义和团概要以及失败原因（翻译成英文）

义和团运动的失败原因~

义和团运动的领导阶级是农民阶级，基本群众是农民和小手工业者，提不出切合实际的革命纲领。最初，他们是以“反清复明”为宗旨，屡遭清政府的镇压。在严重的民族危机面前，义和团把斗争的矛头直指帝国主义，提出了“扶清灭洋”的口号。由于农民阶级的局限性，没有先进阶级的领导，以慈禧太后为首的清政府，为了躲开义和团运动打击锋芒，被迫采取假宣战，真投降的欺骗手法，对外投降帝国主义，对内镇压义和团运动，使义和团处于内外夹攻的境地。 在国内外敌人的夹击下遭到了失败。客观原因：中外反动势力的联合绞杀（即主要原因）主观原因：“扶清灭洋”中的“扶清”使义和团丧失了应有的警惕，盲目的排外

教案事件
教案
义和团运动
一般指清朝末年中国境内牵涉基督宗教教会的社会事件(常引起争讼、暴力甚或演变为外交事件)。义和拳活动主要集中在中国华北的山东和河北，正是教案频繁的地区，。
中国在1894年的甲午战争中被日本打败，被迫在1895年签署《马关条约》，标志着以“自强”、“求富”为口号的洋务运动失败，再次引起欧洲列强瓜分中国的野心。1896年，有意瓜分中国的欧洲强国，对清政府提出无理要求，并要求准许修建铁路和采矿。1897年11月，山东发生“曹州教案”，两名德国传教士能方济（Franz Niez）及理加略（Richard Heule）被冲入教堂的村民打死（起因不明）。德国立即作出了反应，乘机出兵占据了胶州湾和胶澳（今青岛）。德皇更对其舰队训言，谓：“如中国阻挠我事，以老拳挥之”。接下来的一个月，俄军进驻了辽阳南方的旅顺，英国和法国分别派兵占领威海和广州湾（今广东湛江）。
外国的进占，更激发起山东各地的排外情绪。1898年3月，拳民活动在山汤加剧。1899年，捐官出身的汉裔旗人毓贤出任山东巡抚，提出“民可用，团应抚，匪必剿”，对义和拳采用抚的办法，将其招安纳入民团。于是义和拳成了“义和团”，而口号亦由“反清复明”改成“扶清灭洋”。义和团四处烧教会、杀教士；抵制所有外国事物和之前失败的“洋务运动”。在义和团的积极排外下，外国人被称为“大毛子”，一律杀无赦。中国人如信奉天主教、基督教，通被称为“二毛子”；其他通洋学、懂洋语、以至用洋货者，被称“三毛子”以至“十毛子”等，。时人记载：“若纸烟，若小眼镜，甚至洋伞、洋袜，用者辄置极刑。曾有学生六人仓皇避乱，因身边随带铅笔一支，洋纸一张，途遇团匪搜出，乱刀并下，皆死非命。罗稷臣星使之弟熙禄，自河南赴津，有洋书两箱，不忍割爱，途次被匪系于树下，过者辄斫，匪刀极钝，宛转不死，仰天大号，顾以为乐；一仆自言相从多年，主人并非二毛，亦为所杀，独一马夫幸免。其痛恨洋物如此。”甚至有“一家有一枚火柴，而八口同戮者”。
神助拳　义和团　只因鬼子闹中原
劝奉教　自信天　不信神　忘祖仙
男无伦　女行奸　鬼孩俱是子母产
如不信　仔细观　鬼子眼珠俱发蓝
天无雨　地焦旱　全是教堂止住天
神发怒　仙发怒　一同下山把道传
非是邪　非白莲　念咒语　法真言
升黄表　敬香烟　请下各洞诸神仙
仙出洞　神下山　附着人体把拳传
兵法艺　都学全　要平鬼子不费难
拆铁道　拔线杆　紧急毁坏大轮船
大法国　心胆寒　英美德俄尽消然
洋鬼子　尽除完　大清一统靖江山
诗曰
弟子同心苦用功　遍地草木化成兵
愚蒙之体仙人艺　定灭洋人一扫平
—右传云山东圣府抄传
原因
教案频发的原因主要有以下几个：
①治外法权凌驾中国法律
19
义和团
世纪末，西方传教士被准许在中国传教和成立教会。在治外法权之下，不单教会的西方神职人员不受清政府管辖，一般中国信徒也常获教会庇护。地方上，基督教教会每每因为文化、风俗差异等等各种原因，与地方民众发生冲突。部分不良教民欺压当地民众，而地方政府却往往因为惧于教会的治外法权，不欲与洋人作对而未能持公处理，造成教案。
②仇外心态
清末华北地方经济破产，传统社会纲纪解体；在转变的时代，人心惶惶，各式秘密会社纷起。总之，教会、教众和洋人、洋货，成为了仇视的对象。
③谣言
当时社会有许多诋毁西方人的谣言，如说洋人医院挖小孩眼睛制迷药、神父用特制器具吸男童阳精等等，而一般中国百姓一向迷信这类传言，从而人人自危，对西方人及中国教友恨之入骨。
④守旧势力煽动
教会除了传教之外也兴医办学、提倡破除陋习（如缠足纳妾）、传播新思想（如宪政、民主），与维新运动一样不可避免会引起守旧势力的仇恨。
⑤教会自身问题
这些国家的政府曾经侵略中国，传教士自然不受欢迎了。一般来说，这些中国人最不能接受的，就是传教士是在侵略条约的保护下进入中国的。更令人遗憾的是，有些外国政府用保护传教士为借口，挑起争端。其实传教士来中国，只有一个最重要的目的，就是将基督的爱带给中国人，这是传教士们积极传福音、翻译圣经、办学校、开医院从事社会服务等活动的唯一目的，可惜中国人还是不能饶恕传教士。1897年，在山东曹州教案中，就是德国首相命令天主教传教士，在山东曹州设立教堂，藉此引起中国乡民滋事，杀了两个传教士，造成德国政府威胁中国的借口。传教士就这么可怜的被利用了。以达到外国政府的卑鄙目的，

义和团运动老照片(14张)
以此巩固自己的地位，保持自己的利益。

有一些流氓假装信主加入了教会，宣教士因为不了解底蕴，于是接受了他们，并为他们施洗。后来这些流氓打架，滋事还得到宣教士的保护，使中国人大大反感。后来传教士明白了，不再甘心为虎作伥，但已经惹起中国人不少误会，难以解除。此外，基督教传教士和天主教传教士吵架一事，也带来很坏的影响。在中国人眼中根本不分基督教和天主教的，这实在是很不好的见证。
⑥民族主义的刺激
从1860至1899年间，共有三次的反教高潮：光绪十年(1884)有48宗，光绪廿一年(1895)有60宗，光绪廿四年(1898)有77宗。主要是受当时的中法战争、中日甲午战争、列强瓜分等事件的影响[3] 。

3运动过程编辑
扶清灭洋
1897年，山东冠县梨园屯村民与教堂因历史上的土地纠纷引起冲突。威县梅花拳师赵三多应村民阎书勤等的邀请，前往援助。后赵三多将梅花拳改名为义和拳。1898年6月，山东巡抚张汝梅上奏朝廷，认为义和拳本属乡团，建议“改拳勇为民团”。并明确说义和拳就是“义和团”，在清朝官员中首次提出了“义和团”的概念。同年10月赵三多等人在冠县蒋家庄竖起“扶清灭洋”的旗帜“起义”，遭清军镇压而失败。次年（1899年），山东平原县知县蒋楷镇压义和团，当地义和拳首领李长水请求荏平、高唐等地的义和拳首领朱红灯支援，朱红灯在杠子李庄整齐队伍正式竖起了“天下义和拳兴清灭洋”旗帜。10月11日，蒋楷率领勇役数十人前来镇压，被义和拳打败。这次事件后来被称为“平原起义”。后来清廷加派袁世敦等人前来镇压，在森罗殿战斗中击败义和拳。其后清军游击马金叙活捉义和拳首领朱红灯、心诚和尚等人。当时的山东巡抚是毓贤，他仇视外国侵略者，对民众反洋教斗争比较同情。他罢免了蒋楷、袁世敦等，对义和拳采取剿抚兼施，以抚为主的措施，有说法指出正是毓贤改拳为团，还向朝廷上奏将民教矛盾的责任归结于教会一方。其态度遭到外国敌视，在列强交涉下毓贤被革去职务。但毓贤对义和拳也进行了镇压，在其离职前下令将朱红灯、心诚和尚、于清水等义和团首领杀害。1899年12月，袁世凯代替毓贤署理山东巡抚[4] 。
转入直隶
1899年，袁世凯在济南就任山东巡抚后，对义和团始终持敌对态度，在其任山东巡抚后严格限制义和团的活动，并从1900年6月开始血腥镇压复起的义和团。在山东遭遇不利情况后，义和团开始向直隶等地转移。清政府严禁义和团，先后派出多批军队参与镇压。1900年5月12日，涞水县高洛村发生教案，练军分统杨福同前往弹压。5月22日，数千义和团在石亭设伏击毙杨福同，被称为“涞水大捷”。这次戕官事件使清廷大为震惊。随后的1900年5月27日，直隶中部芦保铁路沿线约3万义和团占据了涿州城，知州龚荫培无计可施，便绝食坐以待毙，这是义和团占据和控制的第一个州城。在此之后，清政府又派出聂士成等参与镇压，与义和团多次交战。但此时直隶地区的义和团运动已呈现出“诛不胜诛”的局面。
列强介入
1899年冬，山东肥城发生英国圣公会传教士卜克斯被杀案件，在西方各国连续抗议后，毓贤被清廷免职。新任巡抚袁世凯带领北洋新军在山东大力镇压义和团。毓贤离职后到北京觐见慈禧太后，向她提出招安义和团；之后获得调任山西巡抚（他在后来的任期内先后亲自下令诱杀、捕杀了超过150名传教士和他们的家眷，参见中华书局1983年版《中国近代史》）。戊戌政变后完全控制朝廷的慈禧，对西方反对她废黜光绪感到十分不满。
建于聂士成殉难处的聂士成像
1900年1月，慈禧不顾西方外交人员的抗议，发布维护义和团的诏令。直隶总督裕禄于是由本来剿灭义和团，转变成扶助义和团。除了向团民发放饷银外，裕禄还邀请义和团的首领大师兄到天津开坛聚众。于是山东的拳民涌入直隶。由天津至涿州、保定都有拳民起坛请神、烧教堂、杀洋人、杀清军、并到处毁坏铁路及电线杆等洋物。涿州知府更被三万名拳民占据。慈禧派军机大臣协办大学士刚毅和顺天府尹赵舒翘到涿州调查。结果刚毅回京后，向慈禧报告“拳民忠贞，神术可用”。朝中庄亲王载勋、端郡王载漪、辅国公载澜亦主抚义和团，向洋人开战。
1900年5月28日，英国全权公使窦纳乐（Claude Maxwell MacDonald 有感使馆区有危险，要求泊在大沽附近的17艘外国战船增援。337名外国水手及陆战队员在1900年5月31日登岸，乘火车于当晚抵京，防卫使馆区另外89名德国及奥国陆战队员在1900年6月3日抵京。
1900年6月9日，慈禧调董福祥的武卫后军进城，驻扎在天坛和先农坛附近。董军中不少士兵参加了义和团。
1900年6月10日，端郡王载漪出任总理各国事务衙门大臣。义和团拳民于同时开始大举入京。最多时北京的拳民超过十万。是日起，北京外国使馆对外通讯断绝。
1900年6月11日，日本驻华使馆书记杉山彬被刚调入京的清兵甘军所杀 ，被开腹剖心。驻天津的各国领使组织二千人的联军，由英国的海军司令西摩尔(Edward Seymour)带领，乘火车增援北京十一国公使馆。因为铁路被拳民破坏，西摩尔受阻于天津城外的杨村、廊坊一带，与清兵及义和团展开战斗不利，退回城中，致使第一次试图解除清兵和义和拳民对公使馆的围困失败。该战事被清政府及义和团认为是一次抗击外敌的重大胜利，并被命名为“廊坊大捷”。
1900年6月13日，义和团进入内城，当天烧毁孝顺胡同亚斯立堂、双旗竿（今外交部街西口外）伦敦会、八面槽（王府井）天主教东堂、灯市口公理会、东四五条西口的美国福音堂、交道口二条长老会、鼓楼西鸦儿胡同长老会、西直门内天主教西堂、西四羊肉胡同基督教堂、石驸马桥安立甘会、宣武门内天主教南堂共11所教堂。有3200名天主教徒逃入（有42名法兵占据）天主教北堂，2000多名基督教徒逃入东交民巷的使馆区。拳民在北京放火烧掉教堂和一切与西洋有关的事物。
1900年6月15日，军机处曾一度传旨，令在任两广总督的李鸿章，及山东巡抚袁世凯速入京。
1900年6月16日，前门一带约千家(一说四千家)商铺因老德记西药房大火而被烧成废墟，正阳门楼、北京24家铸银厂也遭烧毁。拳民同时四处破坏教堂攻击教民，庄王府前大院被当成集体大屠杀的刑场。除了屠杀教民外，义和团更滥杀无辜，诬指许多市民(包括许多妇女小童)为白莲教而烧死戮死，如据当时目击者记载：“乡民适趋市集，七十余人悉絷以来；伪饰优伶冠服儿童戏物，指为白莲教；下刑部一夕，未讯供，骈斩西市。有妇人宁家，亦陷其中，杂诛之，儿犹在抱也”；也有被公报私仇而杀者，如扶持义和团的庄亲王载勋、端郡王载漪的好友副都统神机营翼长庆恒一家大小十三口因被寻仇于七月初被全部杀害。而义和团民的不同派别也互相武斗残杀。义和团、京师禁军和甘军也肆意奸杀妇女，不计其数。除了屠杀奸淫外，义和团及清军也掳掠洗劫商户平民，并将赃物公开拍卖。当时的权贵之家也不能幸免，如吏部尚书孙家鼐、大学士徐桐的家都被抢掠，徐桐(时年八十)更被义和团民拖出批斗。 是日慈禧召开御前会议后，一度发出勒令解散拳民的上谕。
1900年6月17日，联军攻占大沽口炮台。慈禧收到此消息的同时，得到虚假情报，以为外国的要求她归政于光绪。慈禧态度作出一百八十度转变，转为支持义和团及向洋人开战。命刚毅、载漪、载勋、载濂、载澜统领义和团，载勋任步军统领九门提督。[5]
对外宣战
天津的义和拳民众
1900年6月20日，德国驻华公使克林德（Klemens Freiherr von Ketteler）代表各国前去总理衙门要求保护，途中被清兵伏击（由于克林德曾经枪杀义和团众，此次行为被认为是报复）；酿成战争的导火线。
1900年6月21日，清政府以光绪的名义，向英、美、法、德、意、日、俄、西、比、荷、奥十一国同时宣战。
清廷向各国宣战的同时，也悬赏捕杀洋人，规定“杀一洋人赏五十两；洋妇四十两；洋孩三十两”。义和团及朝廷军队围攻各国在北京的使馆。使馆区内被围人数约3,000人，当中约2000 为寻求保护之华人；400人为外国男性平民，147名妇女及76名小童。另有士兵、水兵及陆战队共409人，武装有3挺机枪及四门小口径火炮。各国在准备以武力解救使馆的同时，各使馆筑起防御工事，由英国公使窦纳乐负责指挥抵抗。
1900年6月25日，清廷当权派载漪、载勋、载濂、载滢四兄弟率义和团六十多人直奔瀛台欲弑光绪，被慈禧太后阻止而未果[6] 。

义和团运动时的各国军队(8张)

八国联军侵华
紫禁城内的八国联军
事件最终演变为国际军事冲突，在事件平息之前，约有45,000名来自日本、美国、奥匈帝国、英国（英军中包括英在威海卫训练的由中国人组成的中国兵团）、法国、德国、意大利及俄国的八国联军以及反抗拳乱的中国军队与义和团拳民对战。1900年7月至8月进军北京的联军指挥官是俄国人General Linevitch 。
1900年7月14日，联军占领了天津；直隶总督裕禄兵败后自杀。
1900年7月28日，主和的大臣许景澄及袁昶被清廷处死。
1900年8月4日，联军向北京进逼，沿途并没有遇到真正有力的抵抗。当时沿途的清兵和义和拳民估计有15万之多，而联军总数开始时仅3万多人（后来有所增加）。时值8月，气候炎热而潮湿，加上沿途浓密的玉米地形成天然屏障，为进军增添了种种困难。
德皇威廉2世为德军中国远征军践行[6]
1900年8月11日，清廷处死主和的大臣联元、立山及徐用仪。
1900年8月14日凌晨，联军来到北京城外，经两天的激战，到15日逐步攻占了北京各城门，随即与清军在京城各处展开巷战。
1900年8月16日晚，八国联军已基本占领北京全城。慈禧及皇室在北京陷落之后立即仓皇离开，逃到西安。
八国联军进入紫禁城在美国的历史记载里，称这次军事解除公使馆危机行动为中国解救远征，中国则称之为八国联军侵华战争。
日军绘本：八国联军[6]
在德皇威廉二世的坚持下，瓦德西(Count Waldersee)于8月7日被任为联军总司令。然而瓦德西及德军在联军攻进北京后两个月才到达中国。他们因为热切执行威廉二世1900年7月2日发布的命令：“你们知道，你们面对一个狡猾的、勇敢的、武备良好的和残忍的敌人。假如你们遇到他，记住：不要同情他，不要接收战俘。你们要勇敢地作战，让中国人在一千年后还不敢窥视德国人。”四处掳掠，而备受批评。威廉二世的这段讲话是对5世纪匈奴入侵欧洲的回忆。后来这段话也在第一次世界大战中被英国人借用来贬损他们的德国敌人。
俄国除了与随联军进攻北京外，更另外从南北两路派二十余万人进占中国东北。北路俄军8月攻占黑龙江省城齐齐哈尔，至9月占领吉林省城吉林；南路8月占据营口，10月占领沈阳，不久之后两军会师，占据了东北全境[7] 。 　

东南互保
在清政府尚未向各国宣战时，两江总督刘坤一、湖广总督张之洞、
义和团团民在天津被美军骑6师俘虏
两广总督李鸿章、铁路大臣盛宣怀、山东巡抚袁世凯、闽浙总督许应骙等即商议如何保存东南各省的稳定，避免列强有借口入侵；同时密议盘算倘若北京失守而两宫不测，当由李鸿章作总统支撑局面。清政府向十一国宣战后，刘坤一、张之洞、李鸿章，和闽浙总督许应、四川总督奎俊、山东巡抚袁世凯，即和外国达成地方上的协议，称东南互保。他们称皇室诏令是义和团胁持下的“矫诏、乱命”，在东南各省违抗支持义和团的命令。
而清朝皇室逃往西安途中，就已命令各地官兵剿灭义和团。1900年9月7日，清廷发布上谕，称“此案初起，义和团实为肇祸之由，今欲拔本塞源，非痛加铲除不可”。中外势力的联合导致了义和团运动的失败。同时，清政府派庆亲王奕劻及李鸿章为全权特使，与各国和谈。
余部抵抗
慈禧在出走时发布上谕，将战争的责任推到义和团头上，并命令各地清军予以剿杀。义和团迅猛的发展部分得益于清廷的支持，在清廷态度变化后，许多义和团组织迅速消亡。但也有部分义和团坚持抵抗。刘呈祥
清廷巡铺逮捕的义和团员
带领义和团在天津郊区抵抗侵略军，保定义和团首领周老昆率部在山区坚持战斗，义和团首领郭逢春在广昌与侵略军和官军战斗。侵略军在华北的其它许多地区都遭到当地人民的反抗，只得不停分兵前往镇压。
义和团
义和团事件中，全国各省，主要是华北的直隶、山西，以及内蒙古和东北，普遍发生针对外国人甚至中国基督徒的大规模集体屠杀事件。以下伤亡情况和死亡数字大都根据教会人士的统计，中国官方未有正式史料证实：
据统计，共有241名外国人（天主教传教士53人，新教传教士及其子女共188人，其中儿童53人）、2万多名中国基督徒（天主教18000人，新教5000人）在1900年夏天的屠杀中死亡。
在山西，全省被杀的中国天主教徒计据说有5700余人，新教徒也有数千人，其中以内地会为最多，其他属于公理会，英国浸礼会等。1900年7月9日，在太原巡抚衙门前，巡抚毓贤杀死天主教方济各会传教士12人（意大利籍艾士杰和富格辣2位主教，3位神父、修士，7名修女），新教传教士及其家属子女34人（属于英国浸礼会和寿阳宣教会，其中儿童11人），共计46人。山西是全国仇杀外侨和平居民最多的省份。
在内蒙古，1900年7月19日，清军马队攻进蒙古西南教区主教座堂所在的二十四顷地，村内大批天主教徒被杀，比利时籍的韩默理主教则被“手足合系，贯以竹竿，”然后“以铁索穿肩骨，囚以笼”，到处游街，1900年7月24日，在托克托城被杀。蒙古东部教区则发生滦平县活埋神甫事件。蒙古中部教区除在西湾子（河北崇礼）主教座堂避难的5000多教友外，绝大部分（3200多人）被杀。
在直隶（河北），由于总督裕禄和臬司廷雍的支持，义和团遍及全省各县，该省大批天主教徒（至今该省仍是中国天主教徒最集中的省份）突然面临死亡的威胁，纷纷在各处天主教徒集聚的村庄筑堡垒顽抗。7月20日，陈泽霖率领的清军攻破景州朱家河村，聚集在该村的3000多天主教徒与两神甫，不分男女老幼，尽戮，是1900年一次性死亡人数最多的屠杀事件。朱家河所在的50575名教徒，死亡了5153人，只有献县张庄耶稣圣心主教座堂幸存。保定附近的东闾村集中了9000名天主教徒在此避难，由于击退了4万名义和团的进攻，战后成为北方著名的圣母朝圣地和中国天主教信徒最集中的一个村落。
在奉天（辽宁）被杀的天主教徒有1400多人，其中有1名主教，10名神甫。
在浙江的衢台二州，也发生了集体屠杀事件。湖南衡州和陕西，也发生主教神甫被杀事件。在山东、河南，教堂被毁者占十之七八。
八国联军暴行
八国联军侵华期间，德军、俄军、法军有滥杀、强奸、抢劫、纵火等非人道暴行。
在北京，以樊国梁为首的教士们公然发出“布告”下令天主教徒抢劫，规定抢劫不满50银两的，不用上缴；超过50银两的，应归公集中均分。从8月18月开始，教徒连续抢劫了8天。法国媒体曾刊登回国士兵的陈述：“从北堂我们开向皇宫，修士们跟着我们去，...他们怂恿我们屠杀、抢劫，...我们行抢都是替教士干的。我们奉命在城中为所欲为三天，爱杀就杀，爱拿就拿，实际抢了八天。教士们做我们的向导。我们进一家就随便拿东西，我们把店掌柜抓了当仆役，教士们把抢来的东西，让他们背着运到北堂去了...”。
根据美国作家马克·吐温撰文的揭露，仅在河北任丘县一处，美国基督传教士梅子明(William Ament)以‘用人头抵人头’为口号就杀害了中国无辜农民680人。

Righteousness and regiment exercise
Righteousness and regiment exercise in 19 centuries, is an end is launch by the righteousness and the regiment, main occurrence at north China region, each Chinese social stratum extensively participates of patriotic sport.Because Manchu Court and foreign country invade the consociation of soldier to wring to kill, righteousness and regiment finally fail.The affairs resulted in this time very great influence.The Chinese historiography house is again called"the G son country change" or"eight country allied troops' services"ses to this affairs and also someone devaluate to be called "the boxing be disorderly".Some western nations also use the name(Boxer Rebellion) of "the boxing be disorderly".
Originate Shandong
Because Germany invades behavior in Shandong, make people in Shandong outward the country invade extremely bad impression.As early as 1897 took place huge wild teaching plan and Shandong cruised to fondle Li3 Bing3 Heng2 to be devaluated a job therefore.After this, the people of Shandong's teaching an antinomy has already increase and reduces.In 1897, hat county theater Tun village people in Shandong and church cause conflict because of the historical land dispute.The Wei county plum flower boxer Zhao4 San much frequently waits in response to the village people Yan book of invitation, go to help.Empress Zhao4 San changes name to plum flower boxing more righteousness and boxing.In June, 1898, Shandong cruises to fondle Zhang Ru3 Mei2 to up move imperial government, think righteousness and boxing originally belong country regiment, the suggestion"change a boxing courageously is people's regiment".Combine to definitely say righteousness and boxing are "righteousness and regiment" and put forward the concept of "righteousness and regiment" for the very first time in the officials in Manchu Dynasty.October Zhao4 San much waits for someone at hat county Jiang3 Jia Zhuang to stick out the flag of "hand pure put out ocean" to"start revolution" at the same year and encounter pure soldier suppression but fail.Next year namely in 1899, plain county in Shandong knows a county Jiang3 Kai3 cracks down on righteousness and regiment, local righteousness and boxing leader Li3 Chang2 Shui3 claim Ren even, righteousness and boxing leader of Gao Tang2 Deng3's ground the scarlet light support and the scarlet light formally stuck out "world righteousness and boxing interest pure put out ocean" flag in the Gang tidy troops of sub- Li3 Zhuang.On October 11, Jiang3 Kai3 leads courageously service several people to come suppression, is vanquish by righteousness and boxing.The affairs is afterwards called "the plain start revolution" this time.Afterwards the Manchu Court adds the parties Yuan a life time Dun to wait for someone to come suppression and defeat righteousness and boxing in the Sen the palace the combat.The afterward pure soldier swims shot Ma3 Jin Xu4 to capture alive righteousness and the boxing leader scarlet light, heart truly a monk to wait for someone.The then Shandong's cruising to fondle is that the Yu is wise, he is hostile to a foreign country to invade and teach conflict to the people anti- ocean more sympathetic toward.He recalled Jiang3 Kai3, Yuan a life time Dun...etc. and fondle the righteousness and the boxing Jiao and, take fondle as a lord, there is parlance point out ising exactly that the Yu is wise to change the boxing as regiment.Still move to teach the self-contradict responsibility the people to return knot at the church toward the imperial government one square.Its attitude is regard with hostility by foreign country and negotiate in the great powers Yu's being wise be remove from the office by the Ge to work.But he also carried on suppression to the righteousness and the boxing, issue order before it leave office scarlet light, heart truly monk, kill at clear water's etc..In December, 1899, the Yuan a life time Kai office reason Shandong cruises to fondle.
Extend of war
On June 10, great powers regardless of pure government of obstruct, send the west Mo Er rate a soldier to enter hair toward Peking from Tienjin, there is theory taking this as eight country allied troops to invade the marking of Hua.But many because of along the road railroad have already been destroy by righteousness and regiment, the continuously take the offensive of the righteousness and regiment and sweet soldier add again, the west Mo Er sinks into a predicament at Yang2 Cun, compelled after withdraw, again the on the return journey encounter righteousness and the regiment gallery shop of fight and Nie private become the attack of department, hurt to return to Tienjin to rent boundary on June 26.The west Mo Er said "righteousness and regiment use to establish for the western arms and supplies, then rate allied troops necessarily whole army Fu didn't" when west Mo Er spoke of this time combat.Chinese historiography house call it is "overwhelming victory in the gallery shop".In righteousness and regiment and west Mo Er of gallery shop engage in the meantime, the great powers continues to gather troops, and guard a soldier a bottom to reach an ultimatum toward big Gu fort China on June 16, request to hand over a fort, encounter brush-off.Next day, be apart from the diplomatic note limit of time still differs for 70 minutes, the warship of great powers namely with guard a soldier to hand over fire, guard a military strength war not an enemy, the big Gu lose to the enemy and guard to lift the Ka Shi Ga Er Du brilliance sacrifice.
The pure government outward declares war
Face the great powers Duo Duo pressing situation, the Manchu Court internal lord and fight with lord, main Jiao and lord fondle of rift more serious.The pure government sends Zhao4 Shu to raise on June 5 with is a Ying, send on June 6 resolute and firm go to the Zhuo state"advise to spread" righteousness and regiment, in really investigate a circumstance.The result resolute and firm"dint speech boxing people can Shi", again add it carry Yi etc. bureaucrat of stir up, pure government starts admit righteousness and regiment as legal organization gradually, directly cause 6 beginning of the month righteousnesses and regiment in great quantities get into Peking.Under the situation nervous circumstance, the queen mother of Ci Xi convenes to resist an ex- meeting in a row, and end made is go to the capital with force arrestment allied troops of decision, among them, a decision of importance would be to outward declare war.The reason that the pure government outward declares war is many to say different, but mostly think that the opinion of the queen mother of Ci Xi had a decisive function.The decision that the Manchu Court outward opens hostilities encounters the lord and the parties big minister of vigorous objection, but lord and parties lose support in the conflict, five lords and send big minister Xu3 Jing3 Cheng2, Yuan Chang, Xu2 Yong4 Yi2, sign mountain, allied dollar at afterward the allied troops approach Peking is kill successively.On June 21, the pure government outward "declares war" by the form which releases up the Yu.At this time be apart from a big Gu have already lose to the enemy for four days.
The Manchu Court declared war an imperial enactment and nominated to declare war toward He2 Guo2, would also declare war a message to deliver to a foreign diplomatic corps, in the war, Manchu Dynasty and great powers always keep a diplomacy relation.Past someone think the Manchu Court declares war have merely empty fame, only is 1 to mobilize to make.
Lay siege to legation
Lin2 De2 is after kill then become the target for attackstone in the foreign legation of Peking from the gram.Manchu Court's laying siege to move of legation is also 1 to endless debatablely hang a case.At that time at pure soldier and righteousness and regiment of Peking for according to guarded legation area and the west Shi foreign troops of the database bema to contain overwhelming advantage, but always can'ted capture.This relates to the actual decision maker Ci Xi queen mother of the pure government, she for herself stay enoughly, be not willing to with all strength take the offensive legation.Pure soldier many times stop take the offensive legation and also send to the vegetable and watermelon of rice, noodles, full car toward the legation.Lay siege to legation had been keep on till Peking is offend by the allied troops to sink, the French minister lefts for the west Shi database church to call on a Fan beam bishop of country after break siege, they"with each other celebrate remaining years, embrace each other for the gift".
Righteousness and regiment blindness enemy kill to teach a people
Because the great powers invade of deepen, and part of unprogressive parties bureaucrat of manipulate, parts of righteousnesses and regiment lose rational, carried on to the western culture general reject, among them, the biggest tragedy would be to kill to the blindness enemy which teaches a people
(The following data leads 100 sections from the Wei Ji)
In righteousness and regiment affairs, each province of whole country is to north China keep bemainly long to, mountain west, and Inner Mongolia and northeast, the widespread occurrence aims at foreigner the large-scale genocidal affairs of Chinese Christian even.Following dead and injured circumstance and death numeral mostly according to the church personage's covariance, the Chinese authorities didn't have a formal historical data confirmation: According to the covariance, if totally there are 241 Christians(the Catholic be 18000 people, Protestantism 5000 people) with Chinese foreigners(Catholic missionary 53 people, Protestantism missionary and its sons and daughters be total 188 people, among them 53 child), more than 20,000s, the death is in the massacre of 1900 summer.
At the mountain west, whole provinceses are kill of the Chinese Catholic account to it is said more than 5700 person, the protestant also has several thousand people, among them with hinterland would be most, other belong to justice meeting, British Baptist Church etc..On July 9, at too at first cruise to fondle Ya before the door, cruise to fondle Yu wise kill Catholic a square to help each meeting the missionary be 12 people(Italian book moxa private's hero and rich space 2 hot bishops, 3 fathers, monk, 7 nuns), Protestantism missionary and it is 34 sons and daughters(belong to British Baptist Church and life sun to preach religion meeting, among them 11 child) of family members and add up to 46 people.The mountain west is a national enemy to kill foreign resident peace residents in the most province.
At Inner Mongolia, July 19, the pure destrier brigade offends hall place into the Mongolia southwest diocese bishop of 24 just, the large quantity in the village the Catholic be kill, Han2 Mo4 of the Belgian book manages a bishop then drive"the brothers match to fasten, the Guan is with the bamboo pole, " then"wear a shoulder bone by iron cable, the jailbird is with the cage", swim street everywhere, July 24, is give a gram to give city to be kill.The Mongolia eastern diocese then takes place the Luan even county to bury alive absolute being affairs just.Mongolia central diocese in addition to at west gulf son(the river north Chong gift) bishop the hall seek refuge of more than 5000 fellow believer, the overwhelming majority(more than 3200 person) are kill.
The Catholic, who is kill in the Mukden(Liaoning), has more than 1400 persons, have a bishop among them, 10 absolute being just.
The Qu pedestal that is in Zhejiang is two states and also genocidal affairs happenned.Heng state in Hunan and Xia west also bishop's absolute being happen to be just killed affairs.At Shandong, river south, the church is ruined to share ten it 78.
The southeast with each other protects
The southeast with each other protected to really protect the fruit of the southeast economic development of each province capitalism at that time, in really wise raise.The officials of south everyplace all clearly know the is exploited by Manchu Court of"exercise" oneself fantastic property and may bring of huge bane, richer and populous southern region officials obviously would not like to be toghter dragged along watering by the Manchu Court, hence adopt to boycott with ambiguous attitude towards send army widespreadly.This also reflects to settle a court to gradual economy alignment modern age turn of the south has already started to be out of control, this also actually is future the "southern independence in each province" and Manchu Dynasty collapse of omen.
The Tienjin protects a war
After the big Gu lose to the enemy, pure soldier and righteousness and regiment outward the country invaded a soldier to carry on aggressive holdout, righteousness and the regiment leader Cao blessing farmland and Zhang De2 to become etc. lead righteousness and regiment to get into attack in Tienjin to invade a soldier and keep belong to governor of province Yu the Lu mutually treat by gift.Righteousness and regiment carried on the war that the old group leader train station fight war and purple bamboo grove under the pure soldier help.Keep belong to governor of province Yu the Lu also speaks of the merit of righteousness and regiment in move the chapter.But in the meantime allied troops also at quick strengthen troops.On July 9, the Japan's Imperial Army take the offensive Chuang in Ji's house, defeat righteousness and regiment, then attack from both flanks Nie a private with other allied troops to become, Nie private become the department fail because of the few can not fight the many.The Nie private become in eight inside the set die for country.
After Nie private becomes sacrifice, Ma3 Yu4 Kun waits a pure soldier and will get the attitude variety toward the righteousness and the regiment.Ma3 Yu4 Kun's department let boxing people Chong vanguard, but is behind killing a boxing with gun a people.For example in July 9 day and night, strike against combat of rent the boundary in"Hua soldier at after, righteousness and regiment fore, match to offend to rent boundary;The ocean soldier opens a row gun to resist it, early dawn but, account to bomb to die righteousness and regiment more than 2,000s ……the boxing be many to hold to go before the knife, the ocean soldier opens fire to bombard, and the ex- row has already die;At the latter, the government troops namely uses to shoot dead.Past is Xi boxing many deads such of many, not all the ocean soldier kill".Sung which afterwards arrives Tienjin celebrates "meet regiment to namely kill" also.The result is "half day outside tree ensign inside the city establish an altar all spread go to" and consumedly weakenned own strength.But allied troops at work well full preparation after launch to Tienjin always to offend on July 13.Through the bloody battle, the allied troops blast open a city wall to offend into the city on July 14 under the instruction of the traitor of China and Tienjin lose to the enemy.The allied troops establish "all all Ya door" to carry on colonizing governance to Tienjin.
Sand Russia invades northeast
The parties soldier attends eight country allied troops to invade north China, besides which, ， sand Russia also sends a troops to invade our country northeast, since July, the cent south of Russia troops of the sand north two roadses distinctly invade northeast region, finally offend to sink iron Ling on October 6 and east three provinces subjugate.Sand Russia return on July 17~21 made bubble and river's east of the sea orchid is 64 Tun murder cases, massacre large quantity Chinese civilian.Face invade of sand Russia, the Chinese armed forces and people strive holdout, the Ai Hun is all vice- generally, the Han soldier inset yellow Manchu Yang2 Feng4 to soar to fight hard sacrifice, general life mountain in Heilongjiang suicide.People in northeast everyplace attend six match boxing and loyalty volunteer army to wait various anti- Russia organization, determinedly resist aggression a soldier.
Suburb Zu shot in the city fight
On August 4, the allied troops start taking the offensive toward Peking.But pure soldier and righteousness and regiment are in Tienjin then lose to the enemy keep of ex- break out of to belong to under the governor of province Yu Lu conductor in the north camalig a take Zu shot allied troops.On August 5, the allied troops offend to sink a north camalig, and make track for the shot pure soldier to Yang2 Cun, August 6, the pure soldier once more loses war, Yu Lu suicide.
Have already allowed Li3 Bing3 Heng2 who inspect the navy in Yangtze River big minister to lead troops into"frequently king" in the city before north camalig lose to the enemy, and is definitely opposing with the meeting main force of the queen mother of Ci Xi and foreign argument with.Hence eight country allied troops capture Ci Xi in the Forbidden City to send its rate soldier to resist allied troops, Li3 Bing3 Heng2 leads each province frequently Wang2 Jun with 3,000 righteousnesses and regiment at August 6 sunrises hair, arrive a river west duty on August 9, stand opposite with allied troops for a day, the various soldier defeat, and Li3 Bing3 Heng2 also commits suicide to die for country.
Peking lose to the enemy
On August 13, the allied troops enter to arrive the bottom of city in Peking, the dawn of August 14, 1900, eight country the allied troops launch to Peking always to offend, and offend to break east to keep, dynasty sun, east then, wide each door of dike get into Peking and Dong3 Fu2 Xiang2's sweet soldier and righteousness and regiment insist holdout, the contemporaries calls the war"most for strive, only one soldier of Dong3 Fu2 Xiang2" in Peking.The Ci Xi sees certainly far from good at this time, hence lead emperor, Long Yu empress...etc. and parts of princes and dukeses, eunuch in Guangxu to appear lost in thought martial door west to escape at morning on the 15th.The allied troops continue to take the offensive Peking and after street fighting offend to sink Peking on the 16th.The great powers establishes committee in management Peking to carry on governance to Peking on December 10.Peking loses to the enemy to also symbolize righteousness and regiment to exercise to fail.
不好意思,有个别地方没能翻译出,省略了.

Brief Introduction for the Boxer Rebellion and the reasons for their failure.

Is the end of the Qing Dynasty, from Shandong, Zhili (now Hebei) in the vicinity of the villagers in self-defense group for the protection of assets in order to help each other of 'justice' Wo Hop from the boxing and social organizations to teach the door. Zhao, including more than 3 "will Meihuaquan," White Lotus left branches of the "Big", Xi Guan Red Fist "Fukui 18," Quan Chi Pingxian 800 and a number of people learning boxing.

Shandong these areas will be civil society, through lesson plans Caozhou after learning some of the Fist of God to fight groups such as "Tie Bushan," "golden" and the Eight Diagrams Hongjin Inner Mongolia to teach the "Mission Hom word," Huang Jin Meng " Mission dry words, "wear black" words against the group ", composed of young women," Hong Dengzhao, "the widow of the composition of the" Qing Deng as "beggars and the composition of the elderly," according to casserole, "and so on, eventually evolve into hate Christians and foreigners co-organized by the Ching court officials permission to become a legitimate militia. Early boxing organizations will be fine-sounding name Boxer, in Jiaqing, prohibited by the above law.

Reasons for the failure of the Boxer Rebellion:

Subjectively:

① is a spontaneous mass events has not advanced class leadership, there is no scientific theory;

② up with blindness, lack of purpose;

③ not form a close-knit organization, just "a leaflet, 1,000 Poly-li";

④ use of the means of superstition, with a strong feudal backwardness;

⑤ clear understanding of feudal rule, the performance of the limitations of the peasant class.

Objective: the joint Chinese and foreign reactionary forces powerful.

Lessons: As the farmers are small producers, is not representative of the advanced productive forces, advanced theory, can not be made to reflect the historical development of the law of that right. That is, because of the limitations of age and class, a simple peasant war of the Democratic Revolution can not be achieved victory.

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盐山县13362708278： 义和团失败原因!!!!!! - ？
阿怡肌苷： 义和团运动的失败是必然的,原因有三: 1.义和团不同于太平天国,组织性不强,没能设立具体的领导方针和领导思想.另外,义和团没有具体信仰,中国历代多以儒教思想为信仰,太平天国也是用了基督...

盐山县13362708278： 义和团运动失败的原因是什么? - ？
阿怡肌苷： 失败原因:①主观上:a.是自发的群众性活动,没有先进的政党领*导,没有科学理论指导;b.行动上具有盲目性,缺乏目的性;c.没有严密的组*织形式;d.义和团提出的“扶清灭洋”,容易放松对清统*治者的警惕,也带有盲目排外性质,表现了农*民阶*级的局限性.②客观上:中外势力联合力量强大.(5)既没有科学的指导思想、也没有坚强的领*导核心、更没有严格的纪律,而且还被统*治阶*级迷惑,上当受骗,在加上中外反*动势力的联合镇*压,义和团的失败是必然的.

盐山县13362708278： 义和团运动的性质是什么?特点是什么?有什么意义?失败原因是什么?有什么经验教训? - ？
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盐山县13362708278： 义和团失败的原因及其意义 - ？
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盐山县13362708278： 求老师解答:义和团运动失败的原因 - ？
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阿怡肌苷： 义和团失败的主要原因是由于清政府和帝国主义列强的联合绞杀 才导致义和团运动的失败

盐山县13362708278： 义和团运动是怎样失败的? ？
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盐山县13362708278： 义和团运动的起因是什么? ？
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