中国特色文化简介及食物的简介（都要是英文的)

中国特色文化简介及食物(都要英文的)~

The Beijing roast duck, is the Beijing famous food, it by luster redcolorful, pulp delicate, flavor mellow, fat but not greasycharacteristic, is "the world delicacy" but is renowned at home andabroad by the reputation.

Hands down, America of the roast duck, is the source to preciousvariety Peking duck, it is now the world highest quality one kind ofmeat duck. It is said, this special pure white Beijing duck's raising,approximately gets up before the millennium about, is because allprevious dynasties of king the distant gold dollar swims hunts for,the partner attains this pure white wild duck to plant, latter raisesfor You Lieer, continuously continues down, only then this is finepurebred, and cultivates now the precious meat duck to plant. Namelywith fills in feeds one kind of white duck which the method fattens,therefore "force feed duck". Not only that, Peking duck once inhundred years before passes on to Europe and America, amazes the worldwith a single brilliant feat after breeding. Thus, took the highquality variety Peking duck, becomes the world precious duck to plantthe origin already long time.
In the roast duck family most magnificent had to be the Quanjude, was it has established roast duck family's Beijing vivid ambassador the status.Quanjude founder Yang Quan the kernel previously was the small trader who lives the duck business after the job chicken, accumulated the capital gradually, founded the Quanjude roast duck shop, invited once a roast duck skilled worker who serves as a petty government official in the clear palace imperial kitchen, with the palace the roaster roast duck the technical fine roast duck, causes the roaster roast duck to come in the folk multiplication.The Quanjude adopts is the roaster roasts the law, does not cut up the chest and abdominal cavities to the duck.Only opens a small hole on the duck body, takes the internal organs, then fills the boiling water toward the duck belly inside, after then ties again the small hole hangs on the fire roasts.Because this method both does not let the duck roast dehydrates and may let duck's skin zhang open is not roasted softly, roasts the duck skin is very thin very crisply, has become the roast duck most delicious part.The roaster has the stove hole not to have the fire door, take fruit trees and so on jujube wood, pear as the fuel, with open fire.When fruit tree burn, smokeless, the fire in a stove is prosperous, the combustion time is long.After the duck enters the stove, must use to select the pole in a disorderly way to exchange duck's position, causes duck being heated to be even, the whole body all can roast.Roasts the duck outward appearance is full, the color assumes the deep red, the cerebral cortex is crisp, outside Jiao Linen, and has a fruit tree's delicate fragrance, the fine goods gets up, the taste is more wonderful.Strictly speaking, only then this kind roasts the law only then to call Beijing the roast duck.


from http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/40468948.html

说到饮食，不仅是以大米为主食、蔬菜、鱼与肉为副食的日本式餐点，而且西欧中国餐点一般也很普及，在日本可以品尝到丰富多样的餐食。日本是一个优质水资源非常丰富的国家，卫生设施也很完善，所以自来水在日本的任何地方都可以饮用。现代的日本文化更是多彩多姿。
女孩子们在学习自古以来的日本传统文化，如茶道、花道的同时，也跳迪斯科。观览市区、古老寺院和高层建筑相邻而建的情景并不稀奇。故而现代的日本文化是结合了古老的、新兴的、西洋的和东洋的文化而形成。
日本人普遍爱食用生鱼，因而盖着生鱼片的寿司是日本国内最流行的食物。
日本料理非常讲究保持食物的原味，不提倡加入过多调料，以清淡为主。对菜肴的色面尤其有着很高的要求，不但使用各式各样非常精致的盛器来装食物，对食物的形状、排列、颜色搭配也都有很细腻的考虑。看着那一道道精细得有如风景画一般的日式料理，初到日本的游客往往不忍破坏那份美丽。
饮食习惯
日本的冷面是放在竹制盘上，用筷子夹起一口的数量放在冷汤里进食。有些餐馆没有附上汤匙，日本人习惯拿起来喝汤。
日本的酒类
啤 酒：日本人最喜欢喝啤酒，无论是生啤酒或是瓶装的都受欢迎在夏天，部分百货公司更高有露天啤酒馆，吸引大量游客。
日本清酒：清酒可以热喝或冷喝，无论那一种清酒，都是日本菜肴的最佳搭配。酒味可口甜美，容易喝过量而醉。
威 士 忌：日本人喜爱喝威士忌加冰加水称(Mizuwari)
烧 酒：这种酒是用蕃薯、大麦、蔗糖等材料制成，经过滤后的
标准的日本菜：
Sukiyaki:祸置于餐桌上，在祸汤内不断放入牛肉片，蔬菜，豆腐等等，且煮且食。天妇罗(Tempura):在麦粉中加入鸡蛋和冷水，拌成麦粉浆，然后把虾，鱼，蔬菜等等，放入锅内油煎。
寿司(Sushi)：在有醋昧的饭团上，加以各种生鱼片。
生鱼片(Sashimi)：生的鱼片，用酱油佐食。
怀石菜(Kaiseki)：被认为是日本烹调技术的精华。利用蔬菜，鱼介，海草等精制而成，味道异常鲜美。
串烧(Yakitori)：一串串的鸡肉或肝脏，巨火烘熟。
炸猪排(Tonkatsu)：猪肉片在面包屑里一滚，然后用油煎 ！

扩展资料：
日本把菜肴叫做料理，因此日本菜日语称为日本料理，中国菜称为中国料理或中华料理，西餐统称为西洋料理。另有一种说法就是日本的称谓和食，西洋菜称为洋食，日语中几乎不说中食，但是饮食文化在日本呈和，中，洋三足鼎立之势。
关于日本料理我想大家可以在中文或日文的网站上搜索到很多。对蔗民百姓来说中国人是这样的，注重形式的日本人来看也不例外。首先，我个人虽然来日本已经10多年了，说实话我对日本料理持批判和不屑的态度大概占了2/3的年头，如果我一个人吃饭，不是应酬，我选择日本料理得概率几乎接近零。
日本料理生食很多，从生理上讲我对那种软绵绵，滑腻腻的东西通过我的喉咙至今无法容忍，虽然在日本，因为很多场合不得不应酬，但是大多是让这些生东西穿喉而过，从不多细细品味，因为我怕自己条件反射的打恶心反而在客户面前显得失礼。
参考资料：百度百科-日本的饮食

Traditional Celebration of the Chinese New Year

Of all the traditional Chinese festivals, the new Year was perhaps the most elaborate, colorful, and important. This was a time for the Chinese to congratulate each other and themselves on having passed through another year, a time to finish out the old, and to welcome in the new year. Common expressions heard at this time are: GUONIAN to have made it through the old year, and BAINIAN to congratulate the new year.

Turning Over a New Leaf
The Chinese New year is celebrated on the first day of the First Moon of the lunar calendar. The corresponding date in the solar calendar varies from as early as January 21st to as late as February 19th. Chinese New Year, as the Western new Year, signified turning over a new leaf. Socially, it was a time for family reunions, and for visiting friends and relatives. This holiday, more than any other Chinese holiday, stressed the importance of family ties. The Chinese New year's Eve dinner gathering was among the most important family occasions of the year.

Sweeping of the Grounds
Preparations for the Chinese New Year in old China started well in advance of the New Year's Day. The 20th of the Twelfth Moon was set aside for the annual housecleaning, or the "sweeping of the grounds". Every corner of the house must be swept and cleaned in preparation for the new year. SpringCouplets, written in black ink on large vertical scrolls of red paper, were put on the walls or on the sides of the gate-ways. These couplets, short poems written in Classical Chinese, were expressions of good wishes for the family in the coming year. In addition, symbolic flowers and fruits were used to decorate the house, and colorful new year pictures (NIAN HUA) were placed on the walls (for more descriptions of the symbolism of the flowers and fruits.

Kitchen God
After the house was cleaned it was time to bid farewell to the Kitchen God, or Zaowang. In traditional China, the Kitchen God was regarded as the guardian of the family hearth. He was identified as the inventor of fire, which was necessary for cooking and was also the censor of household morals. By tradition, the Kitchen God left the house on the 23rd of the last month to report to heaven on the behavior of the family. At this time, the family did everything possible to obtain a favorable report from the Kitchen God. On the evening of the 23rd, the family would give the Kitchen God a ritualistic farewell dinner with sweet foods and honey. Some said this was a bribe, others said it sealed his mouth from saying bad thins.

Free from the every-watchful eyes of the Kitchen God, who was supposed to return on the first day of the New Year, the family now prepared for the upcoming celebrations. In old China, stores closed shop on the last two or three days of the year and remained closed for the first week of the New Year. Consequently, families were busy in the last week of the old year stocking up on foods and gifts. Chinese New Year presents are similar in spirit to Christmas presents, although the Chinese tended more often to give food items, such as fruits and tea. The last days of the old year was also the time to settle accumulated. debts.

Family Celebration
On the last day of the old year, everyone was busy either in preparing food for the next two days, or in going to the barbers and getting tidied up for the New Year’s Day. Tradition stipulated that all food be pre-pared before the New Year’s Day, so that all sharp instruments, such as knives and scissors, could be put away to avoid cutting the "luck" of the New Year. The kitchen and well were not to be disturbed on the first day of the Year.

The New Year’s Eve and New Year’s Day celebrations were strickly family affairs. All members of the family would gather for the important family meal on the evening of the New year’s Eve. Even if a family member could not attend, an empty seat would be kept to symbolize that person’s presence at the banquet. At midnight following the banquet, the younger members of the family would bow and pay their respects to their parents and elders.

Lai-See
On New Year’s Day, the children were given Red Lai-See Envelopes , good luck money wrapped in little red envelopes. On New Year’s day, everyone had on new clothes, and would put on his best behavior. It was considered improper to tell a lie, raise one’s voice, use indecent language, or break anything on the first day of the year.

Starting from the second day, people began going out to visit friends and relatives, taking with them gifts and Lai-See for the children. Visitors would be greeted with traditional New year delicacies, such as melon seeds, flowers, fruits, tray of togetherness, and NIANGAO, New Year cakes.

Everybody’s Birthday
The entire first week was a time for socializing and amusement. On the streets, the stores were closed and an air of gaiety prevailed. There were numberous lion dances, acrobats, theatrical shows, and other diversions. Firecrackers, which symbolized driving away evil spirits, were heard throughout the first two weeks of the New year. The Seventh Day of the New Year was called "everybody’s birthday" as everyone was considered one year older as of that date. (In traditional China, individual birthdays were not considered as important as the New Year’s date. Everyone added a year to his age at New Year’s time rather than at his birthday.)

Lantern Festival - 15th Day
The New Year celebrations ended on the 15th of the First Moon with the Lantern Festival. On the evening of that day, people carried lanterns into the streets to take part in a great parade. Young men would highlight the parade with a dragon dance. The dragon was made of bamboo, silk, and paper, and might stretch for more than hundred feet in length. The bobbing and weaving of the dragon was an impressive sight, and formed a fitting finish to the New Year festival.

Chinese New Year Festival as Seen in the United States

The Chinse New Year celebration in San Francisco Chinatown and other Chinese American communitites should not be interpreted as direct transplants of Chinese culture. Due to differences in their social environment and physical limitations, these local celebrations have developed special characteristics of their own. Along with old customs imported directly from China, the Chinatown celebrations also contain adaptations from other cultures in the United States.

Traditional vs Modern
The first point to be noticed in comparing the Chinatown celebrations of today to that described in the preceeding section is that they have been shortened or simplified. Chinese American stores in this country do not close for a week to celebrate, nor is is likely that a Chinese American could take two weeks off from work. Therefore, many of the festivities have been adapted for the evenings or the weekends. This includes the social visits, the family dinners, and even the Chinatown parade, which is always held on a Saturday. In many Chinese American homes, the annual housecleaning is still done at New Year’s time. Spring Couplets can be seen in Chinatwon stores everywhere, but these are now bought from the Chinse Hospital as a fundraising effort - an interesting variation on an old Chinese custom.

In addition to the Spring Couplets, the Chinatown lion dances have also been promoted as a fundraising event for the Chinese Hospital. In the earlier days of Chinatown, lion dances were relatively rare. In the 1920’s, a fundraising program was started whereby lion dancers would go from store to store to dance and wish them luck. In return, storekeepers would give Lai-see packets which were donated to the Chinese Hospital.

Chinatown Festival & Parade
The Chinatown parade is a bend of typical American marching parades and the traditional Lantern Festival. Although the dragon dance is adopted from the Chinese celebration, the rest of the Chinatown parade, including the beauty pageant, floats, and marching bands, was obviously inspired by non-Chinese models. The parade was first started in 1953 by the Chinese Chamber of Commerce and has since attracted thousands of spectators each year.

Family Associations
Some Chinatown festivities also reflect the earlier history of Chinese Americans. Prior to the present generation, the Chinese American community was essentially a bachelor society. Restrictive immigration laws had made it extremely difficult for Chinese families to emigrate to the United States. As a result, most Chinese Americans in the past were not able to hold family dinners at New Years’s time. In place of the family banquets, Chinatown developed a unique tradition of Spring Banquets hosted by the " family associations" in certain Chinese restaurants. These Spring Banquets, originally developed to take the place of family dinners, are still held today, even though Chinatown is no longer a society of single men.

Terminology & Symbolism

Chinese Lunar Calendar: The Chinese calendar will often show the dates of both the Gregorian (Western) calendar and the Chinese Lunar Calendar. The Gregorian dates are printed in Arabic numerals, and the Chinese dates in Chinese numerals. Chinese Lunar Calendar is based on the cycles of the moon, and is constructed in a different fashion than the Western solar calendar.

Family Associations: organized according to family surnames, such as the Wong Family Association, etc., are social clubs or lodges which were first set up in Chinatown to serve the social and personal needs of Chinese workers.

Flowers: Flowers are an important part of the New year decorations. In old China, much use was made of natural products in celebrations as well as in daily life. The two flowers most associated with the New Year are the plum blossom and the water narcissus

Lai-See Envelopes: (Also called Hong-Bao) Money is placed in these envelopes and given to children and young adults at New Year’s time, much in the spirit as Christmas presents. Presents are also often exchanged between families.

Lucky Character: The single word " FOOK ", or fortune, is often displayed in many homes and stores. They are usually written by brush on a diamond-shaped piece of red paper.

Plum Blossoms: stand for courage and hope. The blossoms burst forth at the end of winter on a seemingly lifeless branch. In Chinese art, plum blossoms are associated with the entire season of winter and not just the New Year.

Spring Couplets: Spring couplets are traditionally written with black ink on red paper. They are hung in storefronts in the month before the New Year’s Day, and often stay up for two months. They express best wishes and fortune for the coming year. There is a great variety in the writing of these poetic couplets to fit the situation. A store would generally use couplets hat make references to their line of trade. Couplets that say "Happy New Year" and " Continuing Advancement in Education" are apprpriate for a school.

SweepingOut the Old: Welcoming in the New: Old business from the past year is cleared up

Tangerines, Oranges, Pomelos: Tangerines and oranges are frequently displayed in homes and stores. Tangerines are symbolic of good luck, and oranges are symbolic of wealth. These symbols have developed through a language pun, the word for tangerine having the same sound as "luck" in Chinese, and the word for orange having the same sound as "wealth". Pomelos are large pear-shaped grapefruits.

Tray of Togetherness: Many families keep a tray full of dried fruits, sweets, and candies to welcome guests and relatives who drop by. This tray is called a chuen-hop, or "tray of togetherness". Traditionally, it was made up of eight compartments, each of which was filled with a special food item of significance to the New Year season.

Water Narcissus: Flower that blossoms at New Year’s time. If the white flowers blossom exactly on the day of the New Year, it is believed to indicate good fortune for the ensuing twelve months.

Chinese Zodiac: The rotating cycle of twelve animal signs was a fok method for naming the years in traditional China. The animal signs for one another in an established order, and are repeated every twelve years. 1976 was the Year of the Dragon, 1977 was the year of the Snake.

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A Different New Year Book:
Learn about about Chinese New Year!

This teacher’s guide, produced as part of the Ethnic Heritage Studies Project of the Chinese Culture Foundation, is an effort to develop teaching materials on the Chinese New Year festival suitable for use in secondary schools. This teacher’s guide was written by Joe Huang. Requests for information concerning this manual or the Ethnic Heritage Studies Project should be addressed to the Chinese Culture Foundation, 750 Kearny Street, San Francisco, CA 94108.

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