关于英语中定语从句的知识点

有关定语从句的知识点？？？~

定 语 从 句
I. 考点分析

定语从句主要考点是关系代词，尤其是that, as, 介词+which的用法。
II．知识点

定语从句也称形容词性从句，在整个句子中起定语的作用。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词和代词之后，这种名词和代词被称为先行词。

引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。其中，关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which等，在从句中可作主语、宾语，定语等；关系副词有when, where, why等词，在定语从句中只用作状语。其中：

1. who, whom, whose指人，在从句中分别作主语（在非正式英语中也可作宾语,但可省略）、宾语和定语；whose也可指物，作定语；that可指人，也可指物，在从句中可作主语，也可作宾语；which指物，在从句中可作主语，也可作宾语。注意：whom, that, which在从句中作宾语时可以省略。请看例句：

1）The man who was here yesterday is a painter.

2) The man (who) I saw is called Smith.

3) I know the man (whom) you mean.

4) A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.

5) I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.

6) A letter that is written in pencil is hard to read.

7) The letter (that) I received from him yesterday is very important.

8) Is he the man that sells eggs?

9) That is the boy (that) you are looking for.

2. When 指时间，where指地点，why指原因，在从句中都作状语。例如：

1) We will put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better.

2) He has reached the point where a change is needed.

3) That is no reason why you should leave.

定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。限定性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面修饰、限定先行词，它与先行词之间没有逗号，去掉后会影响全句意思的完整性。非限定性定语从句用来解释、说明先行词或主句所指内容，与先行词之间用逗号隔开。

1) I like to chat with John, who is a clever fellow.

2) Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.
III．定语从句中的四级考点:

1.在下列情形下只能用that，而不能用which。

1)序数词或最高级形容词修饰先行词时：

a. The first English novel that I read was the Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.

b. Tom is the most diligent students that I have ever known.

2) 先行词是不定代词或被All, everything, nothing, anything, something等不定代词修饰先行词时：

a. Mr. Green had told us something that we should do in the summer vocation.

b. I heard all that she told to her mother.

2. that, which 和as

非限定性定语从句中的先行词在从句中作主语指人、指物或主句所指代的一个意义时，引导词不能用that，而只能用which或 as。而后两者的区别是which引导的非限定性定语从句可放在句中和句末，却不能置于句首，as引导的从句既可放在句中、句末，也可置于句首。

a. He once helped a woman, which(as) was reported in the newspaper.

The dog, which(as) is black, is running toward the strange man.

b. As is known, the director of the company is going to come to our branch to have a inspection of the production here.

3. which和whom在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词一般放在二者之前，也可放在从句原来的位置上，在含有介词的固定词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上，而不能放在二者之前。

a. Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.

Please tell me whom you borrow the English novel from.

b. The house in which he lived before now becomes a restaurant.

The house which he lived in before now becomes a restaurant.

c. This is the magazine (that) you are looking for.

4. 介词＋which的结构可代替定语从句中的引导词when和where。

a. He was born in Germany where(in which) he stayed for 12 years.

b. She arrived at 12 o’clock when(at which) it was raining hard.

5.but, than也可作关系代词。

a. You spent more money than was intended to be spent.

b. There are very few but admire his talents.（很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。but = who don't）

从历年四级词汇语法考点中分析可知，定语从句出现的频率很高，主要集中在以上所讲的定语从句的特殊用法中，因此需重点掌握这些。此外，在做题和复习过程中要活学活用。
IV. 历届四级试题中的定语从句：

1. Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others,____, of course, made others jealous. (93/06/59)

A) who B) that C) what D) which

2.____ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer. (93/06/67)

A)That B) Which C) As D) It

3. The residents, ____ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross. (93/6/68)

A)all their homes B) all whose homes C) all of whose homes D) all of their homes

4. Language is a city, to the building of ____ every human being brought a stone. (94/01/51)

A)which B) that C) it D) this

5. You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from ____ to suspend your tent. (95/06/50)

A)there B) them C) which D) where

6. ____ might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed. (96/6/27)

A)As B) That C) It D) What

7. It is useful to be able to predict the extent ____ which a price change will affect supply and demand. (97/01/29)

A)from B) with C) to D) for

8. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ____obtaining water is not the least. (98/01/42)

A)for which B) to which C) of which D) in which

9. The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, ____ is often the case in other countries. (98/06/58)

A) as B) what C) so D) that

10. We need a chairman ____.（98/06/62）

A) for whom everyone has confidence B) in whom everyone has confidence

C) who everyone has confidence of D) whom everyone has confidence on

11. The course normally attracts 20 students per year, ___ up to half will be from overseas. (98/06/70)

A) in which B) for which C) with which D) of whom

12. A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, ___ were surprising. (99/01/42)

A) as results B) which results C) the results of it D) the results of which

13. He came back late, ___ which time all the guests have already left. (99/06/41)

A) at B) after C) by D) during

14. I hope all the precautions against air pollution ____ suggested by local government will be seriously considered here. (99/06/53)

A)as B) while C) after D) since

15. I've never been to Beijing, but it is the place ___. (99/06/55)

A)that I want to visit it most B) where I'd like to visit

C) in which I'd like to visit D) I most want to visit

16. Beer is the most popular drinks among drinkers,____ overall consumption is significant.(00/06/32)

A)whose B) which C) that D) what

17. The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds ___ his arguments in favor of the new theory. (00/06/36)

A)to be based on B) to base on C) which to base on D) on which to base

18. Living in the western part of the country has its problem, ___ obtaining fresh water is not the least. (00/06/46)

A)with which B) for which C) of which D) which

19. The hours ____ the children spend in their one-way relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationship with real-life people. (01/1/54)

A)when B) on which C) that D) in which

20. Agriculture was a step in human progress ___ which subsequently there was not anything comparable until our own machine age. (01/01/64)

A)to B) in C) for D) from

21. Government reports examination compositions legal documents and most letters are the main situations ___ formal language is used. (01/06/46)

A)in which B) on which C) in that D) at what

22.The residents, ____ had been damaged by the fire, were given help by the Red Cross. (02/6/64)

A) all of their homes B) all their homes C) whose all homes D) all of whose homes

23. These people once had fame and fortune; now ____ is left to them is utter poverty. (02/6/61)

A) all that C) all which B) all what D) that all

修饰名词的叫定语，修饰名词的句子叫定语从句

什么叫从句呢？就是英语句中的某一成份不是一个单词或词组，而是一个句子，那么这个担任成份的句子就叫从句。如果定语是一个句子，它就叫定语从句；如果宾语是一个句子，它就是宾语从句。依此类推。例如：
The boy and the dog [that are in the picture ] are very lovely. (括号中that开始的句子就是定语从句)
We revisited the village [where we had worked before.] (括号中where引导的句子也是定语从句)
He learned [that this was a hard work (which must be finished in a week.)] (这句里有两个从句，方括号由that引导的是宾语从句；在这个宾语从句中又包含了一个由which引导的定语从句。)

因此，对于一个比较复杂的较长的英语句子来说，它就可能存在几个句子，即主句和担任各种成份的从句。从这个角度看，也可以说从句是句子中的句子。

二、定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。 18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）

2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the bo ok whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。

3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语 18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

　　关系代词引导的定语从句
　　关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
　　1)who, whom, that
　　这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
　　Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
　　他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
　　He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
　　他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
　　2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换), 例如：
　　They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
　　Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
　　3)which, that
　　它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
　　A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作主语)
　　The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)
　　关系副词引导的定语从句
　　关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
　　1)when, where, why
　　关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
　　There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
　　Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
　　Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
　　2)that代替关系副词
　　that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
　　His father died the year (that / when / on which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
　　He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
　　判断关系代词与关系副词
　　方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
　　This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
　　I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
　　判断改错(注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线;用不同的颜色表示 出。)
　　(错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
　　(错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
　　(对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
　　(对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
　　习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
　　方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

用一个句子修饰一个名词

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