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high-effective adsorbent 高效吸附剂
residual ammine 残氨

【Activated carbon has been successfully used in numerous gas processing applications for many years. Activated carbon's highly porous nature and large surface area make it an ideal adsorbent for removing trace contaminants from liquid and gaseous streams. For some inorganic contaminants encountered in gas processing operations, removal can be enhanced by impregnation of the activated carbon to promote both physical adsorption and chemisorption.】

【AC is a black, solid substance resembling granular or
powdered charcoal. It is extremely porous with a very large
surface area. One ounce of AC has an estimated 30,000 square
yards of surface area. Certain contaminants accumulate on the
surface of the AC. This is called adsorption. The two main
reasons that chemicals adsorb onto AC is 1) a "dislike" of the
water and 2) attraction to the AC. Adsorption of most
contaminants results from a combination of 1 and 2. Many organic compounds, such as chlorinated and nonchlorinated solvents,gasoline, pesticides and trihalomethanes can be adsorbed by AC.AC is also effective for removal of chlorine and moderately effective for removal of some heavy metals. Metals that are bound to organic molecules will also be removed by AC.Fluoride,chloride, nitrate, hardness (calcium and magnesium) and most metal ions are not removed by AC to any significant degree.
It is important to note that carbon is not necessarily the
same as AC. AC removes vastly more contaminants from water than does ordinary carbon.】

【Activated carbon is remarkable, highly adsorbent material with a large number of applications in the remediation of contaminated groundwater. Its properties and uses have been known for centuries, but modern applications involving water and wastewater treatment have expanded the understanding of its nature and potential.
Activated carbon is an effective absorbent primarily due to its extensive porosity and very large available surface area. The chemical nature of the carbon's adsorptive surface is also important but is usually considered much less significant. The specific properties of an activated carbon are the result of both the raw material used to produce it and the activation process, which boosts its adsorbent qualities.
A variety of raw materials, including wood and coal, are used in activated carbon manufacture, making it plentiful, relatively inexpensive, and versatile. It is generally manufactured as either granular activated carbon (GAC) or powdered activated carbon (PAC). In the most popular granular form, activated carbon is used as a filter medium through which contaminated water or air is passed. The powdered form is mixed into wastewater to react with contaminants and later filtered or settled from the mixture. These two forms may be applied to a variety of treatment systems.
Activated carbon is used in water and wastewater treatment primarily as an adsorbent for the removal of relatively low levels of organic and inorganic contaminants via transfer from the dissolved phase to the solid carbon surface. While its adsorbent nature also makes it useful for the filtration of contaminated air, only its use in water treatment will be considered in this document.
Most forms of activated carbon are non-polar in nature, so they have the greatest affinity for other non-polar substances. As a result, they are most effective in the removal of a variety of organic contaminants, including trihalomethanes, pesticides and herbicides, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. However, activated carbon may also be used for the removal of trace metals such as cadmium and lead, and it has also been effective in removing some polar organics as well. On the other hand, activated carbons do not effectively remove contaminants of high solubility or inorganic salts like nitrates.
In remediation systems, activated carbon is almost always used as a component in some form of pump-and-treat system. Commonly, it is used as a sorptive filter medium through which contaminated water is passed before it is re-injected or routed to a stream or sewer. In these applications, activated carbon is most commonly used as a tertiary step, in which low concentrations of contaminants are removed from partially treated water.】

【Activated carbon is a carbonaceous adsorbent with a high internal porosity, and hence a large internal surface area. Commercial activated carbon grades have an internal surface area of 500 up to 1500 m2/g. Related to the type of application, two major product groups exist:

Powdered activated carbon; particle size 1-150 micron
Granular activated carbon (granulated or extruded), particle size in the 0.5-4 mm range

A proper activated carbon has a number of unique characteristics: a large internal surface area, dedicated (surface) chemical properties and good accessibility of internal pores. According to IUPAC definitions three groups of pores are distinguished:
Macropores (above 50 nm diameter)
Mesopores (2-50 nm diameter)
Micropores (under 2 nm diameter)
】

Research efforts are going on (Mohammed et al., 1998;
Wang et al., 2005) for development of such type of wastewater
treatment technologies. Fly ash can be used as a
promising adsorbent for removal of various types of pollutants
from wastewater (Patnaik et al., 1996; Wang and Wu,
2006). Low cost adsorbents of different origins like Industrial
waste material, bagasse fly ash and jute-processing
waste can also be used for removal of organic matter from
wastewater (Manju et al., 1998; Banerje and Dastidar,
2005; Srivastava et al., 2005; Bhatnagar, 2007). Removal
of organic matter from wastewaters with the help of activated
carbons prepared from waste materials has also been
reported in the literature (Pala and Tokat, 2002). Various
low cost adsorbents like chitin, chitosan, corn stalks, peat,
rice husk and wood have been used for removal of organic
matter from industrial effluent (Hall, 1975; Poots et al.,
1976; George, 1982; Mckay et al., 1980; Annadurai and
Krishan, 1996; Sharma and Sharma, 1994).
Adsorption-based innovative technology (Devi et al.,
2002; Devi and Dahiya, 2006) developed with low cost carbonaceous
materials showed good potential, more so for
COD removal from such wastewater. Such adsorption
approach can offer an easy and economic solution to these
environmental challenges. Moreover, activated carbon is
considered very effective in reduction of color, absorbable
organic halides (AOX) and non-biodegradable pollutants
of such wastewater (Mall and Prasad, 1998; Mall and
Upadhyay, 1998) but this process has some additional costs
associated with the production of activated carbon
(Shawwa et al., 2001).
The aim of this study was to assess the potential of Avacado
peel carbon in reduction of COD and BOD concentration
from coffee processing wastewater. For this
purpose, activated carbon prepared from Avacado peel
has been used in the present study to see the feasibility of
adsorbent under batch operation and accordingly, optimum
operating conditions have been worked out for the
treatment of coffee processing wastewater.

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