罗马尼亚语中怎么确定名词的性和复数形式

罗马尼亚语中怎么确定名词的性和复数形式？拜托各位大神~

（1）罗马尼亚语中怎么确定名词的性？ 答：[1]语音方式：The following phonetic rules can be used, to some degree, to infer the grammatical gender for nouns when these are in their nominative singular form, and without any determiner that could help in recognizing the gender. Nouns ending in a consonant or in vowel or half-vowel u are almost always masculine or neuter: masculine: "om" (man, human being), "copil" (child), "bou" (ox, bull); neuter: "ac" (needle), "drum" (road), "ou" (egg), "lucru" (thing, job); feminine proper nouns of foreign origin or diminutives: "Carmen," "Corinu" (diminutive from "Corina"), "Catrinel," "Lulu." Nouns ending in are feminine with very few exceptions: feminine: "fat" (girl), "piatr" (stone), "hain" (coat); masculine: "tat" (father), "pop" (priest); Nouns ending in stressed a (including those ending in stressed ea or ia) are feminine: "sofa" (sofa), "cafea" (coffee), "nuia" (wicker). Nouns ending in e are generally feminine, but many masculine and a few neuter exceptions exist: feminine: "carte" (book), "femeie" (woman), "mare" (sea), "cheie" (key); masculine: "frate" (brother), "iepure" (hare, rabbit), "perete" (wall); neuter: "nume" (name). Nouns ending in i are mostly masculine or neuter, with some feminine exceptions: masculine: "ochi" (eye), "pui" (chicken), "unchi" (uncle); neuter: "unghi" (angle), "ceai" (tea), "cui" (nail), "nai" (Pan's pipe); feminine: "zi" (day), "tanti" (aunt). These rules can be further refined when the noun is recognized as being derived from other words by use of specific endings, as follows: Masculine nouns: -ist: "chimist" (chemist), "jurnalist" (journalist); -an, -ian: "american" (American), "fizician" (physicist); -or, -tor: "profesor" (teacher, professor), "muncitor" (worker); -ez: "englez" (Englishman), "chinez" (Chinese); -ar: "demnitar" (statesman), "fierar" (blacksmith); others: "geamgiu" (glazier), "paznic" (guard), "frizer" (hairdresser), "romn" (Romanian), etc. Neuter nouns: -ism: "capitalism" (capitalism), "arhaism" (archaism); -ment, -mnt: "amuzament" (amusement), "abonament" (subscription), "nvmnt" (education) - but "ferment" (ferment) is masculine; -ut, -it, -at, derived from the past participle of verbs: "nceput" (beginning), "trecut" (past), "sfrit" (end), "morrit" (milling), "uscat" (land), "oftat" (sigh); -aj: "sondaj" (poll), "garaj" (garage), "afiaj" (display). Feminine nouns: -oare, -toare: "onoare" (honor), "nottoare" (swimmer) - but "soare" is masculine; -are, -ere, -ire, -re, derived from the long infinitive of verbs: "salvare" (ambulance), "plcere" (pleasure), "amintire" (recollection), "hotrre" (decision); others: "emisiune" (broadcast, TV show), "greutate" (difficulty), "bucurie" (joy), etc. [2]语意方式：Rules other than phonetic can be used when the meaning of the noun is known or at least its semantic group is recognized. In this category obvious examples are proper names of people, or nouns designating nationality, profession, etc. Nouns referring to animals and birds are always specific to their biological gender, and often occur in pairs the same way as we have cow and bull in English. Less obvious situations are described below. Masculine nouns: most tree names: "brad" (fir), "stejar" (oak), "mesteacn" (birch), but some are feminine: "salcie" (willow), "magnolie" (magnolia); mountains and mountain chains, often in the plural: "Carpai" (Carpathians), "Bucegi," "Retezat," "Fgra"; others: months of the year, letters of the alphabet, musical notes, figures, etc. Feminine nouns: names of countries and continents when they end in a: "Frana" (France), "Japonia" (Japan), "America" (America), otherwise they are neuter: "Mexic" (Mexico), "Vietnam" (Vietnam); the seasons of the year: "var" (summer), "iarn" (winter); the days of the week: "luni" (Monday), "duminic" (Sunday). （2）罗马尼亚语中怎么确定复数形式？ 答： [1]阳性 名词复数 单数 复数 范例 《-cons.》 “pom - pomi (tree) doctor - doctori (doctor) copil -* copii (children) om -* oameni (man, human being)” 《-u》 “codru - codri (forest) leu - lei (lion)” 《-e》 “frate - frai (brother) pete - peti (fish)” 《-i》 “ochi - ochi (forest) unchi - unchi (uncle)” 《-》 “tat - tai (father) pop - popi (priest)” [2]阴性 名词复数 单数 复数 范例 《-》 “cas - case (house) fat - fete (girl) zi -* zile (day)” 《-》 “lun - luni (moon, month) barc - brci (boat) sor -* surori (sister) mn -* mini (hand)” 《-》 “marf - mrfuri (merchandise) dulcea - dulceuri (jam)” 《-e》 “carte - cri (book) vale -* vi (valey)” 《-vowel+ie》 “baie - bi (bathroom) felie - felii (slice)” 《-cons.+ie》 “frecie - frecii (massage) farfurie - farfurii (plate)” 《-a》 “basma - basmale (head kerchief) pijama - pijamale (pajamas)” 《-ea》 “cafea - cafele (coffee) saltea - saltele (mattress)” 《-i》 “miercuri - miercuri (Wednesday) tanti - tanti (aunt)” [3]中性 名词复数 单数 复数 范例 《-cons.》 “vin - vinuri (wine) loc - locuri (place)” 《-cons.》 “picior - picioare (foot, leg) ora - orae (city) cap -* capete (head)” 《-u》 “lucru - lucruri (thing) pariu - pariuri (bet)” 《-u》 “muzeu - muzee (museum) teatru - teatre (theater)” 《-u》 “ou - ou (egg)” 《-iu /ǐu/》 “exerciiu - exerciii (exercise) fotoliu - fotolii (armchair)” 《-iu /iǔ/》 “sicriu - sicrie (coffin) burghiu - burghie (drill)” 《-i /ǐ/》 “tramvai - tramvaie (tram) pai - paie (straw)” 《-i /i/》 “taxi - taxiuri (taxi)” 《-e》 “nume - nume (name) prenume - prenume (first name)” 在以上的表[1]、表[2]以及表[3]中， 《》代表 单数 代表 复数 “”代表 范例

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A 名词的复数形式通常是在单数名词后加s：
day，days天，白天
dog，dogs狗
house，houses房屋
在词尾p，k或f音之后加的s读为／s／。除此之外s读／z／。词尾是ce，ge，se或ze的词之后加s时，该词的读音要加上一个音节（／Iz／）。
其他复数形式
B 以字母o，ch，sh，ss或x结尾的单词，在词尾加es构成其复数：tomato，tomatoes西红柿
brush， brushes刷子
church，churches教堂
kiss，kisses吻
box，boxes箱，盒
但以字母o结尾的外来词或缩写词的复数形式是只加s：dynamo，dynamos发电机
kilo，kilos公斤
kimono，kimonos和服
photo，photos照片
piano，pianos钢琴
soprano，sopranos女高音歌手
词尾是ch，sh，ss或x的词后面加es时，该词的读音要加上一个音节（／Iz／）。
C 以y结尾但y前为辅音的名词在构成复数时，先把y去掉再加ies：
baby，babies婴儿
country，countries国家
fly，flies苍蝇
lady，ladies女士
以y结尾但y前为元音的名词在构成复数时，直接加s：boy，boys男孩
day，days天
donkey，donkeys驴子
guy，guys家伙
D 有12个以f或fe结尾的名词在构成复数时，去掉f或fe加ves。这些词是：
calf小牛
half半
knife刀
leaf叶子
life生命
loaf（面包的）条／只
self自身
sheaf捆
shelf架子
thief贼
wife妻子
wolf狼
例如：
loaf，loaves
wife，wives
wolf，wolves
名词hoof（蹄），scarf（围巾）和wharf（码头）构成复数形式时，其词尾可以加s或ves：
hoofs或hooves
scarfs或scarves
wharfs或wharves
其他以f或fe结尾的名词在构成复数形式时，直接加s：cliff，cliffs悬崖峭壁
handkerchief，handkerchiefs手帕
safe，safes保险箱
E 有些名词用改变无音的方法来构成其复数形式：
foot，feet，英尺，脚
goose，geese鹅
louse，lice虱子
man，men男人
mouse， mice老鼠
tooth，teeth牙齿
woman，women女人
但是，child的复数是children，ox的复数是oxen。F 某些动物名称没有复数形式：
名词fish通常没有复数形式，虽然有fishes这一形式，但不常用。
鱼类的某些种类通常没有复数形式：
carp鲤鱼
cod鳕鱼
mackerel 鲐鱼
pike狗鱼
plaice鲽鱼
salmon鲑鱼
squid 鱿鱼
trout鳟鱼
turbot大菱鲆
但是，这些名词如果表达复数的意思，其动词要用复数形式。其他鱼虾要表达复数意思则要在词尾加s：
crabs蟹
eels鳗鱼
hetrings鲱鱼
lobsters龙虾
sardines沙丁鱼
sharks鲨鱼
deer（鹿）和sheep（羊）没有复数形式：
one sheep一只羊
two sheep两只羊
喜欢打猎的人说duck（野鸭），partridge（鹧鸪），pheasant（野鸡）等时，对其不分单复数都用同一形式。但是其他人通常在常见的有复数形式的鸟类名称上加s：
ducks partridges pheasants
打猎的人用game这个词表示所猎获的猎物时，它总是取单数形式，而且后边跟单数动词。G 还有一些没有变化的词：
aircraft航空器，飞机
craft船只
counsel法庭上的辩护律师
quid一英镑（俚语）
有些度量单位和数词没有复数形式。（参见第三十六章。）关于不可数名词，参见第13节。
H 集合名词如crew，family，team等用单数或复数动词都可以；如果认为这个词表示的是一个群体或单位，可用单数动词：
Our team is the best．
我们这个队是最好的。
如果认为它表示的是这个队的所有成员，就用复数动词：
Our team are wearing their new jerseys．
我们这个队的队员们都穿着新运动衫。
这些名词后面需要带所有格形容词时，复数动词+their要比单数动词+ its常用一些，虽然有时两者都可以用：
The jury is considering its verdict．
陪审团正在考虑裁决。
The jury are considering their verdict．
陪审团成员们正在考虑裁决。
I 有些词总是复数形式，并和复数动词连用：
clothes衣服
police警察
由两部分组成的服装用复数：
breeches马裤
pants（男用）短衬裤
pyjamas睡衣裤
trousers裤子
由两部分组成的工具和仪器用复数：
binoculars双筒望远镜
glasses眼镜
pliers钳子
scales天平
scissors剪刀
shears大剪刀
spectacles眼镜／护目镜
还有其他一些词用复数：
arms武器
damages损害／赔偿
earnings收入
goods／wares商品／货品
greens蔬菜
grounds（建筑物周围的）庭院，场地
outskirts郊外
pains费心，辛苦
particulars细情
prenises／qusrters房屋／住所
riches财富
savings储蓄
spirits烈酒
stairs台阶，楼梯
surroundings环境
valuables贵重物品
J 有一些以ics结尾的词从形式上看是复数，通常也要跟复数动词。这些词有：
acoustics音响效果
athletics体育运动
ethics道德／伦理学
hysterics歇斯底里发作
mathematics数学
physics物理学
politics政治
例句如：
His mathematics are weak．
他的数学学得不好。
但学科的名称有时是单数：
Mathematics is an exact science．
数学是一门精密的科学。
K 形式上是复数但意义上却是单数的名词包括news：
The news is good．
消息很好。
还包括某些疾病的名称：
mumps流行性腮腺炎
rickets软骨病，佝偻病
shingles带状疱行疹
这一类中也包括某些游戏的名称：
billiards台球（俗称“打弹子”）
bowls滚木球（保龄球）
darts掷飞镖
dominoes多米诺骨牌游戏
draughts（〔美〕checkers）国际象棋
L 一些源自希腊或拉丁的外来词在构成复数时，依照各自原有的规则变化：
crisis／′kraIsIs／，crises／kraIsI：z／危机
erratum，errata印刷或书写的错误，勘误表
memorandum，memoranda备忘录
oasis／′eIsIs／，oases／+u′eIsI：z／绿洲
phenomenon，phenomena现象
radius，radii半径
terminus，termini铁路或公共汽车的终点
但是有些外来词依照英语的规则而变化：
dogma，dogmas教条
formula，forrmulas公式（科学家仍用formulae）
gymnasium，gymnasiums体育馆
有些词的两个复数形式意思不同：
appendix，appendixes／appendices（医学术语）阑尾
appendices（书的）附录
index，indexes（书的）索引
indices（数学术语）指数
音乐家对意大利文音乐术语通常用意大利文中的复数形式：
libretto，libretti歌剧脚本
tempo，tempi拍子
但在词尾直接加s也是可以的：
librettos tempos
M 复合名词的复数形式
1 通常是把最后一个词变成复数形式：
boy-friends男朋友
break－ins入室盗窃
travel agents旅行社经纪人
如man和woman位于复合名词的第一部分，两部分都要变成复数：
men drivers男司机
women drivers女司机
2 由动词+er构成的名词+副词组成的复合名词构成复数形式时，只需把第一个词变为复数：
hangers-on食客，奉承者
lookers－on旁观者
runner’s－up（在竞选、赛跑等中）占第二位的人，亚军
另外，由名词+介词+名词构成的复合名词变为复数时，也同样只需将第一个词变为复数：
ladies-in－waiting侍从女官
sisters-in-law嫂子，弟媳
wards of court法庭指定受监护者
3 首字母缩写词也可有复数形式：
MPs（Members of Parliament）英国下院议员
VIPs（very important persons）要人
OAPs（old age pensioners）养老金领取者
UFOs（unidentified flying objects）不明飞行物，飞碟

（1）罗马尼亚语中怎么确定名词的性？
答：[1]语音方式：The following phonetic rules can be used, to some degree, to infer the grammatical gender for nouns when these are in their nominative singular form, and without any determiner that could help in recognizing the gender.

Nouns ending in a consonant or in vowel or half-vowel u are almost always masculine or neuter:
masculine: "om" (man, human being), "copil" (child), "bou" (ox, bull);
neuter: "ac" (needle), "drum" (road), "ou" (egg), "lucru" (thing, job);
feminine proper nouns of foreign origin or diminutives: "Carmen," "Corinuş" (diminutive from "Corina"), "Catrinel," "Lulu."
Nouns ending in ă are feminine with very few exceptions:
feminine: "fată" (girl), "piatră" (stone), "haină" (coat);
masculine: "tată" (father), "popă" (priest);
Nouns ending in stressed a (including those ending in stressed ea or ia) are feminine:
"sofa" (sofa), "cafea" (coffee), "nuia" (wicker).
Nouns ending in e are generally feminine, but many masculine and a few neuter exceptions exist:
feminine: "carte" (book), "femeie" (woman), "mare" (sea), "cheie" (key);
masculine: "frate" (brother), "iepure" (hare, rabbit), "perete" (wall);
neuter: "nume" (name).
Nouns ending in i are mostly masculine or neuter, with some feminine exceptions:
masculine: "ochi" (eye), "pui" (chicken), "unchi" (uncle);
neuter: "unghi" (angle), "ceai" (tea), "cui" (nail), "nai" (Pan's pipe);
feminine: "zi" (day), "tanti" (aunt).
These rules can be further refined when the noun is recognized as being derived from other words by use of specific endings, as follows:

Masculine nouns:
-ist: "chimist" (chemist), "jurnalist" (journalist);
-an, -ian: "american" (American), "fizician" (physicist);
-or, -tor: "profesor" (teacher, professor), "muncitor" (worker);
-ez: "englez" (Englishman), "chinez" (Chinese);
-ar: "demnitar" (statesman), "fierar" (blacksmith);
others: "geamgiu" (glazier), "paznic" (guard), "frizer" (hairdresser), "român" (Romanian), etc.
Neuter nouns:
-ism: "capitalism" (capitalism), "arhaism" (archaism);
-ment, -mânt: "amuzament" (amusement), "abonament" (subscription), "învăţământ" (education) - but "ferment" (ferment) is masculine;
-ut, -it, -at, derived from the past participle of verbs: "început" (beginning), "trecut" (past), "sfârşit" (end), "morărit" (milling), "uscat" (land), "oftat" (sigh);
-aj: "sondaj" (poll), "garaj" (garage), "afişaj" (display).
Feminine nouns:
-oare, -toare: "onoare" (honor), "înotătoare" (swimmer) - but "soare" is masculine;
-are, -ere, -ire, -âre, derived from the long infinitive of verbs: "salvare" (ambulance), "plăcere" (pleasure), "amintire" (recollection), "hotărâre" (decision);
others: "emisiune" (broadcast, TV show), "greutate" (difficulty), "bucurie" (joy), etc.
[2]语意方式：Rules other than phonetic can be used when the meaning of the noun is known or at least its semantic group is recognized. In this category obvious examples are proper names of people, or nouns designating nationality, profession, etc. Nouns referring to animals and birds are always specific to their biological gender, and often occur in pairs the same way as we have cow and bull in English. Less obvious situations are described below.

Masculine nouns:
most tree names: "brad" (fir), "stejar" (oak), "mesteacăn" (birch), but some are feminine: "salcie" (willow), "magnolie" (magnolia);
mountains and mountain chains, often in the plural: "Carpaţi" (Carpathians), "Bucegi," "Retezat," "Făgăraş";
others: months of the year, letters of the alphabet, musical notes, figures, etc.
Feminine nouns:
names of countries and continents when they end in a: "Franţa" (France), "Japonia" (Japan), "America" (America), otherwise they are neuter: "Mexic" (Mexico), "Vietnam" (Vietnam);
the seasons of the year: "vară" (summer), "iarnă" (winter);
the days of the week: "luni" (Monday), "duminică" (Sunday).
（2）罗马尼亚语中怎么确定复数形式？
答：
[1]阳性 名词复数
单数 复数 范例
《-cons.》 <-cons.+i>
“pom - pomi (tree)
doctor - doctori (doctor)
copil -* copii (children)
om -* oameni (man, human being)”
《-u》 <-i>
“codru - codri (forest)
leu - lei (lion)”
《-e》 <-i>
“frate - fraţi (brother)
peşte - peşti (fish)”
《-i》 <-i>
“ochi - ochi (forest)
unchi - unchi (uncle)”
《-ă》 <-i>
“tată - taţi (father)
popă - popi (priest)”
[2]阴性 名词复数
单数 复数 范例
《-ă》 <-e>
“casă - case (house)
fată - fete (girl)
zi -* zile (day)”
《-ă》 <-i>
“lună - luni (moon, month)
barcă - bărci (boat)
soră -* surori (sister)
mână -* mâini (hand)”
《-ă》 <-uri>
“marfă - mărfuri (merchandise)
dulceaţă - dulceţuri (jam)”
《-e》 <-i>
“carte - cărţi (book)
vale -* văi (valey)”
《-vowel+ie》 <-vowel+i>
“baie - băi (bathroom)
felie - felii (slice)”
《-cons.+ie》 <-cons.+ii>
“frecţie - frecţii (massage)
farfurie - farfurii (plate)”
《-a》 <-ale>
“basma - basmale (head kerchief)
pijama - pijamale (pajamas)”
《-ea》 <-ele>
“cafea - cafele (coffee)
saltea - saltele (mattress)”
《-i》 <-i>
“miercuri - miercuri (Wednesday)
tanti - tanti (aunt)”
[3]中性 名词复数
单数 复数 范例
《-cons.》 <-cons.+iuri>
“vin - vinuri (wine)
loc - locuri (place)”
《-cons.》 <-cons.+e>
“picior - picioare (foot, leg)
oraş - oraşe (city)
cap -* capete (head)”
《-u》 <-uri>
“lucru - lucruri (thing)
pariu - pariuri (bet)”
《-u》 <-e>
“muzeu - muzee (museum)
teatru - teatre (theater)”
《-u》 <-ă>
“ou - ouă (egg)”
《-iu /ǐu/》 <-ii /iǐ/>
“exerciţiu - exerciţii (exercise)
fotoliu - fotolii (armchair)”
《-iu /iǔ/》 <-ie /i.e/>
“sicriu - sicrie (coffin)
burghiu - burghie (drill)”
《-i /ǐ/》 <-ie /ǐe/>
“tramvai - tramvaie (tram)
pai - paie (straw)”
《-i /i/》 <-iuri>
“taxi - taxiuri (taxi)”
《-e》 <-e>
“nume - nume (name)
prenume - prenume (first name)”

在以上的表[1]、表[2]以及表[3]中，

《》代表 单数

<> 代表 复数

“”代表 范例

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