悬垂结构一般避免使用人称主语吗?
一般来讲,分词或分词短语在句子中充当状语时,其逻辑主语与句子主语一致,如:Opening the drawer he took out a revolver.其中opening的逻辑主语是句子主语he。当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,则应将分词的逻辑主语补出来,如:George yawning,the conversation dropped.这种分词结构被称作独立主格结构。但有时我们遇到这种情况:分词的主语既不与句子主语一致,分词本身又非独立主格结构,如:Going up the hill,the statue of Lincoln struck my eye.在登上山的当儿,林肯的雕像十分引我注目。Tired but happy,the bus whisked us home.我们虽然疲乏,但很高兴,公共汽车飞快地把我们送到了家。这种分词在语法上被称作垂悬分词(dangling participle),也叫无依着分词。垂悬分词从起源上来说,是语言的错误使用(performance error),即将分词的主语与句子的主语错误联系,从而产生垂悬分词,所以有人又叫它错关联分词(misrelated participle)。垂悬分词通常出现在句子开头或接近开头的位置,与句子中的其它成分不产生必要的句法关系,特别是它与句子主语无逻辑关系。鉴于这种特点,垂悬分词别名为:独立分词(absolute participle)或孤立分词(isolated participle)。垂悬分词多数为现在分词,少数为过去分词。本文将从使用场合和情况对垂悬分词进行分类、归纳和总结。1.当分词主语是不定人称时,如:When dining in the restaurant,a jacket and tie are required.2.当分词的主语是表示时间、天气、自然现象等的无人称代词it时,如:Being Christmas,the government offices were closed.3.当分词的暗含主语是句子的整体时,如:The siren sounded,indicating that the air-raid was over.Unknown to his closest advisers,he had secretly negotiated with an enemy emissary.4.在正式科技文章中,分词前常常带有连词,其主语通常与I,we,you等同,如:When installing a boiler,the floor space which is available is very important.When treating patients with language retardation and deviation of language development,the therapy consists,in part,of discus- sions of the patients'problems with patients and teachers,with subsequent language teaching carried out by them.5.垂悬分词最常见于方式分离状语(style disjunct),表明说话人对所说的话的方式、条件以及说话人的态度或看法,这种用法可细分为以下几种情况:a.说话者用垂悬分词引出话题,如:talking of,getting back to,coming to等,意思为“谈到……,关于……,回到……”等,请看例句:Getting back to our story,the princess was killed.Coming to this question,I say no.b.垂悬分词表明说话者的说话方式,如:putting it mildly,frankly speaking,generally speaking,roughly speaking,broadly speaking,biologically speaking等,请看例句:Putting it mildly,you have caused us some inconvenience.Generally speaking,dogs are more faithful to men than cats.c.有些垂悬分词或词组表明说话的依据或视角,如:judging from,according to,considering,viewing it from,seeing,例如:Judging from his expression,he is in a bad mood.According to Barthes,the author had died.Considering the low price,the car is worth buying.d.有些垂悬分词或词组还为说话者所说内容的成立提供条件,如:providing(that),provided(that),supposing,given,意思为“if或with”,wanting和failing意思为“without”。例如:Provided that a film entertains,few people care about its other merits.Given prudence and patience,anybody can achieve something.Supposing this to be true,he is certainly the murderer.e.表示转折性的垂悬分词或词组有:admitting that,allowed that,allowing for,considering(that),assuming that,seeing that,granting that,granted that,notwithstanding,请看例句:Allowing for(=Considering)the deficiencies,the show is a success.Granted(=Granting)that you are right,you should not get angry.Admitting(=Assuming =Allowing)that he is drunk,that is no excuse.f.有些垂悬分词或词组还可以表明说话者所说内容有无例外情况,如:barring,bating,excepting,excepted,saving that,意思为“除了……”;including,counting,setting aside,leaving...to one side,意思为“包括;除了……还有……”等,请看例句:Barring(=bating)this point,I agree with you.There are fifteen students countingme.Setting aside the question of capital,this business has many other problems.以上列举的垂悬分词,我们可以得到一个总体印象:垂悬分词虽然在产生之初为错误联系使用所致,但一旦被言语社团成员所接受,便成为正确英语;由于其产生的特殊性,及其使用场合的有限性,垂悬分词与一般分词相比灵活程度差一些,也就是说,垂悬分词的表达及用途相对固定。甚至于有些垂悬分词词组已被很多词典编撰者当作固定词组来看待,如上文中的generally speaking,frankly speaking,judging from ,com ing to details等。另外,从词性角度来看,有些垂悬分词已不再被看作是分词,失去了动词的本性,已演变成介词或连词。被当作介词看待的垂悬分词有:considering,counting,including,barring,bating,excepting,excepted,concerning,regarding,respecting,touching,wanting,failing,pending,saving等等,例如:Considering its cost,this machine is not worth buying.He asked me questions concerning my health.Pending a report from Rancy,we'll pro- ceed as planned.I know nothing respecting that girl.已变成连词的垂悬分词有:providing(that),provided(that),saving,notwithstanding,seeing,considering,granting,granted,adm itting,assum ing,allowing,supposing等等。例句:He was prudent notwithstanding that he was young.Granting that he has made a mistake,he is not to blame.总之,垂悬分词与一般分词不一样,是一种超常规的语言现象,但其用途与形式相对固定,应引起我们足够的重视。正因为垂悬分词的使用场合及数量相对有限,英语学习者一方面要学会理解并掌握这一超常语言现象,另一方面切记不要将其它一般分词(遵循主谓一致原则)模仿垂悬分词使用,因为毕竟垂悬分词的产生源于错误联系,违反了主谓一致原则。
zt---有悬垂结构这个说法。这种结构是要避免的,是错误的。
就是分词既没有自带的主语形成独立主格结构,又没以句子主语为自己的逻辑主语,这样的分词就是悬垂结构。
逻辑主语,对于分词来讲,就是分词这个动作的实施者,假如句子里找不到分词所表示动作的主语,句子主语也无法承担这个动作,那么这个句子就是错误的,就似乎悬垂结构。
例如,Being absent, the meeting had to be put off.
这个being absent分词结构,没有自带的主语,而句子主语the meeting也明显不是being absent的逻辑主语,因为be absent的主语只能是“人”,人才能“缺席”。
修改成:So many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off.
这样being absent就自带了一个主语,就是comrades。这样就正确了,就避免了悬垂结构。
解释
分词短语在句子中作状语时,其逻辑主语(亦称隐含主语)通常应是整个句子的主语;如果不是,而且其本身也不带自己的主语(如在独立主格结构中),就被认为是一个语言失误。这个分词就叫做“悬垂分词”(dangling participle)或“无依附分词 ”(unattached participle)。例如:
Getting down from the bus,my ankle was sprained.
Driving to Chicago that night,a sudden thought struck me.
由 悬垂结构 造成的错误
(1)悬垂分词
误: Being Sunday, they went for a picnic.
正: It being Sunday, they went for a picnic.
正: As it was Sunday, they went for a picnic.
(2)悬垂不定式
误:To swim properly, a course of instruction was necessary.
正:To swim properly, one needs a course of instruction.
(3)悬垂简式从句
误:When a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him.
正:When he was a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him.
应用
一般来讲,分词或分词短语在句子中充当状语时,其逻辑主语与句子主语一致,如:Opening the drawer he took out a revolver.其中opening的逻辑主语是句子主语he。当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,则应将分词的逻辑主语补出来,如:George yawning,the conversation dropped.这种分词结构被称作独立主格结构。
但有时我们遇到这种情况:分词的主语既不与句子主语一致,分词本身又非独立主格结构,如:
Going up the hill,the statue of Lincoln struck my eye.在登上山的当儿,林肯的雕像十分引我注目。
Tired but happy,the bus whisked us home.我们虽然疲乏,但很高兴,公共汽车飞快地把我们送到了家。
这种分词在语法上被称作垂悬分词(dangling participle),也叫无依着分词。垂悬分词从起源上来说,是语言的错误使用(performance error),即将分词的主语与句子的主语错误联系,从而产生垂悬分词,所以有人又叫它错关联分词(misrelated participle)。
垂悬分词通常出现在句子开头或接近开头的位置,与句子中的其它成分不产生必要的句法关系,特别是它与句子主语无逻辑关系。鉴于这种特点,垂悬分词别名为:独立分词(absolute participle)或孤立分词(isolated participle)。
垂悬分词多数为现在分词,少数为过去分词。本文将从使用场合和情况对垂悬分词进行分类、归纳和总结。
1.当分词主语是不定人称时,如:
When dining in the restaurant,a jacket and tie are required.
2.当分词的主语是表示时间、天气、自然现象等的无人称代词it时,如:
Being Christmas,the government offices were closed.
3.当分词的暗含主语是句子的整体时,如:
The siren sounded,indicating that the air-raid was over.
Unknown to his closest advisers,he had secretly negotiated with an enemy emissary.
4.在正式科技文章中,分词前常常带有连词,其主语通常与I,we,you等同,如:
When installing a boiler,the floor space which is available is very important.
When treating patients with language retardation and deviation of language development,the therapy consists,in part,of discus- sions of the patients'problems with patients and teachers,with subsequent language teaching carried out by them.
5.垂悬分词最常见于方式分离状语(style disjunct),表明说话人对所说的话的方式、条件以及说话人的态度或看法,这种用法可细分为以下几种情况:
a.说话者用垂悬分词引出话题,如:talking of,getting back to,coming to等,意思为“谈到……,关于……,回到……”等,请看例句:
Getting back to our story,the princess was killed.
Coming to this question,I say no.
b.垂悬分词表明说话者的说话方式,如:
putting it mildly,frankly speaking,generally speaking,roughly speaking,broadly speaking,biologically speaking等,请看例句:
Putting it mildly,you have caused us some inconvenience.
Generally speaking,dogs are more faithful to men than cats.
c.有些垂悬分词或词组表明说话的依据或视角,如:judging from,according to,considering,viewing it from,seeing,例如:
Judging from his expression,he is in a bad mood.
According to Barthes,the author had died.
Considering the low price,the car is worth buying.
d.有些垂悬分词或词组还为说话者所说内容的成立提供条件,如:providing(that),provided(that),supposing,given,意思为“if或with”,wanting和failing意思为“without”。例如:
Provided that a film entertains,few people care about its other merits.
Given prudence and patience,anybody can achieve something.
Supposing this to be true,he is certainly the murderer.
e.表示转折性的垂悬分词或词组有:admitting that,allowed that,allowing for,considering(that),assuming that,seeing that,granting that,granted that,notwithstanding,请看例句:
Allowing for(=Considering)the deficiencies,the show is a success.
Granted(=Granting)that you are right,you should not get angry.
Admitting(=Assuming =Allowing)that he is drunk,that is no excuse.
f.有些垂悬分词或词组还可以表明说话者所说内容有无例外情况,如:barring,bating,excepting,excepted,saving that,意思为“除了……”;including,counting,setting aside,leaving...to one side,意思为“包括;除了……还有……”等,请看例句:
Barring(=bating)this point,I agree with you.
There are fifteen students countingme.
Setting aside the question of capital,this business has many other problems.
以上列举的垂悬分词,我们可以得到一个总体印象:垂悬分词虽然在产生之初为错误联系使用所致,但一旦被言语社团成员所接受,便成为正确英语;由于其产生的特殊性,及其使用场合的有限性,垂悬分词与一般分词相比灵活程度差一些,也就是说,垂悬分词的表达及用途相对固定。甚至于有些垂悬分词词组已被很多词典编撰者当作固定词组来看待,如上文中的generally speaking,frankly speaking,judging from ,com ing to details等。
另外,从词性角度来看,有些垂悬分词已不再被看作是分词,失去了动词的本性,已演变成介词或连词。被当作介词看待的垂悬分词有:considering,counting,including,barring,bating,excepting,excepted,concerning,regarding,respecting,touching,wanting,failing,pending,saving等等,例如:
Considering its cost,this machine is not worth buying.
He asked me questions concerning my health.
Pending a report from Rancy,we'll pro- ceed as planned.
I know nothing respecting that girl.
已变成连词的垂悬分词有:providing(that),provided(that),saving,notwithstanding,seeing,considering,granting,granted,adm itting,assum ing,allowing,supposing等等。例句:
He was prudent notwithstanding that he was young.
Granting that he has made a mistake,he is not to blame.
总之,垂悬分词与一般分词不一样,是一种超常规的语言现象,但其用途与形式相对固定,应引起我们足够的重视。正因为垂悬分词的使用场合及数量相对有限,英语学习者一方面要学会理解并掌握这一超常语言现象,另一方面切记不要将其它一般分词(遵循主谓一致原则)模仿垂悬分词使用,因为毕竟垂悬分词的产生源于错误联系,违反了主谓一致原则。
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弋露赛美: 如果分词的逻辑主语既不是所在句子中的主语或宾语,又不是独立主格结构,那就成了“垂悬分词”,是一种病句,应该避免.比较:我们站在海岸上,看到船在远处航行.Standing on the seashore,the ship was sailing in the distance.(误)(...
辽阳县19547208964: 在英语语法中,悬垂现象和独立主格结构有什么区别 - ?
弋露赛美: 首先...状语的主语和本句主语必须保持一致,但是呢,独立主格的主语不是本句的主语.例如 Looking at the boy,the girl becomes sad 这里的looking是girl发出的动作,过去分词和这一句的主语要保持一致 That girl looking at the boy,the girl becomes sad 而要是独立主格结构的话,分词主语和句子主语没有关系.这里的looking是that girl发出而不是the girl发出了
辽阳县19547208964: 垂悬分词是什么?怎样使用 - ?
弋露赛美: 一般的分词(短语)有意义上的逻辑主语,它或是句子的主语,或者另有自己的主语,如果没有,就称这种分词为“悬垂分词”,这样的句子一般认为是不能接受或错误的. 【例如】 ※Looking out of the window of our hotel room, there are ...
辽阳县19547208964: 关于英语中分词的悬锤现象的问题?什么叫分词的悬锤现象?好想老师说 ?
弋露赛美: 垂悬结构(The Dangling Construction)就是一个句子成分,如分词短语,不定式动词短语等,找不到被修饰的主语或被修饰的对象不合逻辑.垂悬结构是种错误的句法,...
辽阳县19547208964: to teach english is her job/teaching english is her job?? - ?
弋露赛美: 两句都对 在这里没有区别 但不能一概而论 还是要根据当时的具体语境来判断 这里涉及到一个悬垂结构 Dangling Element的定义 一般在一个句子中,修饰语必须清楚地修饰句中某个词或短语,如果它不修饰句中的任何成分,而处于悬浮状态,...