Magmatic-High-Temperature

外语好学习吗~

虽然说英语语法已经没有过去重要了，但是对于中国人学习英语来说，英语语法是一个捷径。如果你英语语法没有学好，不光影响到选择题，更重要的是在英语写作中，写不出语法正确的句子，这样很难争取高分。我觉得一开始学习国际音标是最科学的，再学26个英文字母，然后是最最基本的3000个英文单词，最后才是语法和课文。

听说不分家，虽然在国内的某些英语考试里依然单独设置听力和口语考试，但在实际交流中，几乎不存在单方面说或听的情况。在锻炼听力和口语时，我基本上都以知名英语新闻媒体的视听资源、英美剧和英语电影为主要素材，用不同的方法进行练习。

如何做好“ 说”这一关：
1） 语音语调（模仿）：
　　语音语调上要强调模仿纯正的英语母语国家人。语流、语速也要达到英语母语匀速讲话的标准。请老师纠音， 多听原版录音带， 多模仿。做跟读的练习。
2） 词汇句型积累：
　　大家应该多注重句型的积累，多听英语原版新闻或看些电影电视剧。因为视觉听觉结合可以加深我们的记忆，我们可以用电影场景记忆的方法来学习英语听说。很多学员跟我说：“老师，我看过的电影美剧多了去了，为啥我还是不会说？”不能看了就完了，我们的目的不是看剧情，而是学语言，可以把你感兴趣的英文电影或剧集的一个片段找出来，用听力“输入”的方式，边看边做笔记，记下句型。并经常“输出”，把学会的句型变成自己的口语。
3）背诵与模仿：
　　学习初期应努力背诵所学的课文，例如我们在大学听说读写拔高用的国际教材interchange2、3，这个教材别小看了它， 一些最常用的句型和词汇以及语法都集中在这里。加上是英语母语国家的精英语言教育者编写，权威性是毫无置疑的。这里我要强调大家选教材一定要用由英语母语国家人编写或审译过的教材，这样可以避免学到不地道的英文。千万不要轻视了背诵， 通过背诵， 很多东西就变成了你自己的。虽然看起来这背诵的办法有点愚， 但多年的实践证明它对练好口语最有效。一些警句和成语要烂熟于胸。一些精彩的段落也要尽可能地背下来。坚持跟读， 这对口语能力的提高非有用，其实根本不会花去大家多久的时间， 每天花上10分钟跟读英文就可以了。贵在坚持。反复地朗读不仅对语音是个很好的练习， 对文章的无意识记忆也大有益处。
4）丰富知识：
　　不断地丰富自己语言以外的相关知识。广博的知识是提高口语水平的重要基础。这就是为什么作为一名翻译要求“You have to know something about everything.”
5） 口语实践：
　　很多人老是说没有语言环境为由而放弃听说的训练，其实并没有大家想的那么困难。在老师正确的方法的指导下进行实践可以少走一些弯路。大家在口语的训练方面可以学会“自言自语”， 把学过的东西复述出来。自己给自己创造语言环境。

In geological settings w ith magmatic or high-temperature systems the geothermal gradient is several times above the crustal average and rock temperatures of several hundred degrees Celsius exist at depths of only a few kilometers. The locations of these geothermal fields is invariably tectonically determined，and they are often found in areas of block faulting，grabens or rifting and in collapsed caldera structures，w ith reservoir depths of around 1 － 3 km. Typical settings are around active plate margins ( Figure 18. 3) such as subduction zones ( e. g. Pacific Rim) ， spreading ridges ( Mid-Atlantic ) ， rift zones ( East Africa ) and w ithin orogenic belts ( Mediterranean，Himalaya) .

Figure 18. 3 Hottest know n geothermal areas ( dark gray) around the w orld

High-temperature systems are often volcanogenic，w ith the heat provided by intrusive masses. Geothermal systems also develop on the flanks of young volcanoes. As mentioned， high-temperature fields w ith a non-volcanogenic or tectonic heat source are less common.

Hydrothermal system related to volcano-plutonic and volcanic settings start as static- magmatic systems，in the closed systems of a plutonic body. The magmatic body rises closer to the surface or even ruptures it forming a stratovolcano. Due to the igneous bodies，providing a pow erful heat engine，convection cells form w ith fluids supplied from meteoric w aters. This environment is typical for porphyry or epithermal ore deposits and alteration features know n as potassic，propylitic，phyllic，and argillic. The active time span of such systems may range from 10⁵to 10⁶years.

( 1) Silicic/Andesitic Systems

There are four principle settings of silicic / andesitic geothermal systems w ithin a great number of possible scenarios. Hence，silicic or andesitic magmatic terrains can be divided into ① silicic volcanism ; ② andesitic stratovolcanoes; ③ highland volcanoes; ④ volcanic islands. The cases ① and ② are described as examples w ithin the follow ing section.

All kinds of the mentioned systems are characterized by regions w here boiling occurs somew here w ithin the geothermal field. These boiling events may result in epithermal ore deposits，especially gold but also other precious metal formations.

Vapor-Dominated Figure 18. 4 displays characteristic features of vapor-dominated systems. Fumaroles，steaming ground and acid sulfate-w aters from hot springs are observed at the Earth's surface. The reservoir is composed of steam ( w ith gases) and it is assumed that saline，boiling w ater feeds the reservoir at depth. In these extensively exploited systems，the undisturbed states are poorly know n because deep drillings often do not penetrate the vapor zone. Vapor-dominated reservoirs show a relatively constant temperature w ith depth of about 236℃ ，w hich is the temperature of maximum enthalpy of saturated steam. The system is convecting due to the steam up-flow ，rising from depth and flow ing laterally at the top of the reservoir along the base of capping low -permeability rocks. The steam cools as it flow s and eventually condenses and recirculates into the deep reservoir. Less-soluble gases remain more readily concentrated in the steam phase than the more soluble gases. The chemistry of the steam changes w ith upflow ，lateral flow ，and condensation. Oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in the steam and subsequent absorption into the geothermal w ater w ill produce acid condensates ( acid sulfate waters ) ， whereas condensation of CO₂results in formation of hydrogen carbonate w aters ( Figure 18. 4 ) . Vapor-dominated systems are less common than liquid- dominated systems and only three have been w ell characterized: The Geysers ( California， USA) ，Larderello ( Italy) ，and Kaw ah Kamojang ( Indonesia) .

Figure 18. 4 Conceptual model w ith characteristic features of vapor-dominated geothermal systems

Liquid-Ddominated The characteristics of high temperature volcanic hosted and liquid dominated systems are show n in Figure 18. 5 and Figure 18. 6 distinguishing betw een high relief and low relief terrain，respectively. Liquid dominated geothermal systems in a high relief are typical of andesitic volcanic terrains and in a low relief of silicic volcanic terrains. Many systems display lateral flow structures created by strong hydraulic gradients often caused due to a high relief and a near-surface low -permeability horizon. Cooling by conduction and groundw ater mixing are reflected in the chemistry of the discharges. Even in low relief settings ( ＜ 250 m， e. g. Taupo Volcanic Zone，New Zealand) ，near surface lateral flow s can extend for several kilometers. This is greatly extended in terrain of high relief ( ＞ 1000 m) w here flow s are 10 － 50 km in length.

High relief is common in island arc settings w ith characteristic andesitic volcanism. The up-flow part of the system is revealed by fumaroles and steam heated aquifers fed by the tw o- phase zone and supplying the springs from the condensate layers ( Figure 18. 5) . It is the steep topography that likew ise prevents the chloride fluid from reaching the Earth's surface resulting in large lateral flow s，often over some 10 km. Over this distance the chloride fluid can be diluted w ith groundw ater or mix w ith descending sulfate w aters from steam condensates. The acid sulfate，chloride，or mixed w aters can also emerge dow n-slope as hot springs，or descend into the system through fractures. Examples of these systems are found in Indonesia，Taiw an in China，Japan，and the Philippines.

Figure 18. 5 Conceptual model of liquid dominated geothermal systems in a high relief， typical of an andesitic volcanic terrain

Figure 18. 6 Conceptual model of liquid dominated geothermal systems in a low relief， typical for silicic volcanic terrain ( alteration / metasomatism processes in italic letters)

Low relief systems are generally characterized by recharge provided from meteoric groundw ater and heat supplied， together w ith some gases， from deeply buried magmatic systems producing a convective column of near neutral pH chloride w ater emanating in springs and pools at the surface ( Figure 18. 6) . The deep geothermal fluid can express at the surface， often close to the up-flow area. Lateral flow is possible but，because of the gentle topography， is not as extensive as in areas of high relief. Tw o-phase or steam zones are commonly present but are not as thick as in high relief systems. How ever，these steam zones can increase in depth w hen fluid removal on exploitation of the systems exceeds natural fluid recharge，as has happened at Wairakei，New Zealand. Oxidation of hydrogen sulfide gas in the steam，together w ith condensation or mixing of the steam w ith groundw aters，produces acid sulfate w aters. Condensation of carbon dioxide， w hich is less soluble than hydrogen sulfide， produces hydrogen carbonate rich w aters，w hich are often found on the margins of the field. Because of the low relief over these systems，hot springs of chloride，sulfate，and hydrogen carbonate w aters as w ell as fumaroles，and steaming ground often occur in relatively close proximity to one another. These types of systems are found in New Zealand，USA，East Africa and Iceland.

( 2) Basaltic Systems

Spreading Centers Hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridges，in sea-floor environments， occurs on a large lateral scale. The recognition of fossil systems of such kind is difficult because oceanic crust is subsequently destroyed at convergent plate boundaries and only fragments may survive. Convective cells result from penetration of seawater to depths between 5 km and 10 km. Flow occurs in cracks as well as in the porous media with discharges of the return flow through localized vents or clusters of vents with short life spans of several years only.

Seawater circulation in oceanic crust was modeled by Taylor in 1983 based on field mapping for the Samail ophiolites in Oman，translated into the geometry as shown for the general hydrothermal system in Figure 18. 7. The proposed system consists of two circulation schemes. The upper circulation is located above the bird-shaped magma chamber within the region containing sheeted dykes and pillow lavas. The lower part of the system is located beneath the wings of the magma chamber above the ultramafic basement. Both circulation systems act decoupled with a high water- rock ratio in the upper part compared to a low ratio in the lower part.

Figure 18. 7 Hydrothermal system w ithin the environment of mid-ocean ridges consisting of tw o circulation systems，the low er part below the w ings of the magma chamber and the upper part above，w ithin a region of sheeted dykes

Geothermal fluid movement w ithin the seaw ater，above the discharging vents，is important for the development of ores. This hydrothermal system is called a plume. Plumes are diluted hydrothermal fluids rising above the vent producing sulfide particles ( black smokers) ，w hich settle around the vents. The deposits contain sulfates ( anhydrite and barite ) ，talc，calcite， pyrrhotite，sphalerite，chalcopyrite，and galena. These muddy deposits are often rich in organic carbon material and tend to form hydrocarbons.

Continental Rifts The geodynamic evolution of rifted basins leads to the activation of hydrothermal solutions follow ed by their ascent along active faults. The geological settings are manifold and it is beyond the scope of this unit to describe all of them. How ever，studies on recently active rift settings ( Red Sea，East African Rift) emphasize that the occurrence of sediment-hosted mineral deposits may be due to hydrothermal systems in continental rift settings.

Hydrothermal system development w ith accompanying ore deposition is characterized by a reaction continuum from early stages during diagenesis ( movement of meteoric w ater and compaction) to metamorphic processes. Types of deposits thought to be due to ancient rift settings are: ① sediment-hosted stratiform metals ( active modern analogues are deposits formed w ithin the Red Sea brines or w ithin the East African Rift lakes) ; ② stratabound carbonate- hosted deposits ( like the Mississippi-valley type) .

During burial and diagenetic compaction considerable amounts of w ater are released from the sediments. The composition of the w aters depends on the composition of the sediments w ithin the basin. With increasing depth the formation w aters are enriched w ith various anions and cations resulting in increasing salinity. Additionally these brines may be heated by a deep seated heat source. Migration of the fluids along the aquifer and up along basin faults result in trapping of the brines below an impermeable cap. Heat flow may drive circulation of the brines w ithin convection cells in the rift setting.

Within the area of the Red Sea rift，linked to geodynamic and magmatic evolution， metalliferrous sediments occur w ith ores of numerous kinds. Hot brine pools are characteristic for these stratabound and stratiform deposits. The pools are due to active discharges of hydrothermal fluids located at the intersection of fractures and transform faults and are found to be density-stratified. A low er brine layer of high salinity is in contact w ith the metalliferrous sediments and of slightly higher temperature compared to the upper brine layer ( Figure 18. 8) . The high salinities of the hydrothermal fluids result because they originate from seaw ater and additionally due to circulation through evaporitic formations on the shoulders or the floor of the rift basin. The w ater is heated by the local heat flow and carries the metals leached from the basaltic rocks of the basement. The fluids subsequently discharge at the sea floor w here they precipitate metal sulfides，sulfates and silicates.

Figure 18. 8 Typical features of a stratified brine pool in the Red Sea rift，resulting from sea w ater circulating through evaporites and the basaltic basement subsequently emanating from vents and finally leading to precipitation of minerals

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荣昌县15088794008： MAG焊到底是个什么焊 - ？
历帝龙胆： MIG焊是熔化极惰性气体保护焊. MAG焊是熔化极活性气体保护焊.而气保焊根据保护气的种类属于MIG焊或者MAG焊. TIG就是我们通常所说的氩弧焊.它们的具体区别如下: 1、MIG焊和MAG焊都是熔化极氩弧焊,其区别主要是采用的保护...

荣昌县15088794008： 焊接种类中MIG、MAG、TIG、SMAW分别有什么特点?各自用在什么场合? - ？
历帝龙胆： TIG 钨极氩弧焊,MIG 熔化极惰性气体保护焊,MAG 熔化极活性气体保护焊,SMAW焊条手工电弧焊 MIG焊(熔化极气体保护电弧焊) 这种焊接方法是利用连续送进的焊丝与工件之间燃烧的电弧作热源,由焊炬嘴喷出的气体来保护电弧进行焊...

荣昌县15088794008： matlab 中 re、im、mag、phase、gm、pm、wcp、wcg分别计算的是什么指标? - ？
历帝龙胆： re:奈奎斯特在频率为w时,频率响应的实部; im:奈奎斯特在频率为w时,频率响应的虚部; w:响应频率(单位:rad/sec)mag:波特图在频率为w时,频率响应的幅值; phase:波特图在频率为w时,频率响应的相位; w:响应频率(单位:rad/sec)gm:幅值裕度; pm:相角裕度; wcp:相角交界频率; wcg:截止频率;

荣昌县15088794008： 英国MAG的天然虾红素怎么样? - ？
历帝龙胆： 虾红素是世界上较强的天然抗氧化剂,为β-胡萝卜素的11倍,葡萄籽的17倍、维生素E的550倍以上,可以有效清除细胞内的氧自由基,也可以增强细胞再生能力,维持机体平衡和减少衰老细胞的堆积,由内而外保护细胞和DNA健康.看百度百科上说英国MAG的天然虾红素纯度应该还是比较高的,应该是不错的泰迪美毛产品.

荣昌县15088794008： 二氧化碳焊接和mag焊接的区别??? - ？
历帝龙胆： 二氧化碳气体保护电弧焊的保护气体是二氧化碳(有时采用CO2+Ar的混合气体).主要用于手工焊.由于二氧化碳气体的热物理性能的特殊影响,使用常规焊接电源时,焊丝端头熔化金属不可能形成平衡的轴向自由过渡,通常需要采用短路和熔...

荣昌县15088794008： 什么是MIG/MAG焊接? - ？
历帝龙胆： MIG/MAG焊机的基本组成大致相同.主要包括焊接电源、送丝机构、焊枪和气路系统、水路系统.根据焊枪移动的方式可分为手工操作和机械操作,前者为半自动焊机,后者为自动焊机.以半自动焊机为例说明其组成. 1、半自动焊机的电源...

荣昌县15088794008： 变频电量功率分析仪的谐波分析界面中MAG,PHASE分别指什么? - ？
历帝龙胆： MAG:频率响应的幅值; PHASE:频率响应的相位. 功率分析仪 LMG671

荣昌县15088794008： HV/MAG在电镜里面都是什么意思? - ？
历帝龙胆： HV=high voltage就是电子束的加速电压 MAG=magnification 就是电镜的放大倍率

荣昌县15088794008： magma中wallcontact怎么解释 - ？
历帝龙胆： magma n.岩浆;糊剂 Created with Highcharts 3.0.2释义常用度分布图海词统计 岩浆 糊剂 形容词: magmatic 名词复数: magmata new magma是什么意思,词典释义与在线翻译: 详尽释义 n.(名词) 【地】岩浆 【医】乳浆剂马格马(音译...