 1感性杂多:康德认为我们认识到的事物是由理性和感性共同参与获得的,比如一个皮球,感官能感知到这个皮球的各种属性,如颜色,质地等,这些就是感性杂多,因为这些属性还不能构成关于一个皮球的认识,而要靠理性去组织这些感性杂...

通化县15758195276： 帮忙解释一下哲学术语(通俗易懂)burden of proof,straw man,begging the question,false dilemma,slippery slope,hasty generalization,faulty analogy - ？
独旭防风：[答案] burden of proof 物质基础 straw man 人类起源 begging the question 问题本质 false dilemma 人的认知 slippery slope 螺旋上升 hasty generalization 因果循环 faulty analogy 逻辑错误

通化县15758195276： 请教几个哲学名词解释,“外化”“内化”“固化”“ - ？
独旭防风： 外化 :德国哲学家黑格尔常用的哲学术语.在黑格尔的哲学中,外化指内在的东西转化为外在的东西,主要指物质由绝对精神外化而来.内化:是在思想观点上与他人的思想观点相一致,自己所认同的新的思想和自己原有的观点、信念,结合在一起,构成一个统一的态度体系.这种态度是持久的,并且成为自己人格的一部分.固化类似稳定化,意义比较多,要联系上下文 客观化大致就是不以人的意志为转移

通化县15758195276： 能不能帮忙解释一下哲学上的一些区别(最好还有举例)主观唯心主义客观唯心主义主观唯物主义客观唯物主义朴素唯物主义形而上学 - ？
独旭防风：[答案] 1.主观唯心主义和和客观唯心主义的的区别与联系.联系:它们都是唯心主义,都承认意识第一物质第二,即世界的本源是意识,物质世界是由意识派生出来的,即物质是意识的产物.区别:主观唯心主义必然导致只在自我才是惟一存...

通化县15758195276： 帮忙解释一下哲学术语(通俗易懂) - ？
独旭防风： burden of proof 物质基础 straw man 人类起源 begging the question 问题本质 false dilemma 人的认知 slippery slope 螺旋上升 hasty generalization 因果循环 faulty analogy 逻辑错误

通化县15758195276： 谁能详细介绍一下这几个经典的哲学观点:1.牵一发而动全身 2.一分为二 3.联系发展变化.(我是学理科的) - ？
独旭防风：[答案] 1、事物联系,从事物发展变化的过程考虑,具体有质量互变规律、因果关联角度分析. 2、凡事有利有弊

通化县15758195276： 谁有关于一些中国哲学术语的解释 - ？
独旭防风： 中庸参见子思子的著作《中庸》,以及朱熹的《四书章句集注》中庸部分 道,参见《老子》,《庄子》知行合一参见王阳明的著作 三表参见墨子 不一定看原著,当然最好看原著,图省事儿就找本哲学史,看看上面提到的部分

通化县15758195276： 通俗简单的解释哲学术语: “形式逻辑”、“形而上学”、“辩证法” - ？
独旭防风： 1、形式逻辑,简单的说就是具体的思维都有它的内容和形式,内容是指所想的对象,形式是指在各不同思维内容的情况下有共同的思维因素,也就是思维形式.而形式逻辑主要就是研究思维形式和它规律的科学.2、形而上学,简单的说就是用片面的方法看世界,比如说,那个人衣服破了,他一定是穷鬼;那个人在看书,他一定是高材生.形而上学看的永远只是外在而非内涵. 3、辩证法,包括三大规律:对立统一,质量互变,否定之否定.辩证法就是通过实践论证辩论的正确与否,从而找出宇宙发展的普遍规律.

通化县15758195276： 哲学术语? - ？
独旭防风： 一楼说得有道理,二楼不懂就别装懂.我详细阐述一下这里面的思想.这是现象学的东西了,大概的意思是你解释存在的时候,不是那种科学式的、对象化的对待关系,而是处在一种人物交织的、共在的、生活体验式的关系中.即存在“在世界之中”.换言之,存在纯粹的意义不在于那些经验、公理、观念等,而是在生活体验中被揭示出来,被给予.举一个例子,自行车“存在”的原本意义不在于自行车是什么、自行车是怎样构造这些问题中(这些问题属于“存在者”层次),而在于你骑车时的体验感受中被揭示和解释的,这才是存在(道)对你说,而不是你的主体性单方面的说(这样对应了文中的“纯粹”与“缄默”),前者(存在、道说)比后者(存在者、主-客)更原本.

通化县15758195276： 西方哲学术语 - ？
独旭防风： 康德哲学概念简释1)论理:(源自古希腊语akousma,原意为所听到的事情)康德把“论理”做为哲学的基本原理,赋予它基本原理的意义.与之相比,公理是指数学或自然科学的基本原理.这也是公理和论辩的原理之间的区别,或数学原理...