哪些词或词组要求倒装?
引起倒装的情况多种多样,倒装的表现形式大体有下列几种:
1.在疑问句中
例1:How are you getting along with your work?
例2:Is this report written in detail?
注:如疑问词作主语或者作定语修饰主语时,不发生倒装。
2.在there be 及其类似结构中
例1:There are forty students in our class.
例2:There seem to be still some elements undiscovered yet.
例3:There stands a bridge across the river.
3.在表示祝愿的句子中
例1:Long live the People’s Republic of China!
例2:May you succeed!
例3:Dog-tired though they were, they continued to march on.
4.在省略if 的虚拟语气条件状语从句中
这类句子中有were, had, should等词时,把were, had或should置于句首。
例1:Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world.
例2:Had you been more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided.
5.在so, nor, neither或no more开头的句子中
此类句子通常表示前面一句话中的谓语所说明的情况,也适用于另一句中的主语。例如:
1)This problem is not difficult and neither is that one.
2)Coal is under the ground in some places, and so is oil.
6.在以具有否定意义的副词、连词及词组开头的句子中
这些词和词组通常有:rarely, never, scarcely, no sooner, little, few, hardly, seldom, at no time, in no way, on no account, nowhere, nobody, not only等。例如:
1)Visit our stores. Nowhere else will you find such magnificent bargains.
2)Hardly had he finished his work when the telephone rang.
3)Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.
4)Little did we think his speech had made so deep an impression on his audience.
7.在强调表语时
例1:Worst of all were the humiliations.
例2:Such is the case.
8.在强调宾语时
例1:Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction.
例2:Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid.
注:当前置宾语由“not a +名词”或者“not a single +名词”构成时,也会引起倒装。例如:
Alice had a terrible time touring that country. Not a day did she spend without having some unpleasantness with waiters in the hotel.
9.在强调状语时
(1)当句首状语为方位词或拟声词,谓语动词为go, come等表示位置转移的动词时句子须倒装。例如:
1)Up went the plane.
2)In came the chairman and the meeting began.
注:如果主语是代词则不发生倒装。例如:
1)Out they rushed!
2)Lower and lower he bent.
(2) 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时,句子须倒装。例如:
1)Round the corner walked a large policeman.
2)Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man.
(3)当句首状语由“only +副词”,“only +介词词组”,“only +状语从句”构成时,句子须倒装。例如:
1)Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.
2)Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.
(4)当句首状语为here, there, now, then等时,句子须倒装,主语是代词时,句子不用倒装。例如:
1)Here is a ticket for you.
2)Now comes your turn.
3)Here he comes.
(5)以关联词so (…that)开头的句子中,句子须倒装。例如:
1)So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.
2)So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus.
3)So much does he worry about his financial position that he can’t sleep at night.
注:在该结构中,“so +形容词”是表语的前置;“so +副词”是状语的前置。
10.在直接引语之后
在叙事性书面语中,直接引语后常跟asked Mary, answered John, said the old lady, grunted Peter之类的词语。在这些词语中,动词常的主语之前,主语是代词时,不用倒装。例如:
1)“What do you mean?” asked Henry.
2)“What do you mean?” he asked.
11. often, many a time等表示频度的状语置于句首时
例如:Often did they think of going there, but they never had a chance.
12.在as, though引导的让步状语从句中
在as, though引导的让步状语从句中,一般将形容词、副词或名词等置于句首。例如:
1)Small as the atom is, we can smash it.
2)Big as the workpiece is, it is turned out with
倒装是指句子成分不是按主语在前、谓语在后的正常语序排列,而是将谓语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前。倒装是一种修辞手段,目的是为了强调。倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装,考试多为部分倒装。考生应掌握什么情况下需要倒装,并对倒装后的句子能够认出来,避免做题时候的盲目和迷茫。 一、用全部倒装的情况 全部倒装一般是存在以下列副词开头的句子中,全部倒装的方法是把句子的主谓语序颠倒过来,把谓语移到主语前面: 1)出于修辞需要,表示方向的副词:out, down, in ,up, away, on 如:Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him. Up went the plane 2)出于习惯用法:here, there, now, thus, hence, then 如:Now is your turn. There goes the bell. Here is a ticket for you There existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work 注意:here,there用于倒装结构时主语一般为名词,如果是人称代词则不需要倒装 “ where is the cup?” “Here it is!” Here you are. There he comes. 3)有时主语较长,为了使句子平衡,避免头重脚轻,主谓要全部倒装。这种情况多出现在主系表结构中。 如:Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life. In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness. 二、采用部分倒装情况 部分倒装一般是把句子谓语的一部分(主要是助动词或系动词)放到句子主语前,构成部分倒装,而全部倒装则把句子的谓语(包括实义动词)都放在主语前。 1、下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时,若置于句首,句子的主谓要部分倒装: never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in vain, still less. 如: Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on. Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state. (1985年考研题) 注: 1)如果谓语动词是单个实义动词,倒装时需根据人称和时态加助动词do. 如:Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly. (1983年考研题) 2)考生要广义理解“句首”的概念,注意从句的句首和并列分句的句首均为句首。如: Suddenly, Gallup's name was on everyone's lips; not only was he the prophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction. 2、以only修饰状语(副词,介词短语,状语从句)开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装: only then, only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because 如: Only when you have obtained sufficient data come to a sound conclusion. A)can you B)would you C)you will D)you can 3、以下列副词或短语开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装: often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point, many a time 如: So involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games. A) became the children B)become the children
C)had the children become D)do the children become (2001年考研题,答案为D) 4、比较从句的倒装: as, than引导的比较从句中,如果主语是名词短语且较长,经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以)。注意:这种结构主语一般为名词,如果是代词则不倒装。 如: Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce. Today's electuic cars cannot go as fast as gasoline-driven vehicles because the battery does not offer the same amount of energy as does gasoline combustion. Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body. 5、用于前面所说的情况也适用于另一人(物)的肯定句或否定句中的倒装 1) 肯定重复倒装用:so They have got up, and so has jack 2) 否定重复倒装用:nor, neither, no more. If you don't agree to our plan, neither will they. 6、“not only……but also”结构时,如果not only 放在句首,则前半句but (also)句子后面不倒装。
Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to being broke. 三、特殊的倒装结构 特殊形式的倒装结构是指句子虽然是倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而往往是出于强调的需要,把强调部分移到句首,而其它部分顺序不需要改变,句子主谓不需要倒装。出现这样的情况有以下几种可能: 1、让步从句的倒装。 1)as引导让步状语从句,必须采用倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于句首。 如:Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job. Brave as they are, they are afraid of fight. 2)出现在句型be 主语 其他,come what may中。 如: While it's true that we all need a career, preferably a profitable one, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic. The business of each day selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. A) it being B) be it C) was it D) it was (答案为B) 3)no matter how(who…);however引导的让步状语从句必须采用倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于句首。 如:No matter how busy he is , he has to attend the meeting However cold it is , he always goes swimming.
为了强调谓语,有时将谓语置于主语之前。这仅仅是因为语言表达的需要。
如,“甚矣,汝之不惠(慧)!”(《愚公移山》)另外,还有定语置于中心词之后,修饰名词的量词放在名词之后等特殊现象,因不常用,因此按下不表。
1、嘻!晏子之家若是其贫也! (《晏子春秋·晏子辞千金》)
2、悲哉,世也!(《工之侨献琴》)
二、宾语前置
1、否定句中代词宾语前置
这类宾语前置,要具备两个条件:一是宾语必须是代词;二是必须是否定句,由“不”、“未”、“毋”、“莫”等否定词表示。在这种情况下,代词宾语要放在动词之前和否定词之后。
例如:《硕鼠》:“三岁贯汝,莫我肯顾。”“莫我肯顾”应理解成“莫肯顾我”。
2、疑问句中代词宾语前置
文言文中用疑问代词“谁”、“何”、“奚”、“安”等做宾语时往往放在动词的前面。
例如:《鸿门宴》:“良问曰:‘大王来何操?’”“何操”应理解为“操何”。
3、介词宾语前置
在现代汉语中,介词后面跟着宾语,组成介宾结构,用来修饰动词谓语。在文言文中,介词宾语往往置与介词之前,形成一种倒置的现象。
例如:《岳阳楼记》:“噫!微斯人,吾谁与归?”“谁与归”应理解为“与谁归”。
4、普通宾语前置(略)
在一般性的宾语前置中,大家要注意语感。
§ 文言文中,动词或介词的宾语,一般置于动词或介词之后,但在一定条件下,宾语会前置,其条件是:
第一、疑问句中,疑问代词作宾语,宾语前置。这类句子,介词的宾语也是前置的。
如:“沛公安在?”(《史记.项羽本记》)
这种类型的句子关键是作宾语的疑问代词(像:谁、何、奚、曷、胡、恶、安、焉等)。值得注意的是,介词“以”的宾语比较活跃,即使不是疑问代词,也可以前置。如:“余是以记之,以俟观人风者得焉。”(柳宗元《捕蛇者说》)其中的“是”是一般代词,但也前置了。
第二、文言否定句中,代词作宾语,宾语前置。
这类句子有两点要注意,一是否定句(一般句中必须有“不”、“未”“毋”、“无”、“莫”等否定词);二是代词作宾语。如:“时人莫之许也。”(陈寿《三国志.诸葛亮传》)正常语序应该是“时人莫许之也。”
第三、用“之”或“是”把宾语提前取动词前,以突出强调宾语。
这时的“之”只是宾语前置的标志,没有什么实在意义。如:“句读之不知,惑之不解。”(韩愈《师说》)有时,还可以在前置的宾语前加上一个范围副词“唯”,构成“唯......是......”的格式。如:“唯利是图”、“唯命是从”等。
第四、介词宾语前置的情况除了第一种情况外,还有一种情况,就是方位词、时间词作宾语时,有时也前置;例如:“业文南向坐。”(《史记.项羽本记》)意思是“业文面向南坐。”
§ 宾语前置相当多见,有几种情况。一是否定句中代词作宾语,宾语提前。
古之人不余欺也。(不欺余) (苏轼《石钟山记》)。
天大寒,砚冰坚,手指不可屈伸,弗之怠。(弗怠之) (宋濂《送东阳马生序》)
一是疑问句中代词作动词或介词的宾语,宾语提前。例如:
大王来何操? (操何) (司马迁《鸿门宴》)
沛公安在? (在安) (同上)
子何恃而往? (侍何) (彭端淑《为学》)
微斯人,吾谁与归? (与谁) (范仲淹《岳阳楼记》)
不然,籍何以至此? (以何) (司马迁《鸿门宴》)
一是用“之”或“是”把宾语提到前边。例如:
句读之不知,惑之不解。(不知句读,不解惑)(韩愈《师说》)
唯利是图(图利)
三、状语后置
现代汉语中状语置于谓语之前,若置于位于之后便是补语。但在文言文中,处于补语的成分往往要以状语来理解。
例如:《鸿门宴》:“将军战河北,臣战河南。”“战河南”即“战(于)河南”,应理解为“于河南战”。《促织》:“覆之以掌”即“以掌覆之”应理解为“用手掌覆盖(蟋蟀)”。
状语后置最常见一种形式是介词结构后置。在现代汉语里,介词结构常常放在动词前作状语,古代汉语里有则往往置后作补语。例如:
青,取之于蓝,而青于蓝。(荀子《劝学》)
得双石于潭上。(苏轼《石钟山记》)
君子博学而日参省乎己。(荀子《劝学》)
生乎吾前,其闻道也固先乎吾,吾从而师之。(韩愈《师说》)
为坛而盟,祭以尉首。(司马迁《陈涉世家》)
四、定语后置
文言中,一些修饰性的定语常常置于中心词之后。例如:
遂率子孙荷担考三夫。(《列子·愚公移山》)
大阉之乱,绍绅而能不易其志者,四海之大,有几人欤? (张溥《五人墓碑记]
石之铿然有声者,所在皆是也。(苏轼《石钟山记》)
[编辑本段]英语倒装
倒装是一种语法手段,用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。倒装句有两种:完全倒装和部分倒装。
1. 完全倒装
1) 完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前(是整个谓语动词,而非助动词)。
例如:In came the teacher and the class began. (老师走了进来,然后开始上课。)
2) there引出的完全倒装句:除了最常见的there be句型以外,there还可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand等,一般都译成"有"的含义,构成完全倒装句。
例如:There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.(远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。)
3) 由地点和时间副词引出的完全倒装句:以地点副词here, there和时间副词now, then 开头,后面的动词是be, come, exist, fall, follow, go, lie, remain, seem, stand等,而主语又是名词时,构成完全倒装句。Up climbed the boy when his mother came.
4)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词且主语是名词时使用完全倒装
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。
Out he rushed.
注意:
1) 在here, there引出的倒装句中,当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句,但当主语是代词时,就要用部分倒装句。
例:Here comes the postman!(邮递员终于来了!注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。)
Here we are.(我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。)
2) 当主语是代词,谓语是系动词,表语是说明性的词、词组和定语从句时,可以使用完全倒装句,起强调作用。
例:Lucky is he who has been enrolled into a famous university.(他真幸运,被一所名牌大学录取了。)
Typical for China is the crosstalk show where a pair of comedians entertains the audience with word play.(中国典型的是相声表演,两个喜剧演员通过文字游戏逗乐观众)
2. 部分倒装
1) 部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分(如助动词、情态动词等)放到主语前,或把句子的强调成分提前。
Nor did he let the disease stop him from living the kind of life he has always dreamt about(疾病没有使他放弃过上梦想中的生活)
2) 以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。注意下列句子中助动词或情态动词提前、甚至补充助动词的用法:
例:Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.(小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。)
In no country other than Britain, it had been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.(据说除了英国世界上没有哪个国家能让人在一天中感受到四季变化)
3) 以否定副词开头并加状语放在句首的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely…… when, never, no sooner…… than, rarely, no more, nor nearly, not only等以及only。
Only in the country can you learn the “true English”.
4)一些如scarcely……when, no sooner ……than, hardly……when引导的主从复合句主句要求使用过去完成式。
注意:在部分倒装句中,只有助动词、情态动词或连系动词to be可以置于主语之前,其它部分都要置于主语之后。
5)此外,一些介词+no+名词的结构中需要用部分倒装,这些结构包括at no time; by no means; by no manner of means; for no reason; in no case; in/under no circumstances; in no sense; in no way; on no account; on no consideration; at no point例如Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money.
注意:
a) 如果含有从句时,只要求主句倒装: 例:Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.(只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。)
b) 如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分,不用倒装:
例: It was not until he went abroad that he know the truth of the fact.(直到他出国以后才了解到事实真相。)
c) 如果hardly, scarcely后面接的是any, ever, at all时,意义类似almost no/ not/ never(几乎不、从不),则无须倒装。
例:Hardly any people having been invited went there.(几乎没有什么受到邀请的人去那里了。)
6) 由no matter how, however和how引导的状语从句要求部分倒装,因为形容词或副词通常紧跟在这三个引导词后面,然后才是主语和谓语,形成形式上的部分倒装句:
例:I know nothing about this river, neither how long, how wide nor how deep it is.(我一点也不了解这条河,不知道它有多长,多宽或多深。)
7) 由as引导的部分倒装句:
a) 当as作为比较意义时,即用于as + adj./ adv. + as结构中时,如果把第一个as省略掉,就形成部分倒装句。
例:Cautious as the rest of her family (was) , she didn't seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.(正如她家里人一样谨慎小心,她似乎不愿意立即回答我的问题。)
She charged the stairs, quick as a rabbit (ran).(她跑上楼去,跑得象兔子那么快!)
b) 当 as引导让步状语时,和although, though一样,当用作“尽管”之义时,可以用于部分倒装句。
Hard as he worked, he did not pass the exam.(虽然他很用功,但他还是没及格)
c) 表示原因时,为了强调起见,也可以倒装。
例:Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.(因为他太累了,我们决定不打扰他。)
d) 等于so时,意义是“也,也是”
例:She worked hard, so/ as did her husband. (她工作很努力,她的丈夫工作也很努力。)
3. 其它情况的倒装句
1) so, neither, nor除了构成上述倒装句以外,还可以取代上文出现的名词、形容词甚至整句话,构成完全倒装句或部分倒装句。但这两种倒装的意义不同。
a) 当so表示“也,相同,那样”时,通常表示对前一句肯定句的赞同、一致内容,要求使用完全倒装句:
He promised to finish my homework, so did I.
b) so /such ……that句型可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分:
例:So selfish was she that everyone avoid talking with her.
c)也存在such+be+主语的情况用以强调,例如Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.(阿尔伯特•爱因斯坦是一个有伟大成就的普通人)
d) neither和nor共有4种倒装形式,其含义分别为:
完全倒装时:表示"也不",和上文a)用法正好相反,表示对前一句否定句的赞同或一致内容。
例:You don't know what to do now, neither/ nor do I .(你不知道现在该做什么,我也不知道。)
和其它否定副词连用,表示"也(不)",也要求用完全倒装句:
例:The besieged enemy could not advance, nor / neither retreat could they .(被包围的敌人既不能进,也不能退。)
注意:若把这句话改成:"The besieged enemy could neither advance nor retreat.(被包围的敌人既不能进,也不能退。)"就不必倒装。
She never laughed, nor did she ever lose her temper.
1) 用在肯定句里,构成一般否定倒装:
例:All that is true, nor must we forget it.(那全都是真的,我们可不能忘记。)
2) 部分倒装,有承上启下作用,表示同意和赞同:
例:A: I couldn't do anything for her.(我帮不了她。)
B: Nor you could, but you might have got somebody to help her.(你是不能帮她,但你本可以找人帮她的。)
2) 在进行比较的句子里,如果主语不是代词时,可以倒装:
例:America consumes more energy than did our country.(美国消耗的能源比我们国家多。)
3)在某些表示祝愿的句型中要求倒装。如May you happy.
4)在文学作品中常出现倒装,有些是由于语法习惯,有些是为了简单的修辞,如Not even one cloud will I bring away(不带走一片云彩).
注:如果only后面的词组不是状语,则不用倒装.
Only Wang Ling knows this .
如果直接引语后注明引语是什么人说的,而且主语是名词时,用倒装结构;主语是代词时,一般不用倒装。
" Let' go ," said the man .
给我个标答吧
英语中有哪些词或短语后引导的句子需要倒装?
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英语中哪些词在开头要完全倒装,哪些要部分倒装
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请问:遇到哪些词或句式时要完全倒装?哪些要部分倒装?
完全的:1、介词短语位于句首时Down the stairs came a woman.2、here ,there 放句首: Here comes the bus!3、分词,不定式,状语,表语位于句首,部分的:1否定副词: nowhere等。2 only 放于句首时。
哪些词或词组要求倒装?
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全部倒装的几种情况
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部分倒装的六种情况
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炉霍县18542223394: 有什么词组或句子需要倒装 - ?
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炉霍县18542223394: 英语语法中哪些词放在句首,句子需要倒装 - ?
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