英语从句我不懂，谁可以帮帮我啊？？？

英语从句的翻译 谁能来帮帮我~~

It signals a change in what has been a key element of scientific endeavour.
= It signals a change what a key element of scientific has been in.
但是一般英语里不把介词放在句末,因此就将in提前,而has been为了保持与in的衔接连贯性,亦也被提前.

如果将整句话拆开,就是: It signals a change and the key element of scientific endeavour has been in the change.
这样很显然,是"科学的关键因素"在"改变",而不是"改变"中有"科学关键因素".在这里,in the change中的in不应该生硬地理解为"在...之中",而应当将其与"has been"联系起来看,意译为一种状态,即"发生了改变".

in what has been本身不是定语从句,真正的定语从句是后面的a key element of scientific endeavour has been in (the change); 从句中的动词就是been.

你的改法从语法上来看句子本身没有错,但是一般表示"有",尤其当从句中的关系代词指代主语的时候,都不用"has",而用"possess","there is/are"或者其他.但是,如果说从意思上来看,就有许偏差. 原句中的谓语不是"has",而是"been",has been 连在一起,与in the change结合表示一种持续发展的状态,而把been去掉,只取has---有-----的意思,就很生硬地将a key element of scientific endeavour套进了change中,很别扭.

Hope it helps.

定语从句定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。
注：关系代词有主语.宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。
4.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任．单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。
先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词.（一） 限定性定语从句
一、关系代词（在句中作主语、宾语或定语）
1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg：this is the book （which）you want。]
2而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括当先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等，这时的that常被省略 还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都只能用that
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。
二、关系副词（在句中作状语）
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why=for which
where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。
2. when引导定语从句表示时间〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。
3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。
（二）非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
4. 有时as也可用作关系代词
5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which,whose代表事物.；
[编辑本段]（三）关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天，我帮助了一个迷路的老人.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。（注：who和whom已无太大区别，基本上可以通用。唯一区别是who可以做主语而whom不可以。）
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked with on the bus. 刘先生就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩.
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 他就是那个和我聊天的男人.
如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book. 他就是那个有英语书的男人.
3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔.
4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。
在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?
(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
[编辑本段]（四）注意
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时
从句常由介词+关系代词引导
(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
= The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(2) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
= Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(3) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
= We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
T This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T＝正确)
F This is the watch for which I am looking. (F＝错误)
2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)
(2) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
关系代词
关系代词（一般情况下）that 可用who ,whom 和which在从句做主语，谓动词的宾语，但是不能做介词的宾语
which指物，在从句中作主语，谓语或宾语；
who在从句中作主语；
whom在从句中宾语；
where在从句中修饰表地点的名词，做地点状语；
when在从句中通常修饰表时间的名词，做时间状语；
why在从句中做原因状语，先行词通常是"reason"
有时why也可用for+which代替。
例：A doctor is a person who looks after people's health.
______ _ _____ _____________________
主语 谓语 先行词 从句
|________________________|
定语从句修饰先行词
（五）关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
[编辑本段]（六）判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：
例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，is后应跟表语，只有the one可以，而后面的you visited a few days ago则做one的定语从句。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；
先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
[编辑本段]（七）介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
This is the reason why he came late.
This is the reason for which he came late.
（八）先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)
但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了，是名词性从句。因为定语从句一定要有先行词，而名词性从句没有。将“Whoever”、“what”分别用“Anyone who”、“all that”代替后，才是定语从句，先行词分别是“Anyone”、“all”。
[编辑本段]（九）as,which引导的非限制性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。
which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法例
1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；
例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
一、“as / which” 特殊定语从句的先行成分
1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分，如：
My grandmother’s house was always of great importance to me, as my own is.
在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom.
2. 动词短语先行成分
这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which一起代替。do可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。
3. 句子作先行成分
这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。
二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置
由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况：
1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成分，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。
2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分时，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。
3. 句子作先行成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里，“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。
三、“as/which”特殊定语从句的语义功能
一般说来，as与which的语义功能相同，可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时，它们的语义功能则有差异。
1. 表示结果
表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系，从句中往往使用有结果意义的词，如动词result, make, enable, cause和形容词interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。
2. 表示评注
表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向，它通常与那些表示客观事实，普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用；从句中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语，如natural, known to all, usual等。
3. 有无状语意义
“as”特殊定语从句具有状语意义（主要是方式状语意义），而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致，“which”特殊定语从句则不受这种限制。
四、关系代词as与which的句法功能
1. as / which 在特殊定语从句中作主语。
as作主语时，谓语动词常为连系动词（主要是be, seem），主语补语为usual、 a rule、 a matter of fact等时，系动词be习惯经常省略。行为动词作“as”特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态（其中助动词be常略），不及物的行为动词在“as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少，常见的有happen一词。如：
Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.
Which作主语时，谓语动词不限，主语被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词be省略。
2. as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。
3. as和 which在特殊定语从句中作补语。如：
We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.
“as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装，“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。
如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语，关系代词用which而不用as。如：
He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.
4. which在特殊从定语句中作定语。
which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语，修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义，有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不能作定语。如：
I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed.
（十）关系代词that 的用法
(1)不用that的情况
(a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.
(b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
(2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
(a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
(b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
(c) 先行词有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修饰时，只用that。
(d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
(e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
(f) 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时．
(g) 为了避免重复．
(h)先行词是the way时
举例：
Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?
这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗？
Who that break the window should be punished．
谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚．
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型.

分为1定语从句 2状语从句 3名词从句 4THERE BE 句型 5溶合句

第一节 定 语 从 句

一、 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
1) The first doll say “mama”was invented in 1830．
〔A〕 that it could 〔B〕 could it 〔C〕 it could 〔D〕 that could
2) A solar day is the length of time the Earth to revolve once around the Sun．
〔A〕 takes 〔B〕 takes it〔C〕 which takes 〔D〕 he takes
3) The period during when 〔A〕 people learned 〔B〕 to melt iron is called 〔C〕 the 〔D〕 Iron Age．
2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
4) The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part, he sailed round the treacherous Cape Horn.
〔A〕 where
〔B〕 of which
〔C〕 during which
〔D〕 that
5) To travel from England to Hope Corn had taken him nine months, the sailing time was 226 days. He had done what he wanted to accomplish.
〔A〕 when
〔B〕 which
〔C〕 of which
〔D〕 that
3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略(见本节“四、关系代词的省略”)
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
6) Henry Ford is the person 〔A〕 which 〔B〕 is most responsible 〔C〕 for developing 〔D〕 the idea of mass production.
7) Human beings are social 〔A〕 animals whom 〔B〕 usually prefer not to live in 〔C〕 physical or psychological isolation 〔D〕 ．
5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句
8) The Everglades is a beautiful region of southern Florida the primitive past mingles with modern life．
〔A〕 there 〔B〕 where〔C〕 after〔D〕 in
9) The knee is the joint the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg．
〔A〕 when 〔B〕 where 〔C〕 why 〔D〕 which
10) A metropolitan region 〔A〕 is defined as a central 〔B〕 city and the territory where 〔C〕 surrounds 〔D〕 it．
6. when引导定语从句表示时间
11) The next morning he came down to breakfast, he was beaming with the pleasure of a new, great discovery.
〔A〕 as
〔B〕 when
〔C〕 because
〔D〕 that
12) In a day few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order, Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners, servants, and waiters.
〔A〕 whose
〔B〕 during
〔C〕 when
〔D〕 of
13) Moreover, in the modern age human beings depend so much on machines, he had given men throughout the world new pride.
〔A〕 when
〔B〕 whether
〔C〕 more
〔D〕 ever
〔注〕 值得一提的是，表示时间“time”一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. ／ I still remember the first time I met her. ／ Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
14) There was a teapot fashioned like a China duck out of open mouth the tea was supposed to come.
〔A〕 which
〔B〕 its
〔C〕 that
〔D〕 whose
15) Jackir Mcleans’s recordings have shown that he is one of the few 〔A〕 jazz musicians who 〔B〕 style of playing 〔C〕 has kept pace with the evolution 〔D〕 of modern jazz．
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
16) I don\'t want to concentrate on anything worrying me.
〔A〕 what is
〔B〕 there is
〔C〕 what
〔D〕 there
二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分(见第九章第一节、六、6.)
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词(见第九章第一节、六、8.)
4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物
17) Ligaments(韧带)， ， hold organs of the body in place and fasten bones together．
〔A〕 which are fibrous tissues 〔B〕 they are fibrous tissues
〔C〕 fibrous tissues that 〔D〕 are fibrous tissues
18) The Little White House in Warm Springs was the Georgia home of President Franklin D. Roosevelt， there on April 12， 1945．
〔A〕 who died 〔B〕 died〔C〕 while died 〔D〕 he died
19) The first United States citizen to become 〔A〕 a professional 〔B〕 sculptor was Patience Lovell Wright， which 〔C〕 works were executed in wax 〔D〕 ．

三、定语从句结构错误
1. 缺关系词
20) The adder is a snake has 〔A〕 a relatively 〔B〕 stout body， a short tail 〔C〕 ， and a flat head 〔D〕 ．
2. 从句中缺成分
21) Traditionally， ethnographers and linguists have paid 〔A〕 little attention to cultural interpretations given to 〔B〕 silence， or to 〔C〕 the types of social contexts in which tends 〔D〕 to occur．

四、连接代词的省略
22) Most crocodiles will eat anything capture and overpower．
〔A〕 can 〔B〕 they can 〔C〕 which can 〔D〕 and

五、例题解析
1) D为正确答案。本句中的主句为“The first doll was invented in 1830”，“that could say ‘mama’”为定语从句，修饰主句中的名词(主语)“the first doll”。
2) C为正确答案。
3) A错。during是介词，它后面的关系代词只能用which(指人除外)，which在此处指代“the period”，定语从句为“during which people…iron”，修饰主句的主语“the period”。
4) C为正确答案。
5) C为正确答案。
6) B错。改用who，which只能指物，指人时应用who，本句的定语从句修饰the person，关系代词who在从句中作主语。本句也可改用that，因为that也可用来指人，它可在从句中作主语或宾语，但which则只能指“物”。
7) B错。应改用who，因为这里所指代的是“human beings”，而且在从句中作主语，而whom只能用来作宾语。
8) B为正确答案。空白后是一个定语从句，从句中主谓宾齐全，关系副词where指代上面表示地点的名词region(地方，地区)，相当于in which，即in the region，在从句中作地点状语。
9) B对。空白后为定语从句，从句中的主谓宾语都已齐全，where作从句中的地点状语，相当于in the joint，整个从句修饰“the joint”。
10) C错。改为which或that。这里是一个定语从句，修饰前面的the territory(区域)，虽然被修饰成分表示一个地点，但若用where代替in the territory在从句中作地点状语，从句中便没有了主语，这显然不对。改用which后，便可由它作从句中的主语，代the territory；从句中的it代上文中的a central city。
11) B为正确答案。
12) C为正确答案。
13) A为正确答案。
14) D为正确答案。这里whose修饰名词短语“open mouth，” 这时“whose open mouth”一起作介词“of”的宾语。
15) B错。who应当在定语从句中作主语，而从句中已有主语style of playing(演奏风格)，故应将who改为whose，用whose修饰style，指代上文中的人名，相当于his。
16) B为正确答案。
17) A对。空白处是which引导的定语从句修饰主句的主语ligaments，which作从句的主语，主句的主语(ligaments)和谓语(hold)被定语从句所隔开。
18) A对。本句是关系代词who引导的非限定性定语从句，who指代前面的被修饰成分President Franklin D. Roosevelt并在从句中作主语。
19) C错。应改用whose，修饰从句中的主语works，whose相当于his。
20) A错。本句已有谓语动词is，而后面又出现动词has，显然不合语法，故应在snake和has之间加上关系代词which或that构成定语从句修饰snake，which作从句的主语。
21) D错。本句“in which”中的which指代“social contexts”，which在从句中已经是介词in的宾语，这样从句中便没有了主语，故应在which后加代词it(代silence)，即变为“in which it tends…”，用it作从句的主语，这样句子才完整。
22) B对。关系代词作限定性定语从句中的宾语时可以省略，本句被修饰词anything后就省去了“that”；C是不对的，首先，C中的which作从句的主语，而从句中的动词(作谓语)capture and overpower都为及物动词，可后面没有宾语，这样句子便不完整；其次，如果被修饰成分为不定代词(anything, all等)，或修饰成分前有形容词最高级以及限定性较强的形容词修饰时(the very，the only，the same，the first，the last，the tallest)，应使用关系代词that，而不用which。

第二节 状 语 从 句

一、时间状语从句：主要由when，whenever，after，before，as，(ever)since，once，as soon as，(not)until，while等连词引导
1) ，Alexander Graham Bell was still a young man．
〔A〕 He invented the telephone 〔B〕 The telephone was invented
〔C〕 His invention of the telephone〔D〕 When he invented the telephone
2) The small greenish flowers of the American elm tree appear in the spring， ．
〔A〕 is grown long before the leaves〔B〕 long before the leaves grow
〔C〕 the leaves before growing long 〔D〕 the growth of leaves before long is
3) ，heat is produced．
〔A〕The mixing together of certain chemicals
〔B〕Whenever certain chemicals are mixed together
〔C〕Certain chemicals mixed together
〔D〕 That certain chemicals are mixed together

二、结果状语从句：考试中主要集中在“so…that”(这样……以致) 引导的状语从句，除此之外，还有“such…that”等其他连接词可以引导
4) Lucretia Mott’s influence was too significant 〔A〕 that she has been credited 〔B〕 by some authorities 〔C〕 as the originator 〔D〕 of feminism is the United States．
5) Dorothy Parker’s satirical 〔A〕 verse was quite 〔B〕 popular that her books of poetry 〔C〕 appeared 〔D〕 on best�seller lists．

三、让步状语从句： 让步状语从句通常由(even)though，although，no matter，even if ，however，whatever等词引导
6) Hippopotamuses， a great deal of time submerged in lakes or rivers，do not feed in the water．
〔A〕 spend
〔B〕 they spend
〔C〕 although they spend
〔D〕 which they spend
7) do not have webbed feet， gallinules are excellentmmers．
〔A〕 They
〔B〕 Even though they
〔C〕 That they
〔D〕 It is when they
四、原因状语从句： 原因状语从句可由as，because，since及for引导，而托福考题集中在由“because”引导的从句
8) Neon is said to be inert does not react easily with other substances．
〔A〕 becaues of it
〔B〕 because it
〔C〕 it is because
〔D〕 is because it
9) Helium is safer than hydrogen it can not explode．
〔A〕 while
〔B〕 though
〔C〕 because
〔D〕 if
五、条件状语从句： 表条件的状语从句主要由if，whether，as long as (只要)，provided(只要) (that)等词引导，例如
10) Uniform acceleration occurs the rate of change remains the same over successive equal intervals of time．
〔A〕 according
〔B〕 if
〔C〕 with
〔D〕 under
11) Abstraction goes into the making of any work of art， or not．
〔A〕 whether the artist being aware of it 〔B〕 the artist is being aware whether
〔C〕 whether the artist is aware of it 〔D〕 the artist is aware whether

六、表示其他关系的状语从句，主要包括地点和行为方式状语从句
12) the Atlantic Ocean crosses the equator，the trade winds cause a flow of water to the west．
〔A〕 Where
〔B〕 And
〔C〕 That
〔D〕 At
13) Nails protect the ends of human fingers and toes protect the toes of most other vertebrates．
〔A〕 claws
〔B〕 as claws
〔C〕 as claws do
〔D〕 so do claws
七、状语从句中的“主语＋be”的省略：状语从句中的主语和系动词be常有同时被省略掉的现象，但需有两个前提条件
(1) 从句主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语为“be”；
(2) 省略后的结构为“连词＋现在分词”、“连词＋过去分词结构”以及“连词＋介词短语”和“连词＋形容词(名词短语) ”结构，例
14) ，glasses can correct most sight defects in healthy eyes．
〔A〕 When well fitted
〔B〕 Well fitted when
〔C〕 Well fitted if
〔D〕 If well fitted when
15) Although rigid，bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact．
〔A〕 apparently 〔B〕 are apparently 〔C〕 apparently their 〔D〕 are they apparently
16) When in arctic regions，the Aleuts construct igloos as temporary winter shelters．
〔A〕 travel 〔B〕 to travel 〔C〕 traveling them 〔D〕 traveling

八、例题解析
1) D无论在语法上还是语意上均正确，而若选A和B，则只是两个句子的无谓罗列，这在英语中是绝对不允许的，而C是一个名词短语，也不符合要求。
2) B对。本句是由连词before引导的时间状语从句，其中的long是副词，修饰before，“long before”意为“早在…之前”，long before易与before long相混淆，before long相当于介词短语，意思是“不久”。
3) B 对。由于逗号后面是一个完整的句子，则本句空白处成分可能是介词短语、分词短语或状语及状语从句，在备选答案中，只有B 具备状语从句的条件。whenever是when的强调式表示“无论什么时候”。
4) A错。本句含“so…that”句型，“so”是副词，它后面可接形容词或副词，而“that”后要接表结果的状语从句，故应将“too”改为“so”。
5) B错。改为“so”。
6) C对。本句主语为“Hippopotamuses”，谓语是“do not feed”，逗号之间显然为插入成分，A和B不符合要求，D虽表面上是非限定定语从句修饰前面的成分，但which指主语，马上又接主语they，成了“双主语”，故应排除。C是由连词although(尽管) 引导的让步状语从句作插入语，完全符合条件，故应选C。
7) B对。逗号后为一完整的句子，逗号前又出现了谓语，那么空白处一定缺起引导从句作用的连词和从句主语，B 完全符合条件，though的用法和although基本相同，意思也相同。C 好像是“that”引导的主语从句，可后面接的并不是谓语，而是一个句子，故C 也不对。D 貌似“it is…that”强调句，但句中缺that，且语法语意混乱。
8) B对。A不对，因为“because of ”(因为) 是成语介词，后面不可接句子，而C和D均不合语法，只有B正确，“it”指代“neon”。
9) C对。本题中的四个选项都是连接词，即都可以引导后面的从句，从语法来说，它们都正确，但从语意及逻辑上看，显然以“〔C〕 because”(表“原因”) 切合题意。
10) B对。本句缺能引导一个从句的连接词，只有B符合条件。
11) C对。whether作为连词，只能放在从句句首，故B 和D 都不符合语法。虽然A中的whether放置于句首，但A 不是一个句子，因此只有C 中的whether才引导了一个状语从句，“whether…or not”在此处表示“无论…”。
12) A对。“where”引导的是地点状语从句，表示“在大西洋通过赤道的地方”。
13) B对。“as claws protect…”表示“正如爪或钳保护…一样”，as引导的是方式状语从句。A 明显不对。C 多“do”，D 好像是“so”引导的倒装句，但“so”不仅无所指代，因为后面不缺任何成分，而且在用“so”倒装句时，“so”前面通常有逗号，并且是“so＋助动词(或情态动词等) ＋主语”结构。
14) A对。从句部分说完整为“When they (glasses) are well fitted”，其中的“they are”被省略掉了。D 中的“If well fitted”本来也正确，但后面多“when”。
15) A对。although后省略了“they (bones) are”，apparently(明显地)是副词，修饰后面的形容词rigid。D 中的are和they顺序有误，否则也同样正确。
16) D对。本句为“连词＋现在分词”结构。

/鼓励
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-- 作者：cyberworm
-- 发布时间：2003-11-9 2:53:20

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第三节 名 词 从 句

名词从句即语法功能相当于名词或名词短语的从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

一、主语从句
1. 由关系代词what、代词whatever或whoever代词引起的主语从句
1) concerned with is the measurement of angles and their relationships to each other．
〔A〕 Trigonometry is 〔B〕 That trigonometry is
〔C〕 What is trigonometry 〔D〕 What trigonometry is
但what有时在从句中也作定语，如：What little information he collected from it is not enough for us. 他从计算机上收集的那一点点信息不够我们用。
2. 由连词that引起的主语从句，谓语一般是系表结构，在大多数情况下，that从句由it做形式主语
2) has not attained a state of complete coherence is true．
〔A〕 Cultural anthropology
〔B〕 That cultural anthropology
〔C〕 Anthropology that is cultural
〔D〕 Since cultural anthropology
3) for granted that any new lawn will need to be fertilized．
〔A〕 Taking it
〔B〕 Being taken
〔C〕 Taking
〔D〕 It should be taken4) Today 〔A〕 it is generally recognized as 〔B〕 the primary function of the Federal Reserve System is to foster the flow of credit and money 〔C〕 that will eventually facilitate 〔D〕 a balance in international payments．
3. 由连接代词、连接副词及whether(是否) 引起的主语从句
5) some mammals came to live in the sea is not known．
〔A〕 That 〔B〕 Since 〔C〕 Although 〔D〕 How
6) made the first United States flag is widely believed．
〔A〕 When Besty Ross
〔B〕 That Besty Ross
〔C〕 Besty Ross
〔D〕 Whether Besty Ross
4. 由于主语过长，更多的情况下用it代替主语从句，而把that引导的从句放到后边
It is a fact accepted by economists that technological…scarcities.(“it”充当逻辑主语。)

二、宾语从句
1. 由连词that、疑问代词或副词(如how, why和where等)引出的宾语从句
7) Almost all economists agree by trading with one another．
〔A〕 nations that are gained〔B〕 nations they gain
〔C〕 gaining nations 〔D〕 that nations gain
8) Like a magazine，a newspaper has a contents guide that indicates located．
〔A〕 where each feature is 〔B〕 each of the feature is
〔C〕 each feature where it is 〔D〕 where is each feature

2 介词后的宾语，其宾语可以是名词或代词，也可以是个句子，即宾语从句，也可以由“what”来引导
9) The chief foods eaten in any country depends largely on best in its climate and soil．
〔A〕 it grows〔B〕 what grows〔C〕 does it grow 〔D〕 what does it grow
10) When Europeans originally arrived in El Paso，Texas，the area was inhabited by the Manso and Suma peoples．
〔A〕 what is now 〔B〕 now〔C〕 which now is〔D〕 now is

三、表语从句
11) A logarithm(对数) is in algebra as an exponent．
〔A〕 known that
〔C〕 what is known
〔B〕 known what it is
〔D〕 what it is known
四、同位语从句：由两个或两个以上同一层次语言单位组成的结构，其中前项与后项所指相同，句法功能也相同，这种结构叫同位结构。名词词组，反身代词，不定代词或指示代词、�ING分词、不定式和从句都可作同位语。用来作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。同位语从句主要由that引导，这时that从句表示它所修饰词的实际内容
1� 名词短语作主语的后置同位语
12) George H．Gallup， specialized in opinion polls and business surveys．
〔A〕 whose statistician
〔C〕 a statistician who
〔B〕 a statistician
〔D〕 as a statistician，he
13) Annie Jump Cannon， discovered so many stars that she was called “the census taker of the sky”．
〔A〕 a leading astronomer who 〔B〕 who，as a leading astronomer
〔C〕 was a leading astronomer 〔D〕 a leading astronomer
14) Thyme， ，yields a medicinal oil containing thymol．
〔A〕 a fragrant garden herb〔B〕 garden herb which is fragrant
〔C〕 fragrant garden herb〔D〕 is an herb in a fragrant garden
2． 作主语前置同位语
15) In sculpture “modeling” denotes a way of shaping clay，wax，or other pliable materials．
〔A〕 to the term 〔B〕 is termed 〔C〕 the term 〔D〕 to term
16) ，Vincente T． Ximenes spent many years as a government economist．
〔A〕 Son of a small Texas farmer
〔B〕 A small Texas farmer’s son was
〔C〕 His son was a small Texas farmer
〔D〕 A small farmer in Texas whose son
3� 作宾语或表语的后置同位语
17) An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards，approximately from Marathon to Athens．
〔A〕 the distance is
〔B〕 that the distance is
〔C〕 is that the distance
〔D〕 the distance
18) In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a to New York’s rock’n’roll fans．
〔A〕 new dance，the twist
〔B〕 twist，was the new dance
〔C〕 twist，the new dance that
〔D〕 new dance is the twist

五、例题解析
1) D对。句中已出现了谓语动词“is”，这就决定了“is”前面为其主语，如主语中再有动词出现，便成了主语从句。A 不对。因为连续出现了两个动词“is”，且其间又无连接词；B好像是“that”引导的主语从句(下面将提到) ，但由于介词“with”要求带宾语，而B 选项本身又无法解决这个问题(“that”引导的主语从句中，“that”为连词，不可能去充当“with”的宾语) ，故B也应排除；C句的语序有误，因本句并非倒装句(句末为句号)，因此没必要倒装；只有D为正确答案。“what”为代词，相当于“the thing which”，这样“what”本身便可充当“with”的宾语。本句的汉语意思为“三角学所涉及的(对象) 是角的测量及角之间的关系”。因此，

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我外语不好哦,不过鼓励一下楼住把...
上一楼是个高手啊....

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峄城区15938952074： 谁能帮我总结从句宾语从句,定语从句,时间状语从句,条件状语从句 - ？
父龚葛根：[答案] 宾语从句放在及物动词后或介词后. 定语从句在一名词或代词后用来修饰这一名词或代词. 时间状语从句是用来修饰动作发生的时间. 条件状语从句是用来修饰动作发生的条件,这两种从句可放在主句前或后.

峄城区15938952074： 能帮我把英语所有从句归纳一下么?都有什么从句类型呢? - ？
父龚葛根： 在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等). 以下是一些基本的从...

峄城区15938952074： 英语从句看不懂怎么办? - ？
父龚葛根： 可以买一本英语语法全解或者看从句的定义以及相关用法,实在不行可以请老师讲解

峄城区15938952074： 请帮我分析一下这两个英语从句我是高中生,对英语从句很不熟悉,这两个句子希望能帮我分析一下是什么类型的从句,什么是主语谓语宾语,而这两个句子... - ？
父龚葛根：[答案] We know that the levels of carbon dioxide have increased greatly over the last 100 to 150 years. 这个句子是由两部分组成,... 而后面的that the levels of carbon dioxide have increased greatly over the last 100 to 150 years.是由that引导的宾语从句,而the...

峄城区15938952074： 大家跟我详讲高中英语那些什么从句的怎么样学习才好,我总是不知道怎么学,老搞不懂 - ？
父龚葛根： 英语中的从句很多,但是你是高中生,高考注重的大概有以下几类: 第一:这是最主要的—定语从句,定语从句掌握不好,我可以说你高考肯定考不好的,定语从句无处不在,高考中一般考查连接词的区分,近几年对于这方面的考查难度大大加大,进场出现间隔定语从句,或者非限制性定语从句来迷惑考生,但是万变不离其宗,你一定要区分开那些连接词的用法.另外还要说的事定语从句喜欢和强调句一起考,来迷惑你看你能不能区分开,要注意. 第二:名词性从句,有宾语从句,同位语从句,主语从句,表语从句四类,考的较多的是区分同位语从句和定语从句,以及主语从句作主语. 其他的从句考查都是与动词结合,这类比较容易,主要掌握以上两类.不懂还可以问我,我一直在线.

峄城区15938952074： 定语从句搞不懂,谁能帮帮我啊? - ？
父龚葛根： 定语从句修饰句中名词,从句本身就是个句子.如:He is the teacher who will teach you Chinese. (定语从句修饰teacher)定语从句通常要有引导词,what, that 等,简要来说,被修饰词是人用who,引导.that 和 which 用于物 He is the teacher ...

峄城区15938952074： 英语高手们帮帮我吧!谁知道定语从句的结构? - ？
父龚葛根： 定语从句由关系代词who、whom、whose、which、what、as和关系...

峄城区15938952074： 高中的从句好难 谁帮帮我?？
父龚葛根： 第一个是from whom 第二个是whereu 其实第一个题不用管他,题目出的不好,我理解半天才理解到是说这个人可以学到很多东西. 第二个题很重要.首先我从语感的角度给你分析,算了.语感分析不出来.我一眼就看出答案了.要想有这个感觉唯一的办法就是多阅读!从语法上说,先看从句是否完整,是完整的.那排除名词性从句,which should be incompleted.那就是when 和where了.饭店嘛,肯定是where. 学习英语的方法:阅读!!!!!!!!!!!!!只有阅读才能有语感!相信我,每天阅读半个小时(一定要查单词),那么你得到的是:写作能力的显著提高,单词量的显著提高,阅读能力(废话)的提高,口语的逐步提高.

峄城区15938952074： 英语 什么是主语从句 举个例子 说详细点 我不太懂怎样把普通句子改为主语从句 拜托了 - ？
父龚葛根：[答案] 主语从句(Subject Clause) 定义:如果一个句子在复合句中充当一个主语,那么这个句子就是主语从句. 第一部分:常规主语从句,即句子在复合句中充当一个主语 (1)That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. ...