北京故宫的简单画法
宋 李公麟 五马图
纸本水墨 29.5cmx225cm 日本东京末次三次私人收藏
此画分五段描绘北宋元佑初年西域边地进献给皇帝的五匹名马,每匹马左侧有黄庭坚题笺,分别说明马的年龄、身高、进贡年月等。
不过现存《五马图》只有四马题笺。前四匹为“凤头骢”、“好头赤”、“锦膊骢”、“照夜白”,第五匹无名,应是“满川花”。每匹马前面均有一牵马人。卷后有黄庭坚赞誉李公麟的跋。此画中的马及牵马人,均是画家根据真实对象写生创作的。
画作笔线遒劲秀雅,淡墨晕染精妙,表现五匹毛色状貌各不相同的马,或静止,或缓步徐行,比例准确,神完气足。苏轼喜李公麟画之马甚矣,在其《三马图赞并引》赞叹道:“龙眠胸中有千驷,不惟画肉兼画骨。”
李公麟擅长白描,
大部分作品都是直接画在纸上,不施色彩。
《五马图》中的“照夜白”
就充分体现了他的白描画法之妙。
整匹马仅靠几条线来表现,
腹、背、臀、胸的线条
依着马体的结构浓淡起伏,圆劲而有弹性。
鬃毛和马尾的笔法如行云流水、文秀飘逸,
使马的气韵显得十分超逸脱俗。
凤头骢
锦膊骢
好头赤
照夜白
满川花
李公麟《五马图》 26.9×204.5cm
珂罗版藏于北京故宫博物院图书馆
这幅画在清宫珍藏200多年,末代皇帝溥仪退位后,以赏赐溥杰的名义盗运出宫,曾为日本东京末次三次私人收藏,战后不知所踪,目前我国仅存珂罗版
相传,有一次骐骥院中来了几匹西域进贡的宝马,个个健美挺拔、生气盎然。徽宗爱惜良马,便命令专人饲养。李公麟一如既往地来此画马,见到新来的胡马,激动不已,便大笔一挥,洋洋洒洒地在画布上描绘出良马的神色。
然而,画成后,马却死了。人们揣测因为李公麟的马画得太逼真,把活马的精魄摄去了。这则消息不胫而走,李公麟的名声也越来越大。
以致后来管御马的小吏见了李公麟就紧张,生怕他来画马,又把马给画死了。小官吏没有办法,最后只得编个说辞来诓李公麟:“你对马这样着迷,恐怕将来自己也会变成马哩!我劝你以后不要再画马了。”
除了绘画,李公麟还是个官员。在苏东坡和王安石闹党争的时候,他既非新党又非旧党,但却能与苏东坡和黄庭坚保持良好的关系,实为难能可贵。
《苏轼诗选》里面就有《戏书李伯时画御马好头赤》和《次韵黄鲁直画马试院中作》,“山西战马饥无肉,夜嚼长稭如嚼竹。蹄间三丈是徐行,不信天山有坑谷。”可见,他们之间的友谊已经超出一般的官场交往,而是至交了。不仅如此,在李公麟的画作上常常可以看到二人的题字。
《五马图》是李公麟的传世真迹,虽然本幅上并无他的署款和印记,但是却有他的好友黄庭坚的笺题和后跋为保证。
此画南宋时由内府收藏;元、明两代,由柯九思、张霆发等人收藏;到清代康熙年间,流落在河南商丘宋荦家;乾隆时,《五马图》入清宫;到清末,由于时局动荡,《五马图》悄然离开故土,流散日本至今。
黄庭坚 跋《李公麟五马图》 行书纸本 27×19.8cm
释文: 余尝评伯时人物似南朝诸谢中有边幅者,然中朝士大夫多叹息伯时当在台阁,仅为善画所累。余告之曰:伯时丘壑中人,暂热之声名,傥来之轩冕,殊不汲汲也。殊不汲汲也。此马驵骏,颇似吾友张文潜笔力,瞿昙所为识鞭影者也。黄鲁直书。
《五马图》画的是西域进献给宋廷的五匹骏马,分别为凤头骢、锦膊骢、好头赤、照夜白和满川花,每匹马均有奚官牵引。三人为西域装束,两人为汉人打扮。人马造型准确,均以单线勾出,线条概括洗炼,流畅而含蓄,马的神采矍奕,人物衣冠不同,神情各异。
至于马的来历,《宋史·哲宗纪》有简要记载:“元祐三年……是岁,三佛齐、于阗、西南蕃入贡”。此三国中,只有于阗产花马,《五马图》中的花马“满川花”便来自此处。令人遗憾的是,黄庭坚在后跋中写道,当李公麟完成“满川花”的写照后,这匹名马不久又死掉了,“盖神骏精魄,皆为伯时笔端取之而去”。这虽是一种巧合,却表达了黄庭坚对李公麟艺术的高度评价。
苏轼62岁所书《三马图赞》(残卷)
前半部分已佚现藏故宫博物院
释文:下礼部。轼时为宗伯,判其状云:朝廷方却走马以粪,正复汗血,亦何所用?事遂寝。于时兵革不用,海内小康,马则不遇矣,而人少安。轼尝私请于承议郎李公麟,画当时三骏马之状,而使鬼章青宜结效之,藏于家。
绍圣四年三月十四日,轼在惠州,谪居无事,阅旧书画,追思一时之事,而叹三马之神骏,乃为之赞曰:吁鬼章,世悍骄。奔贰师,走嫖姚。今在廷,服虎貂。效天骥,立内朝。八尺龙,神超遥。若将西,燕昆瑶。帝念民,乃下招。籋归云,逝房妖。
“五马”中的另一匹于阗花马“凤头骢”的来历也有一段故事。在苏东坡的《三马图赞》中写道,元祐初年(1086年),哲宗下令关闭玉门关,并答谢众位将领。
太师文彦博、宰相吕大防、范纯仁派遣众人前往。至熙河,当地的少数民族官员主动请缨,生擒猾羌大首领鬼章青宜结。战功赫赫,于是文武百官都来朝贺,又遣使者去永裕陵祭祀先皇。
此时,于阗国前来朝贺,进贡了宝马――“凤头骢”。此马高八尺,龙首凤膺、虎脊豹章。走入天驷监后,振鬣长鸣,万马皆喑。京城的百姓都没见过这样的奇马,纷纷前来瞻仰,引起一时热闹。
宋 李公麟 临韦偃牧放图
绢本设色 46.2cmx429.8cm 北京故宫藏
母本系唐代韦偃的作品,是李公麟奉旨而摹,共画了1286匹马和143个人。全卷气势如虹,起首雄壮刚劲,渐趋柔和平缓,构图从密集紧凑渐成疏松流畅,敷色精细而无华丽之气,画风清雅,淳朴温润。
在《临韦偃放牧图》中,李公麟出色地描绘出了当时皇室苑囿中牧放的马群。作为马背上的民族建立起来的朝代,“唐人极重马政,各苑俱以百千万计,偃盖写当年苑中放牧之景”。
这幅长卷从右向左展开,在高低不平的土坡和无垠的平原间,牧者驱赶着大群马匹蜂拥而来,马嘶人叫,热闹异常;中段以后,马群逐散开成组,各自活动,有的低头、有的嬉戏、有的饮水、有的奔跑,姿态各异,情趣盎然。整幅作品中,共计1200多匹马,栩栩如生、洋洋大观。
从总体看,宋代绘画从笔墨到风格样式都呈多样化,但是有两种比较大的风格旨趣始终贯穿于整个宋代画坛,此消彼长且相互纠葛直至后世,即院体画风和文人画风。
宋代文人画家们的志趣所指多在花草和山林,多涉足花鸟山水,人物画则显得冷清。但是一个不争的事实是,文人画的思潮却渗透和影响到各个画种,包括人物画。
李公麟
(1049-1106)
北宋著名画家。字伯时,号龙眠居士。舒州(今安徽舒城人)。神宗熙宁三年进士,历泗州录事参军,以陆佃荐,为中书门下后省删定官、御史检法。
好古博学,长于诗,精鉴别古器物。尤以画著名,凡人物、释道、鞍马、山水、花鸟,无所不精,时推为“宋画中第一人”。李公麟因风痹致仕,归居龙眠山庄,自作《山庄图》,为世所宝。传世作品有《五马图》《维摩诘图》等。
摄“马”精魄 不死不休
宋代是中国绘画的最高峰,画院制度的确立开启了中国“士人画”的新高潮。作为“宋画第一”,李公麟的声誉随着他笔下的骏马而蜚声朝野。这位21岁就考中进士的画坛“怪杰”,在他31年的仕途生涯中,始终保持着旺盛的创作力。
在编辑《宣和画谱》时,仅宫廷收藏的李公麟画作就达107件。直到晚年卧病在床时,李公麟仍然信手在被子上画来画去。
李公麟善于学习,走“传统”与“造化”兼师的路线,而尤以“造化”为重。在渊源家学的基础上,他广泛学习前辈画家顾恺之、陆探微、韦偃、韩幹等人的画作,又能“青出于蓝而胜于蓝”,突破前人的束缚,“大率学韩幹,略有增损”。最终,李公麟的绘画功力在骏马上得到完美体现。
苏东坡有云:“龙眠(李公麟号龙眠居士)胸中有千驷,不唯画肉兼画骨。”称赞的便是李公麟。无论是奔跑在原野上的野马,还是局促在马厩中的贡马,抑或是战场上奋勇杀敌、不畏前险的军马,在李公麟的笔下都显得熠熠生辉。
李公麟高超的画马成就来自对生活的细致观察和对技巧的纯熟锻炼。他喜画马,除了向传统学习之外,还经常去“骐骥院”观察御马,“终日纵观,至不暇与客语”。
所以他不但对于马的形状和姿势知道得很清楚,就连马的生活习性也都非常熟悉,因此李公麟年轻时就以画马出名,为人所喜爱。
维摩居士像 绢本水墨 91.5cmx51.3 京都国立博物馆藏
此图为临仿李公麟作品。画中的维摩诘以老年居士的形象出现,头戴巾子,袒胸露怀,手握拂尘。虽似病入膏肓,却目光如炬,足以震慑观者。床的后侧站立着天女彷佛作散花之姿。维摩诘表情沉稳,衣饰床榻用线细腻而洗练,笔墨严谨而协调,也显示出李公麟母本画作的白描画功底。
李公麟,字伯时,祖籍安徽舒州。因安庆桐城郊外有一龙眠山,李公麟晚年告老,曾居于山下,才自号龙眠居士或龙眠山人。李公麟家富收藏,多得名画,无所不有。
《宣和画谱》言其“博学精识,用意至到,凡所目睹,即领其要”,又道“凡古今名画,得之则必临摹”而至“集众所善。以为己有”。
他早年师法吴道子,一方面其画不失吴生的造型精准和笔墨的严谨,而当然的不免有过于板刻,拘于形模。米芾说:“以李尝师吴生,终不能去其气”。
吴道子在唐朝也好,宋代也好,还未被纳入文人画的范畴,而自唐以降,吴道子被诸家诸派争相学习,过度解释,早已流俗化和民间化。
而又极度重视文人意趣的米芾,看到的自然不是吴道子画中优秀的那一部分,流俗也好,板刻也好,恰恰是去文人画之气,正是他们当时力求打破和克服的。
李公麟生就一个典型的文人士大夫,二十二岁考中进士后,一生历任各种官职,其志向却不在官场,而是山林。《宣和画谱》载其“从仕三十年,未尝一日忘山林,访名园阴林,坐石临水,翁然终日”,平日结交往来的又都是苏轼黄庭坚等学术大咖,不管从自身的主观趣向,还是外在环境浸染,区区一个“吴生之气”怎会困住李公麟。
维摩演教图 纸本水墨 34.6cmx207.5cm 北京故宫藏
这是根据《维摩诘所说经》创作的人物故事画。画维摩诘与文殊师利论辨的情景。画作运笔既有变化,又富实感。衣纹稠密流畅,圆劲中有顿挫。领口、袖边及发髻皆施以淡墨,神将铠钾和座榻纹饰一丝不苟。为传世人物画中的佳作。
该图卷后有明人沈度、董其昌和王稺登跋语。关于这幅画的作者归属,徐邦达先生就提出:此图白描画法流利精致,为宋人佳作,未必是李公麟所画。也有专家认为是元人画。传世的李公麟作品风格多样,水平高低不一,真伪混杂。
正如王稺登所言:“李伯时人品画法名重当世,故一时效之者众,鱼目夜光,慧眼自辨”。《五马图》和《摹韦偃牧放图》为历代鉴赏家公认的李公麟代表作。
对照二图《维摩演教图》在技法上明显逊色,笔墨简洁含蓄不足,当是师承李公麟的白描人物画,或是《维摩诘图》的摹本。类似作品在明清人的著录书中多有记载。
后人把这类画不加筛辨全都挂在李公麟名下,凡白描人物皆李公麟绘矣。但此图又不同于元代何澄、王振鹏、张渥等人的白描画法。因此将该图定为宋人画是恰当的。
首先,根据舒城县诗词协会会长宋志发编著的《北宋画家李公麟》一书的资料显示,李公麟不仅是“官员画家”,更是诗文兼长的文人。
王安石、苏轼、苏辙、黄庭坚、晁补之、米芾、秦观、僧仲殊、蔡肇、张文潜等同时代著名文豪诗霸皆对他诗文赞唱,仅苏轼写给他的诗文赫然近40首(篇)之多,这在苏轼是绝无仅有的,且名句叠出,如“东坡虽是湖州派,竹石风流各一时。
前世画师今姓李,不妨还作辋川诗。”(《次韵子由题憩寂图后》)“心似已灰之木,身如不系之舟。闻汝平生功业,黄州惠州儋州。”(《自题金山画像》)“古来画师非俗士,妙想实与诗同出。龙眠居士本诗人,能使龙池飞霹雳。”(《次韵吴传正枯木歌》)“观此图者,易直子谅之心油然生矣。笔迹之妙,不减顾、陆。至第十八章,人之所不忍者,独寄其仿佛。非有道君子不能为,殆非顾、陆之所及。”黄庭坚亦有大量吟咏,如:“李侯画隐百僚底,初不自期人误知。戏弄丹青聊卒岁,身如阅世老禅师。”(《咏李伯时摹韩幹三马次苏子由韵简伯时兼寄李德素》)足见,李公麟当时不类于其他职业画家的文人身份所引发的“重视”,李公麟在他的《跋〈阎立本西域图〉》可佐证他的士夫文心:“岂得不通官籍,直呼画师?以至丹青之誉,非辅相之才。丹青固不足以辅相,而所以为辅相,乃不在丹青。”进士出身的他,史载中是否就是“学历”最高的非职业画家的绘画大师呢?
然而,一个特殊现象,李公麟尽管绘画地位很高、技艺超群,却一直不怎么走红,甚至一度受到轻视。其中原因众说纷芸,依我所见,处于向“完整完善版”的文人画过渡的李公麟绘画恰恰被兴盛壮大起来的文人画大潮所打压,他身后“寂寞”的“罪魁祸首”竟然就是越来越大写意化的文人画阵营。于是,婉辞王安石推荐担任翰林书画院待诏的李公麟总是不免有皇家画院院体画家之嫌,而事实或许不这么简单。
董逌《广川画跋》评李公麟:“伯时于画,天得也,常以笔墨为游戏,不立寸度,放情荡意,遇物则画,初不计其妍蚩得失。
至其成功,则无毫发遗恨。此殆进技乎道,而天机自张者耶!”可知后来李公麟的画作着意不在于外物,而是呈现立意在先放情荡意的倾向和情趣。
李公麟尝自述道:“吾为画,如骚人赋诗,吟咏性情而已,奈何世人不察,徒欲供玩好耶!”这样全然开脱的放任,已远过苏轼的文人画思想。这种放然的绘画主张,不得不说是同时也受佛家禅学的影响。邓椿提过李公麟“学佛悟道,深得微旨”。
再者,李公麟宣扬的佛法孝道忠节之类的作品,如《维摩演教图》、《孝经图》、《女孝经图》、《君明臣良图》、《忠节图》、《临顾恺之女史箴图》等具有教化意义,在当时属于“主旋律”。主旋律作品以超一流艺术表现思想、表现手法创作并得以千百载流传,难道对今天的主旋律画家创作没有一点启迪与勉励?
上世纪五六七十年代的中国画坛涌现过不少可圈可点的主旋律画家的主旋律作品,如钱松喦的《红岩》至今被人津津乐道,最关键的就是思想、技艺结合得高度完美,否则便不会赢得好评,遑论传世。及此,不能不提焕发墨线魅力的李公麟白描的出神入化。
西岳降灵图 绢本水墨 26.5cmx513.7cm 北京故宫藏
此作传为李公麟摹吴道子之壁画。卷尾署名贺方回的题跋,说李公麟十分珍爱唐代李将军的西岳庙壁画粉本,临摹而有此作,画的是西岳大帝下临凡间出游巡猎的场景。
西岳大帝。西岳大帝是道教体系中的华山之神,为五岳大帝之一,职掌五金陶铸坑治,兼羽禽飞鸟之事。五行中西方属金,白色,所以画面虽然不着一色,可以想象西岳大帝是穿白袍、乘白马的。西岳大帝不仅骑着骏马高高在上、气宇庄严,形态也比旁人大出一圈。
白描自“画圣”顾恺之开派,到了李公麟这里登峰造极,“宋画第一”的美誉即仰仗其白描艺术所赐。“白描以单线勾勒塑造对象,不用色彩渲染,所以也称‘白画’。由于李公麟发挥了白描的丰富表现力,也使白描成了一个独立的画种。
就此而言,李公麟无疑是中国画史上一个重要的里程碑。元代大书画家赵孟頫称李公麟为‘白描之祖’,虽然不是很准确,但也不是没有道理的。”(陈祥明)李公麟笔下的人物、鞍马、佛陀、器皿、鱼龙白描,形神相顾,气韵清空,深刻影响了元明清时期一些重量级人物画家以及绣像版画。
近几年,无论学院抑或民间,隐约闪现私淑白描画法的高人,奉读其作,每有惊叹之喜。基于弘扬中国画传统的职责,安徽省书画院院长刘廷龙、安徽省美术理论研究会副会长兼秘书长王永敬(本次李公麟学术研讨会发起者)等呼吁加强对李公麟“士夫”文人绘画艺术的全方位观照研究,并希望舒城县政府方面采取切实有效的举措,打造好李公麟这张含金量甚高的艺术大家品牌,使得李公麟现象成为安徽新安画派之外又一个熠熠生辉的亮点。
装饰豪华美丽的牛车成功地引起了沈从文先生的注意和研究。在沈先生的考证中,第一辆为长檐金犊车,且“驾车用二牛背加锦鞯为仅见”。
金犊车是对牛车的美称,典故出自《世说新语》,东晋丞相王导家拉车的小黄牛蹄角莹洁如玉,价值千金,故称金犊牛。长檐就是牛车上一个长长的罩檐棚顶。
车上还有六根挑杆支成的木架,便于在雨雪酷暑时撑起幔布,在恶劣天气时保护车棚、驾车人和牲口。
在古代牛车的形制的装饰都是有等级的,像图中这样华丽的牛车可是“诸王三公”才能乘坐的。第二辆车仅可见靠前部分覆瓦状车篷和牛,也属于长檐车形。
第三辆车可见完整的“喇叭口型”棚顶,是唐代十分流行的形制。
冯巩也来当群演
白莲社图卷 纸本水墨 34.9cmx1254.8cm 辽宁博物馆藏
此图流传过程中一直被目为李公麟所作,近人经研究始定为李公麟外甥张激之笔。描述东晋慧远法师于庐山东林寺白莲结社的故事。
全图共分七段,绘十二僧七士共十九贤,利用树石泉桥而自成段落。人物衣纹以兰叶描法为主,刚健流畅如行云流水,形象栩栩如生。
慧远法师与陆修静在虎溪桥旁握手笑谈
墨顺法师与宗少文手拿执杖在林间徜徉
有大猫
普济大师盘坐,轻依扶手讲经,道敬、雷仲伦、墨诜围在一旁听经
周道祖、道昺、云常在普贤菩萨像前捧经颂佛
佛驮耶舍与跋罗陁对坐
刘仲思、张秀硕、惠永、惠特、惠睿围于石研讨佛经
东林寺有一座莲花池,于是指花为名,命名为白莲社
白莲社图卷 纸本水墨 30.2cmx593.1cm 美国大都会艺术博物馆藏。
另一个版本的白莲社图,该画笔法油俗,用笔轻飘恣睢,不到宋人水平,更不会是李公麟作品。描绘白莲社成员的活动情景的《莲社图》历来诸多名家描绘之,后又几乎全归在李公麟名下,鱼龙混杂。
本卷中的人物包括谢灵运、陶渊明、陆修靖、慧远法师、刘遗民、张诠、慧永法师、慧睿法师、慧持法师、雷次宗、释昙诜法师、竺道生、释道敬法师、耶舍尊者、跋陀罗尊者、宗炳、周续之、张野、释昙恒法师、释昙顺法师、释昙昺法师等二十来人。
民国蔡乃煌行书跋
明皇击球图卷 纸本水墨 32.1cmx523.2cm 辽宁博物馆藏
这幅画描绘唐玄宗打马球的场景。位于画面正中的这个人就是李隆基,骑一骏马,神情专注。围在他身边的这些人有的头戴官帽,有的头上插着簪花,手持球杆,和皇帝争抢着地上的小球。画上无作者款印,后有明傅著、吴乾、董其昌、年羹尧的题跋。
流传中一直被目为李公麟所作,从画风判断应是南宋人所画。画中人物的衣纹,大抵是沿用李公麟的“高古游丝描”来刻绘,笔法细厉,墨法精微,不是李公麟画格,但仍不失佳作。画面布局疏密有致,线条流畅。画中人物姿态各异,静中有动,富于变化。
这居然有年羹尧大将军的题跋,难得难得
而细究之下,如《五马图》中人物马匹的描绘终究算不上“以笔墨为游戏”,不论是人物的造型生态或者笔墨的运用都相当严谨而出彩,再者《宣和画谱》赞其画“至于动作态度,颦伸俯仰,大小美恶,与夫东西南北之人才分点,画尊卑贵贱,咸有区别”,“所画狗马鹰隼,器服人物一一皆世间所有,精致绝伦,有目者率能辨之”。
如此不一而足,这应是李公麟画格的一个重要方面,而非将其看作是一般的文人墨戏那样。正所谓苏轼之言:“有道有艺,有道而不艺,则物虽形于心,不形于手”。
李公麟外在的手法技艺上能达到吴生的水准,但没有停留在这一层面,他的审美境界已过吴生远矣——“创意处如吴生,潇洒处如王维”,既可摭前辈精绝处又不一味蹈袭前人。
在北宋时代大背景下,可视为由院体的严谨工致而提升至文人气逼格的潇洒和自在。
商山四皓会昌九老图 纸本水墨 30.7cmx238cm 辽宁博物馆藏。
此幅图是由《会昌九老图》和《商山四皓图》合并起来的,叙述的是二个故事,描绘秦末高士东园公、甪里、绮里季和夏黄公四人避乱隐居中商山的故事,以及唐朝时,由胡杲、吉玫、刘贞、郑据、卢贞、张浑、白居易、李元爽、禅僧如满等九位七十岁以上的友人在洛阳龙门之东的香山结成“九老会”之故事。
四皓、九老或观棋,或远望,或拄杖,或会友,完全是宋朝时文土家居生活的写照。本卷入清宫重装时中间以黄绫隔水断开。整幅作品笔致纤弱工谨,清秀典雅,取材于隐居生活、文士会友,与士人画关系密切。
本图画风技法近于南宋牟益,故成画时代当在南宋,旧题李公麟作不可信。历代画目著录和流传后世的“商山四皓图”、“会昌九老”图绘多为单绘,辽宁博物馆所藏为合卷,将商山四皓与会昌九老故事作为一个共同的题材而加以描绘,忽略了近一千余年的历史间隔。
这一创意确实比较罕见,但由之亦可看出,这两个故事早在宋时就已经非常深入人心了,所以也才有将两种题材合并为同一的创绘。
这些断语在我们看不到几个李公麟真迹的今天都太过肤浅,《宣和画谱》中收录他有一百多幅作品,那么《宣和画谱》的编撰者们出于时代的优势,能够遍览李公麟的画作,所言自有客观中正之处。
《宣和画谱》后载:“其成染精致,俗工或可学焉,至率略简易,则终不可近也”。严格说来,李公麟的成染精致,只是我们看到的表面,而率略简易才是李公麟画中最高妙之所在,也正是其文人画本色的关键。
龙眠山庄图 纸本水墨 28.9cmx364.6cm 台北故宫藏
《佩文斋书画谱》说《山庄图》用王维《辋川图》的画法:“而行笔细润,乃有超越之意”。苏轼为之记,苏辙为之赋诗。《山庄图》不仅是一幅远离尘嚣的山村风俗画卷,更体现了庄主思想倾向和生活情致。
苏轼在《题李伯时〈山庄图〉后》说,李公麟在龙眠山,并非留意一草一木,然而《山庄图》“其神与万物交,其智与百工通。”所以他称李公麟为“有道有艺”的画家。
龙眠山庄李公麟晚年归隐龙眠山所建,背倚高山,面临平畴,视野旷阔,龙眠河绕西侧南流,明末桐城文士孙中 作《过李公麟山庄旧址》诗:“居士庄犹在,园林看转移。山川浑日旧,花鸟自今时。月散花椒影,烟沉墨竹枝。闲来搜胜迹,登眺客心悲。”
有唐以来,可以说吴道子代表的是人物画的最高成就。而到李公麟,他则是宋代人物画无可争议的巨擘。
而也正是以李公麟开始,唐宋人物画的审美之分野始开。邓椿道:“郭若虚谓吴道子画,今古一人而已,以予观之,伯时既出,道子讵容独步耶。”
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首先画出两层屋檐,两侧檐角微微向上翘,往下画出城墙,并画上护栏、墙柱以及城门等这些细节,然后将屋檐瓦砾涂成黄色,城墙的墙面涂上大红色,城墙大门涂成鲜红色,再城墙上的牌匾涂灰,漂亮的故宫简笔画就完成啦! 1、首先画出楼顶上的横梁,往下画出最顶层的屋檐瓦砾,左右两侧的檐角微微向上弯翘,往外延伸,再画出第...
故宫的手抄报怎么画
故宫的手抄报画法如下:1.在纸张上面画上文字,右上角画太阳。2.在中加画上旗帜和天安门。3.给画面涂上颜色。4.在两边画上横线。资料扩展:手抄报,是指新闻事业发展过程中出现的一种以纸为载体、以手抄形式发布新闻信息的报纸,是报纸的原形,又称手抄新闻。在中国唐代就有各地驻京“邸吏”主持抄...
故宫博物院的简单标准平面图
北京故宫博物院位于北京城中心,东西宽753米,南北长961米,占地面积723600余平方米,周围环以10米高的城墙和52米宽的护城河(筒子河)。城墙四面各设城门一座:南名午门,北称神武门,左右为东华门、西华门,其中午门为参观入口,神武门为参观出口。城内古建筑总面积约16万平方米(一说为163,000平方米...
什么是故宫?
北京故宫于明成祖永乐四年(1406年)开始建设,以南京故宫为蓝本营建,到永乐十八年(1420年)建成。它是一座长方形城池,南北长961米,东西宽753米,四面围有高10米的城墙,城外有宽52米的护城河。 紫禁城内的建筑分为外朝和内廷两部分。外朝的中心为太和殿、中和殿、保和殿,统称三大殿,是国家举行大典礼的地方。内廷的中...
北京故宫简介和历史
北京故宫的历史: 1、 营建原则: 故宫严格地按《周礼·考工记》中“前朝后市,左祖右社”的帝都营建原则建造。整个故宫,在建筑布置上,用形体变化、高低起伏的手法,组合成一个整体。在功能上符合封建社会的等级制度。同时达到左右均衡和形体变化的艺术效果。中国建筑的屋顶形式是丰富多彩的,在故宫建筑中,不同形式的屋...
北京故宫结构是什么样的?
因此故宫的结构是模仿传说中的"天宫"构造的。紫禁城位于北京市中心,今天人们称她为故宫,意为过去的皇宫。故宫东西宽750米,南北长960米,面积达到72万平方米,为世界之最;故宫的整个建筑被两道坚固的防线围在中间,外围是一条宽52米,深6米的护城河环绕;接着是周长3公里的城墙,墙高近10米,底宽8.62 米。城墙上开...
故宫的外形是什么样子的?
故宫的外观结构是按南北的中轴线为对称布局,层次分明,主次有序。设四个门,南门正面是午门、北边是神武门、东边为东华门、西边为西华门,四个门均建有重檐庑殿顶门楼。故宫的四个角,都布有结构精巧,外观秀丽的角楼。外墙有10米多高,还有护城河。故宫全部建筑由"外朝”与“内廷”两大部分组成。“...
故宫的资料 故宫的资料介绍
1、京故宫是中国明清两代的皇家宫殿,旧称紫禁城,位于北京中轴线的中心。北京故宫以三大殿为中心,占地面积72万平方米,建筑面积约15万平方米,有大小宫殿七十多座,房屋九千余间。2、北京故宫于明成祖永乐四年(1406年)开始建设,以南京故宫为蓝本营建,到永乐十八年(1420年)建成。它是一座长方形...
北京故宫 的简单介绍
北京故宫是中国明清两代的皇家宫殿,旧称为紫禁城,位于北京中轴线的中心,是中国古代宫廷建筑之精华。北京故宫以三大殿为中心,占地面积72万平方米,建筑面积约15万平方米,有大小宫殿七十多座,房屋九千余间。是世界上现存规模最大、保存最为完整的木质结构古建筑之一。
故宫的历史和文化
1.北京故宫博物馆的价值包含中国历代每个朝代的发展史。 2.每个朝代的律法发展史。 3.每个朝代的国家治理发展史。 3.每个朝代的各种科技的发展史。 4.每个朝代的文化发展史。 5.每个朝代的人类进化发展史。 6.人类在朝代延续的基因库。 7.人类在朝代演变过程中的浮沉。 8.人类思想觉醒每个朝代值得我们思考探索...
大兴区瑞替回答:[答案] 这个
袁康13419913424问: 北京故宫手抄报怎么画? - ?
大兴区瑞替回答: 第一阶段:了解知识,确定主题 一、听讲座,了解办报的基本知识:(听美术专职教师作如何出手抄报的专题讲座) 1、手抄报的版面设计: (1)、手抄报的主要组成部分: ①主标题:即手抄报的名称,如"小主人报""国庆专刊"等. ...
袁康13419913424问: 形容故宫的句子 - ?
大兴区瑞替回答: 1、故宫位于北京市中心,构造严谨,装饰精美,文物众多,是世界上规模最大、保存最完整的古代皇宫建筑群,整个建筑金碧辉煌,庄严绚丽. 2、故宫又称紫禁城,布局严格遵循着封建等级礼制,秩序井然,普通的百姓不仅无法进入,就是...
袁康13419913424问: 北京故宫简单介绍 - ?
大兴区瑞替回答: 故宫又称“紫禁城”,是明清两代的皇宫,也是世界上最大的宫殿,故宫占地72万平方米(长960米,宽750米),故宫建筑面积15万平方米.
袁康13419913424问: 描写故宫博物院的句子 - ?
大兴区瑞替回答: ★故宫内的宫殿是沿着一条南北向中轴线排列,三大殿、后三宫、御花园都位于这条中轴线上.并向两旁展开,南北取直,左右对称. 走在这条中轴线上,前后左右流览,故宫的整个建筑群,方方正正.古代的中国人都知道天圆地方,圆这个...
袁康13419913424问: 故宫的城门,护城河和角楼要怎么画 六年级试卷的 - ?
大兴区瑞替回答: 小学生画画基础不是很好!应该丛原画到近
袁康13419913424问: 北京故宫的资料简介 - ?
大兴区瑞替回答: 旧称紫禁城,位于北京中轴线的中心,是明清两个朝代的皇宫,是世界上现存规模最大、保存最为完整的木质结构的宫殿型建筑.故宫入选了世界文化遗产,是全国重点文物保护单位,国家AAAAA级旅游景区. 于明成祖朱棣于西元1406年开始建设,明代永乐十八年(1420年)建成,曾有24位皇帝在此住过. 故宫被誉为世界五大宫之首(北京故宫、法国凡尔赛宫、英国白金汉宫、美国白宫和俄罗斯克里姆林宫).
袁康13419913424问: 北京故宫的简介 - ?
大兴区瑞替回答: 故宫也称紫禁城,位于北京市中心,曾居住过24个皇帝,是明清两代的皇宫,现辟为故宫博物院.院内陈列我国各个朝代的艺术珍品,是中国最丰富的文化和艺术的宝库.故宫的整个建筑金碧辉煌,庄严绚丽,被誉为世界五大宫之一(北京故宫...
袁康13419913424问: 北京故宫有多少平方米? - ?
大兴区瑞替回答: 北京城中的故宫,是世界上最大的皇家宫殿.故宫占地72万平方米,围成一个方形.朝南的正门是午门,北门是神午门,东西两面分别称为东华门和西华门.在这片古建筑群中,共有多少房间呢? 故宫共有9999间半房,这是一个奇怪的数字.为什么不足10000间整数,而偏偏要建筑一个“半间”呢?据说,天上玉帝的宫殿共有10000间房,而人间的皇帝是天帝之子,他的规格就得比玉帝低一点.这个所谓“半间”,是指文渊楼下的那间小屋.实际上,这间小屋之所以造得特别小,是出于格局上美观的考虑,本应当是一间1.
袁康13419913424问: 北京故宫的面积是多少 - ?
大兴区瑞替回答: 北京故宫是中国明清两代的皇家宫殿,旧称为紫禁城,位于北京中轴线的中心,是中国古代宫廷建筑之精华.北京故宫以三大殿为中心,占地72万平方米,建筑面积约15万平方米,有大小宫殿七十多座,房屋九千余间.是世界上现存规模最大、...