地震前我们该怎么做?地震中/后我们该做什么?

地震前我们该怎么做?地震中/后我们该做什么?英语解释~

When the earthquake occurred, it is essential to have a clear-headed, calm composed attitude. Only calm and peace will it be possible to use knowledge learned in the earthquake and determine the size of the earthquake near and far. Chang Chun-under over the last bumpy start, after about swing. Yuan Zhen was less bumpy feeling from top to bottom, but mainly to swing around and brittle sound, vibration small. General small earthquake and not far from Chun-flight.

The latest self-help suggestions: Do not hide under the table
Japan's "Earthquake Manual" shock absorbers in the knowledge 10, the first on a clear read "to hide under the furniture firm." Therefore, the Japanese teachers firmly believe that the best approach is "in possession under the table." This idea is more than the tens of Japan after the earthquake ended, the ceiling will not fall as a precondition.
Buildings collapse of the ceiling because of strong earthquakes, such as furniture-tables will be damaged, if they hide them, the consequences would be unthinkable, if people with low posture hiding next to furniture, furniture items could be subject to the collapse of the Road to the side of the People made room for survival.
Earthquake encountered when driving, we must immediately leave the car, many earthquake killed in the parking lot of people are alive in the car was crushed to death in two vehicles between the people, but Haofa not injured. A strong earthquake occurred, and if you are car parks, do not stay in the car, so as to avoid collapse of the ceiling crushed vehicle, causing injury; prone position to be hiding in Chepang, falling ceilings pressure in the vehicle, not directly Physical impact, likely to form a 'living space', to increase the survival chance.

School shock absorbers
In the playground or outdoor, can be fixed in situ squat, hands to protect his head, avoiding the attention of tall buildings or dangerous.

Not to return to the classroom.

Post-earthquake evacuation should be organized.

Do not jumping off the building! Do not stand in the window! Do not boost to the balcony!

When necessary, in the outdoor school.

Family shock absorbers

Earthquake early warning time is short, indoor shock absorbers more realistic, and the indoor housing formed after the collapse of the triangular space, often people survived the relative safety can be called shock absorbers space. This mainly refers to the collapse of large structures with a space.

Indoor easy to form a triangular space where:

Kang Yan, solid furniture around;

Interior Qianggen, corner;

Kitchens and bathrooms, storage rooms, where small hall.

Public places shock absorbers

Obey the command staff at the scene, do not panic, do not rush to export, to avoid overcrowding, to avoid the flow of people, to avoid pushed to the wall or fence.

In theaters, sports centres, etc.:

To avoid the attention of chandeliers, fans and other Xuangua Wu;

Such as school bags with head protection;

Such as the earthquake is over, obey the command staff, organized withdrawal.

In shopping malls, bookstores, exhibitions, Metro, etc.:

Choose solid counters, commodities (such as low furniture, etc.) or the floor, and squat in a corner spot, etc., with their hands or other things for the first; avoid glass windows and doors, glass windows or counters; does not avoid tall Stable or placing heavy objects, fragile goods shelves; avoid billboards, chandeliers and other tall or Xuangua Wu.

In a moving (steam) inside:

Zhualao handrails to avoid falls or broke; lower center of gravity, hiding in seats nearby.

Get off at the last after the earthquake.

Outdoor shock absorbers

Local choice open to shocks:

Paxia or squat, so as not to fall;

Do not span, many people avoid the place;

Do not return to the indoor.

Avoid tall buildings or structures:

Buildings, especially those glass walls of the building;

Guo Jieqiao, overpass;

High chimneys, towers under.

Avoid the risk of, high or Xuangua Wu:

Transformers, poles, street lamps, etc.;

Billboards, such as the cable car.

Avoid other dangerous places:

The narrow streets;

Wei Jiufang housing, Wei Qiang;

Parapet, high Menlian, Yupeng under;

Tile, wood, and other Department of stacking.

Shop workers shock absorbers

Shop workers can hide in cars, machine tools and equipment under the higher, not to panic span, the special status of workers should be the first closure of inflammable, explosive, toxic gas valves, reduce the time high-temperature, high pressure pipeline temperature and pressure to close operations设备. Most staff can work from the scene, where security protection under the premise of a small number of staff to remain at the scene surveillance danger at any time, the timely processing of the accidents may occur, to prevent the occurrence of secondary disasters.

When the earthquake emergency vehicles travelling on the shock absorber

(1) drivers should slow down as soon as possible, and gradually brake gate;

(2) passengers (especially on trains) Application hands firmly seize the handle, or pillars, such as seats and pay attention to preventing baggage fell from the shelves wounding, facing the direction of traffic, to the seats before the arm靠在Upholstery, Huzhu face, tend to channel the body, two-handed Huzhu head; Beichao directions of traffic of people, two-handed Huzhu after brain and abdominal carrying nursing knee, tightening the body, for defensive posture.

Building earthquake emergency personnel within the shock absorber

Once the earthquake occurred, we must first maintain a clear, cool head and promptly determine shock situation, must not in jumping from buildings in panic, it is extremely important. Secondly, can escape in a solid furniture, or in a corner, can also be transferred to the load-bearing walls more, the small hall in the kitchen, toilets to take shelter 1:00. Because these areas with strong, especially after handling pipeline, with the support of better, more seismic coefficient. In short, when the earthquake under the layout of buildings and indoor conditions, size up the situation, find safe space and access to avoid and reduce casualties.

Shops in case of emergency earthquake shock absorbers

In department stores experienced the earthquake, it is necessary to maintain calm. As staff panic, the whereabouts of goods, may be blocking access to asylum. At that time, should be hiding near the major pillars of goods and the next (to avoid commodity display cabinet), or no obstacle to the passage in the escape, and then Qushen squat, waiting for the earthquake subsided. In the upstairs location, in principle, to the bottom of the transfer is better. However, anti-seismic building stairs is often the weak parts, so to escape identified the right time. Attendants to organize the masses to the nearest escape, post-earthquake safety evacuation.

Three high-rise shock absorbers strategy

Strategy 1: earthquake remain calm and go outdoors after the earthquake. This is the internationally accepted codes of shock absorbers, many domestic and foreign quake examples show that, in a brief moment of the earthquake, people entering or leaving the building, were killed greatest probability of injury. So experts warned that indoor conditions good shock absorbers, we must first choose indoor shock absorbers. If the anti-seismic building poor, as far as possible from the indoor running out.

According to state standards, the Beijing area residents should have the building to withstand the intensity of the earthquake damage 8 degrees of ability. Buyao Huang earthquake occurred at the first, to maintain broad vision and mobility for the camera to act. In particular, we should bear in mind is that not stranded in bed not toward the balcony; went to the corridor, and other personnel can not be crowded places; can not be jumping from buildings; can not use elevators, if the earthquake at the elevator should leave as soon as possible, if when trying to open doors Baotou to squat. In addition, they should immediately fire off, to prevent electric shock and burns in fire.

Strategy 2: shock absorber location is essential. Living building shock absorbers, according to the building layout and interior situation, size up the situation, find safe space escape. To find the best form of a triangular space areas. Heating squatted next to a safer, more heating capacity, the network of metal pipe structure and flexibility were not torn, even in large earthquake被甩hard time shaking off; Heating pipes and good ventilation, not easy for the staff Suffocation; water in the pipeline may be extended survival period. A more important point is that the trapped officers hit Heating pipes may be the way to transmit information to the outside world, and Heating on the external walls of the location to be the fastest relief.

It is important to note that when hiding in the kitchen, bathroom such a small hall, as far as possible away from stoves, gas pipelines and easily broken dishes much more. If the kitchen and toilet in the building of the horn Gala Li, and the partition wall to wall plate, it should not choose sites for the best shock absorbers. In addition, not drilling cabinets or boxes, because once people to drilling immediately after the loss of mobility, vision blocked, the limbs were tied up, not only will not miss the opportunity to escape rescued; lying posture is not good, the body of the plane Increase the area, the probability of being hit than five times the standing and difficult to maneuver shift.

Strategy 3: Near the water is not near the fire, not by relying on the outside. This is to ensure that the earthquake in the city in the timely assistance of others were an important principle. Do not close煤气灶, gas pipes and household appliances; Do not choose a location inside the building, as close as possible to the external walls, but can not hide behind the window below, as close as possible to water, once trapped, are trying to contact with the outside world, with the exception of using a mobile phone Contact, can-Heating pipes and percussion, can also open the flashlight

Family shock absorbers Tips

1. Seize the time of emergency to avoid danger. If sloshing feeling very light on the source distant, just a solid hiding under furniture can be. Earthquake vibration from the beginning to the end of the process, but Shiji Miao time to seconds, so seize the most critical time for shock absorbers, not wasted time.

2. Choose the right shock absorbers space. Interior space than the safety of shock absorbers are: load-bearing walls Qianggen, corner; plumbing and heating pipes, etc.. The most adverse shock absorbers inside the premises is: no support of the bed; ceiling, under the chandelier; around on the floor without support; glass (mirror) and next to large windows.

3. Do a good job of self-protection. We must first calm and avoid a good choice after the squat or sit down, facing, in两臂forehead on the pillow, or seize Zhuotui and other solid objects around, so as not to shock or when the body fell out of control and displacement Injuries; protect head and neck, bow, hand-Huzhu head or the back of your neck, eye protection, bow their heads, eyes closed, to prevent foreign body injury; protection of mouth, nose, it is possible, can be used wet towels Wuzhu mouth, nose, to prevent Lime-soil and poison gas.

Post-earthquake self-help

If pressure earthquake buried under the rubble, the surrounding is a dark, only a very small space, you must not panic, we should calmly and establish the survival of confidence that someone will Laijiu you, to do everything possible to protect themselves.

After the earthquake, there are often several aftershocks occurred, the situation may continue to deteriorate, in order to avoid new damage to their environment as much as possible to improve their own. At this point, if emergency kits in the side, you will be out of danger from the great role.

In this extremely unfavorable environment, we must first protect the respiratory unimpeded, Nuekai the head, chest of debris, and smelled the gas, poison gas, such as wet clothes of Wuzhu mouth, nose, avoiding the body is not strong at the top of the collapsed And other easily lead to falling objects; expansion and stability of living space, with bricks, sticks and other support for Canyuanduanbi to prevent the aftershocks occurred after the environment

地震发生时的情况十分复杂，抓住时机、冷静判断、迅速避震，是人们在地震中求生的关键所在。而处于不同的情况下的自救的方式又各不相同。　　答：千万不能呆在床上或房间中央，窗户边不能躲，不结实的墙不能靠，破窗而逃更不可取。飞速跑到承重墙墙角、卫生间等开间小，有支撑的房间，不要躲在桌子、床铺下，而要以比桌、床高度更低的姿势，躲在桌子床铺的旁边。建筑物天花板因强震倒塌时，会将桌床等家具压毁，人如果躲在其中，后果不堪设想， 如果人以低姿势躲在家具旁，家具可以先受倒塌物品的力道，让一旁的人取得生存空间。　　住在平房可躲在炕沿下，但要避开大梁。住楼房的市民千万不能到阳台、楼梯、或去乘电梯，更不能跳楼。阳台、楼梯是楼房中拉力最弱的部位，容易断裂，电梯在地震时则会卡死、变形，而跳楼那是一种自杀。　　夜间地震时，要争分夺秒向安全地方转移，不要因寻找物品和穿衣而耽误时间，如有可能，要立即拉断电源，关闭煤气，熄灭明灯。照明最好用手电筒，不要用火柴、蜡烛等明火。　　答：学校，商店，影剧院等人群聚集的场所如遇到地震，最忌慌乱，应立即躲在课桌，椅子或坚固物品下面。用手或其他东西保护头部，尽量避开吊灯、电扇等悬挂物待地震过后再有序地撤离。　　待地震过后，听从指挥，有组织地迅速撤离。　　在商场、书店、展览馆等处，还应避开玻璃门窗、橱窗和玻璃柜台以及高大、摆放不稳定的重物或易碎的货架。　　答：首先要做的就是熟悉环境，安全出口在哪里，楼房的结构等等。发生地震时，在第一时间选择相对安全地方，乱跑乱撞。　　在火车或汽车上，不要互相拥挤，等车停稳后，有秩序的下车疏散。　　如果正在街道，应迅速离开各种高大危险物，特别是有玻璃幕墙的建筑、街桥、立交桥，高烟囱、水塔等，避开电线杆、路灯、广告牌，就近选择开阔地避震。　　在野外旅游，山水在地震时就变成危险的地带。河岸容易坍塌，山脚和陡崖可能发生山崩。陡峭的山坡、山崖极有可能滑坡。如遇到山崩、滑坡，要向垂直于滚石前进的方向跑，切不可顺着滚石向下跑，也可躲在结实的障碍物下，或蹲在地沟，要保护好自己的头部。在野外还应注意避开变压器、高压线，以防触电。　　在海边游玩时，发现海水突然后退，比退潮更快、更低，海啸随时都会袭来，则应该迅速向高处转移。开车时遇到地震，也要赶快离开车子，很多地震时在停车场丧命的人，都是在车内被活活压死，在两车之间的人，却毫发未伤（此段话引述图片说明：强烈地震发生时，如果你正在停车场，千万不要留在车内，以免垮下来的天花板压扁汽车，造成伤害；应该以卧姿躲在车旁，掉落的天花压在车上，不致直接撞击人身，可能形成一块『生存空间』，增加存活机会）　　答：这是最糟糕的情况，保持求生的欲望很重要。同时还要保存体力，用石块敲击能发出声响的物体，向外发出呼救信号，哭喊、急躁和盲目行动都会大量消耗精力和体力。尽可能控制自己的情绪或闭目休息，等待救援人员到来。　　受伤了，要想法包扎，避免流血过多。

地震前：

持镇定，采取科学的应对措施，而不是一味地逃跑。如在室内且来不及迅速逃离，应首先寻找掩护，躲在写字台、桌子或者长凳下的空间，双手抓牢固定物体。如果附近没有写字台或桌子，则用双臂护住头部、脸部，蹲伏在房间的角落。

地震后：

对自己的伤口或者别人的伤口进行处理，

处理伤口的原则为：

1、止血：可根据具体情况及时止血。

2、包扎：伤口包扎得当，可使其少出血，少化脓，少痛苦。包扎时要做到快、准、轻、牢。快，动作迅速敏捷；准，部位准确、严密；轻，动作要轻，不碰伤口；牢，包扎牢靠，松紧适当。

扩展资料

地震时如身处室外，应避开狭窄胡同、高压线、变电站、广告牌、街灯等危险地点或危险物；躲开高大建筑，特别是有玻璃墙的建筑；另外，山区地震易引起塌方或滚石，因此地震时应迅速离开陡峭山坡，以免受伤；最后，在海洋或海岸附近发生地震时，地震常引发海啸，因此此时应迅速离开海边。

如果在床上，要迅速抓紧枕头保护住头部，还要避开上方有可能坠落的重型灯具。牢记一定要远离玻璃制品、建筑物外墙、门窗以及其他可能坠落的物体。在晃动停止并确认户外安全后，迅速离开房间，但不要使用电梯。

参考资料来源：人民网-地震来临，身处室内、户外或车上时该怎么做？

参考资料来源：人民网-地震后，如何对伤者进行施救？

1、 紧急避险

（1）紧急避险的重要性。经验表明，破坏性地震发生时，从人们发现地光、地声，感觉有震动，到房屋破坏、倒塌，形成灾害，有十几秒，最多三十几秒的时间。这段极短的时间叫预警时间。人们只要掌握一定的知识，事先有一些准备，又能临震保持头脑清醒，就可能抓住这段宝贵的时间，成功地避震脱险。

有人调查过唐山地震幸存者中的974人，发现其中258人采取了避险措施。这258人中有188人成功脱险，占72.9％。说明只要避险方法正确，脱险的可能性是很大的。

（2）逃生原则。破坏性地震突然发生时，采取就近躲避，震后迅速撤离的方法是应急避险的好办法。当然，如果身处平房或楼房一层，能直接跑到室外安全地点也是可行的。在1556年陕西华县8 级大地震的记载中也总结到：“卒然闻变，不可疾出，伏而待定，纵有覆巢，可冀完卵。”意思是说，突然发生地震时，不要急着向外逃，而要躲避一时等待地震过去，还是有希望存活的。这“伏而待定”，高度概括了紧急避震的一条重要原则。

为什么地震瞬间不宜夺路而逃呢？

这是因为：

—现在城市居民多住高层楼房，根本来不及跑到楼外，反倒会因楼道中的拥挤践踏造成伤亡。

—地震时人们进入或离开建筑物时，被砸死砸伤的可能性最大。

—地震时房屋剧烈摇晃，造成门窗变形，很可能打不开门窗而失去求生的时间。

—大地震时，人们在房中被摇晃甚至抛甩，站立和跑动都十分困难。

除了“伏而待定”这一原则外，地震时还应注意不要顾此失彼。短暂的时间内首先要设法保全自己；只有自己能脱险，才可能去抢救亲人或别的心爱的东西。

（3）因地制宜，就近避震。“伏而待定”，“伏”在哪里更安全呢？经验表明：

a. 如果你在室内，应就近躲到坚实的家具下，如写字台、结实的床、农村土炕的炕沿下，也可躲到墙角或管道多、整体性好的小跨度卫生间和厨房等处。注意不要躲到外墙窗下、电梯间，更不要跳楼，这些都是十分危险的。

b. 如果你在教室里，要在教师指挥下迅速抱头、闭眼、蹲到各自的课桌下。地震一停，迅速有秩序撤离，撤离时千万不要拥挤。

c. 如果你在影剧院、体育场或饭店，要迅速抱头卧在座位下面；也可在舞台或乐池下躲避；门口的观众可迅速跑出门外或体育场场内。

d. 如果你在室外，要尽量远离狭窄街道、高大建筑、高烟囱、变压器、玻璃幕墙建筑、高架桥和存有危险品、易燃品的场院所。地震停下后，为防止余震伤人，不要轻易跑回未倒塌的建筑物内。

e. 如果你在百货商场，应就近躲藏在柱子或大型商品旁，但要尽量避开玻璃柜。在楼上时，要看准机会逐步向底层转移。

f. 如果你在工厂的车间里，应就近蹲在大型机床和设备旁边，但要注意离开电源、气源、火源等危险地点。

g. 如果你在行驶的汽车、电车或火车内，应抓牢扶手，以免摔伤、碰伤，同时要注意行李掉下来伤人。座位上面朝行李方向的人，可用胳膊靠在前排椅子上护住头面部；背向行李方向的人可用双手护住后脑，并抬膝护腹，紧缩身体。地震后，迅速下车向开阔地转移。

h. 无论在何处躲避，都要尽量用棉被、枕头、书包或其他软物体保护头部。

i. 如果正在使用明火，应迅速把明火灭掉。

（4）正确应付地震时的特殊危险。当遇到燃气泄漏时，可用湿毛巾或湿衣服捂住口、鼻、不可使用明火，不要开关电器，注意防止金属物体之间的撞击。

当遇到火灾时，要趴在地下，用湿毛巾捂住口、鼻，逆风匍匐转移到安全地带。

当遇到有毒气体泄漏时，要用湿毛巾捂住口、鼻，按逆风方向跑到上风地带。

2、大震后自救与互救

（1）自救互救意义重大。自救和互救是大地震发生后最先开始的基本救助形式。震时被压埋的人员绝大多数是靠自救和互救而存活的。

据统计，唐山大地震后的抢险救灾中，抢救时间与救活率的关系为：

半小时内 救活率95%

第一天 救活率81%

第二天 救活率53%

第三天 救活率36.7%

第四天 救活率19%

第五天 救活率7.4%

以上数字说明，在抢救生命的过程中，时间就是生命，耽误的时间越短，人们生存的希望就越大。因此应当不等不靠，尽早尽快地开展自救互救。

（2）自救原则。大地震中被倒塌建筑物压埋的人，只要神志清醒，身体没有重大创伤，都应该坚定获救的信心，妥善保护好自己，积极实施自救。

a. 要尽量用湿毛巾、衣物或其他布料捂住口、鼻和头部，防止灰尘呛闷发生窒息，也可以避免建筑物进一步倒塌造成的伤害。

b. 尽量活动手、脚，清除脸上的灰土和压在身上的物件。

c. 用周围可以挪动的物品支撑身体上方的重物，避免进一步塌落；扩大活动空间，保持足够的空气。

d. 几个人同时被压埋时，要互相鼓励，共同计划，团结配合，必要时采取脱险行动。

e. 寻找和开避通道，设法逃离险境，朝着有光亮更安全宽敞的地方移动。

f. 一时无法脱险，要尽量节省气力。如能找到代用品和水，要计划着节约使用，尽量延长生存时间，等待获救。

g. 保存体力，不要盲目大声呼救。在周围十分安静，或听到上面（外面）有人活动时，用砖、铁管等物敲打墙壁，向外界传递消息。当确定不远处的有人时，再呼救。

（3）互救原则。互救是指已经脱险的人和专门的抢险营救人员对压埋在废墟中的人进行营救。为了最大限度地营救遇险者，应遵循以下原则：

a. 先救压埋人员多的地方，也就是“先多后少”。

b. 先救近处被压埋人员，也就是“先近后远”。

c. 先救容易救出的人员，也就是“先易后难”。

d. 先救轻伤和强壮人员，扩大营救队伍，也就是“先轻后重”。

e. 如果有医务人员被压埋，应优先营救，增加抢救力量。

（4）找寻被压埋的人。利用救助犬和测定微量二氧化碳气体的方法，可以很方便地对遇险者定位。但为了抢救时间，也可以用简易的方法找寻被压埋的生存者。

一是问，向了解情况的生存者询问，了解什么人住在哪些建筑内，震时是否外出，有什么生活习惯等，从中寻找可靠的线索。

二是看，观察废墟叠压的情况，特别是住有人的部位是否有生存空间；也要观察废墟中有没有人爬动的痕迹或血迹。

三是听，倾听存活人员的动静。听的方法是：要卧地贴耳细听；利用夜间安静时听；一边敲打（或吹哨）一边听。有时你敲他也敲，内外就联系上了。

四是分析，分析倒塌建筑原来的结构、用处、材料、层次、倒塌状况，判断被压埋人员的生存情况。

（5）科学挖掘。挖掘时要注意保护好支撑物，清除压埋阻挡物，保证压埋者生存空间。在使用挖掘机械时要十分谨慎，越是接近压埋者，越应多采用手工操作。

a. 没有起吊工具无法救出时，可以送流汁食物维持生命，并做好记号，等待援助，切不可蛮干。

b. 救人时，应先确定压埋者头部的位置，用最快速度使头部充分暴露，并清除口、鼻腔内的灰土，保持呼吸通畅。然后再暴露胸腹腔，如有窒息，应立即进行人工呼吸。

c. 要妥善加强压埋者上方的支撑，防止营救过程中上方重物新的塌落。

d. 压埋者不能自行出来时，要仔细询问和观察，确定伤情；不要生拉硬扯，以防造成新的损伤。

e. 对于脊椎损伤者，挖掘时要避免加重损伤。在转送搬运时，不能扶着走，不能用软担架，更不能用一人抱胸、一人抬腿的方式。最好是三四个人扶托伤员的头、背、臀、腿、，平放在硬担架或门板上，用布带固定后搬运。

f. 遇到四肢骨折、关节损伤的压埋者，应就地取材，用木棍、树枝、硬纸板等实施夹板固定。固定时应显露伤肢末端以便观察血液循环情况。

g. 搬运呼吸困难的伤员时，应采用俯卧位，并将头部转向一侧，以免引起窒息。

3、卫生防疫工作

（1）搞好卫生防疫的重要性。在地震发生后，由于大量房屋倒塌，下水道堵塞，造成垃圾遍地，污水流溢；再加上畜禽尸体腐烂变臭，极易引发一些传染病并迅速蔓延。历史上就有“大灾后必有大疫”的说法。因此，在震后救灾工作中，认真搞好卫生防疫非常重要。

（2）把好“病从口入”关。夏秋季节，痢疾、肠炎、肝炎、伤寒等传染病很容易发生和流行。预防肠道传染病的最主要措施，就是搞好水源卫生、食品卫生，管理好垃圾、粪便。

a. 饮用水源要设专人保护，水井要清掏和消毒。饮水时，最好先进行净化、消毒；要创造条件喝开水。

b. 搞好食品卫生很重要。要派专人对救灾食品的储存、运输和分发进行监督；救灾食品、挖掘出的食品应检验合格后再食用。对机关食堂、营业性饮食店要加强检查和监督，督促做好防蝇、餐具消毒等工作。

c. 管好厕所和垃圾。震后因厕所倒塌，人们大小便无固定地点；垃圾与废墟分不清，蚊蝇孳生严重。所以震后应有计划地修建简易防蝇厕所，固定地点堆放垃圾，并组织清洁队按时清掏，运到指定地点统一处理。

（3）消灭蚊蝇。蚊蝇是乙型脑炎、痢疾等传染病的传播者。消灭蚊蝇，不仅要大范围喷洒药物，还要利用汽车在街道喷药，用喷雾器在室内喷药，不给蚊蝇留下孳生的场所。

在有疟疾发生的地区，要特别注意防蚊。晚上睡觉要防止蚊子叮咬。如果发现病人突然发高热、头痛、呕吐、脖子发硬等，就要想到可能得了脑炎，赶快找医生诊治。

（4）保持良好的卫生习惯。地震灾区的每一位公民，在抗震救灾期间，都应力求保持乐观向上的情绪，注意身体健康，加强身体锻炼。应根据气候的变化随时增减衣服，注意防寒保暖，预防感冒、气管炎、流行性感冒等呼吸道传染病。老人和儿童要特别注意防止肺炎。冬季应注意头部和手、脚的保暖，防止冻疮；夏季要准备些凉开水，吃一些咸菜，补充体内因大量出汗而损失盐分和水分，预防中暑。

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