主谓一致
主谓一致即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致,主谓一致包括语法一致、意义一致和就近一致,语法一致即谓语动词在单复数形式上要和主语保持一致,意义一致就是谓语动词要和主语意义上的单复数保持一致,就近一致就是谓语动词要和靠近它的主语部分保持一致。
主谓一致( Subject-Verb Concord )
就其在现代语法中的基本原则而言,通常有三个不同角度的着眼点:1,语法一致 2,意义一致 3,就近原则。
(1)语法一致
主谓一致的原则是指,主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致:
主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语必须采取复数形式。
例如:
A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language.语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则。(主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式)
(2)不定式,动名词,以及从句作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。
例如:
Reading often means learning .读书常意味是学习。
(3)不定代词及each作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。
例如:
Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动。
(4)表示国家,机构,事件,作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。
例如:
One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore .《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多神秘的民间传说。
(5)a series of,a kind of,the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时看作单数,谓语动词用单数。
例如:
A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition. 一系列高科技产品已在展览上展出。
(6)由some,several,both,few,many,a number of 等词修饰主语,或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数。
例如:
Both of us are fond of watching football games .我们俩都喜欢看足球赛.
(7)由and连接两个主语时,如指同一人或物,谓语用单数;指不同的人或物,谓语用复数.
On the seashore,some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun. 海边,有些人在打排球,有些人躺着晒太阳.
(8)有些短语,如:a lot of,most of,any of,half of,three fifths of,eighty percent of,some of,none of,the rest of,all of等后接不可数名词,或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数。
例如:
A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off. 昨天突然断电时,那家商店丢失了许多钱.
(9)主语为单数个不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句时,谓语动词一般用单数。
(10)主语为三单,或习惯用作单数名词或不可数名词的词,如:money,information,clothing等,谓语动词用单数。
意义一致(Notional Concord )
这一原则是指,从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题.有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上却是复数,那么谓语依意义也用复数形式;而有时主语形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数,那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式。
(1)当主语后面接由as well as,as much as,accompanied by,including,in addition to,more than,no less than,rather than,together with等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定。
在这样的句子里,这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单,复数形式,它们在句子里其实是状语.也就是说,我们完全可以将这些词组搬到句首或是放到句末去.从表面上我们也可以看出,它们与主语之间有","隔开。
例如:
Petroleum,along with fuel gas,has recently risen in price.目前石油和燃料煤气的价格上涨了。
(2)表示时间,金钱,距离,体积,重量,面积,数字等词语作主语时,其意义若是指总量应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果其意义是指"有多少数量"则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
例如:
Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month.人们常大约地将四个星期看成一个月。
(3)形容词前加定冠词即"the + 形容词"作主语时,其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
例如:
The young,on the one hand,often think of the old conservative. On the other hand,the old always consider the young inexperience.一方面,青年人常认为老年人保守;另一方面,老年人总是认为青年人没有经验。
(4)当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人,同一物,同一事或者同一概念时,应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.另外,当and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时,其实是指两种不同的事物,主语则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
例如:
War and peace is a constant theme in history. 战争与和平是一个历史上的永恒的主题.
(5)集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义:主语表示整体时视为单数,谓语动词用单数;主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数,谓语动词用复数.这类集体名词常见的有:
army,audience,cattle,class,club,committee,crowd,family,government,group,majority,minority,part,people,police,public,staff,team等等,其中cattle,people,police一般看成复数形式.
例如:
The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜欢足球.
就近原则(Principle of Proximity )
这一原则是指,谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致.常出现在这类句子中的连词有:or,either… or …,neither… nor …,not only… but also …等.例如:
Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.不是我,就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任。
Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.既不是那些不友好的话,也不是那不友好的态度让我沮丧。
扩展资料1、并列结构作主语时的主谓一致
由and 连接的两个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词一般根据语法一致的原则用复数。
如:
A young man and a girl want to go there.一个青年男子和一个姑娘想去那里。
2、但如果在意义上指同一个人,同一件事或同一个概念时,谓语动词要用单数形式.如:
A needle and thread was found on the floor.在地板上找到了针线(穿了线的针)。
当each ...and each...,every...and every...,no...and no...,many a...and many a...结构作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.
如:
No man and no animal is to be found on the moon.在月球上没发现人和动物。
3、一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰,表示两个不同的概念时,谓语动词一
般用复数.
如:
Ancient and modern history are the subjects we are studying.古代史和现代史是我们目前学习的课程。
但如果表示的是同一概念时应用单数。
如:
The last and most difficult lesson is lesson14.14课是最后一课也是最难的一课。
4、由not only... but also ...,either...or ...,neither... nor...,... or...连接的并列主语,谓语动词通常依就近一致原则决定.
如:
Either the players or the coach is responsible for the defeat.不是运动员就是教练应该对这次比赛的失利负责。
5、当主语由as well as,along with,together with,ratherthan,no less than,but,except,besides,in additionto,like,including等词连接时,其谓语动词的单复数形式通常由前面的词来决定。
如:
An iron and steal works,with some satellite factories. is to be built here.在这里将建立一个钢铁厂和一些卫星厂。
参考资料来源:百度百科-主谓一致
主谓一致(Agreement of Subject and Verb)是指谓语动词必须同主语的人称和数保持一致,它一直是大学英语四级考试的考查重点。主谓一致原则看起来很简单,但实际运用情况却很复杂。本文对四级考试中经常考查的主谓一致关系的一些特殊规律,做一简要归纳。
一、形式上为复数,但意义上为单数的名词作主语时,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。这类名词有以-s结尾的表示学科、专业、疾病等术语的名词及其他名词。如:economics,linguistics,politics,mathematics,physics,measles(麻疹),news,works,brains(智慧)等等。例如:
Physics is a difficult subject.
Brains is very important to a person.
二、表示时间、距离、重量、价格、度量衡的复数名词或短语作主语表示一个整体概念时,谓语一般用单数。例如:
Five hours is a short time for such a difficult job.
Ten miles is a long way to walk.
三、集合名词people,police,cattle等作主语时,谓语动词用复数;集合名词army,class,club,committee, crowd,crew,family,gang,herd,jury,public,congress,assembly,band等作主语时,如指整体,谓语动词用单数;如指成员,谓语动词用复数。例如:
The family is going to move to Beijing.
The family have different opinions about their going abroad.
四、分数或百分数及all,part,some,most,half,the rest of等表示部分的词或短语作主语时,谓语动词的单复数与of后的名词一致。例如:
Most of the university students have part-time jobs to finance their tuition.
Most of the work hasn't been finished yet.
五、名词或代词后跟with,along with,like,accompanied by,except,besides,as well as,together with,in addition to,including,no less than,rather than,as much as等引起的结构时,谓语动词随结构前的名词或代词的形式而定。例如:
The president,accompanied by five officials,has gone to USA for a very important meeting.
You,rather than your sister,are responsible for the matter.
六、由and连接的名词的主谓一致情况分以下几种:
1.当and连接的两个名词指同一人、同一事或同一概念时,and后面那个名词前没有冠词,谓语动词用单数。例如:
The teacher and writer is respected by all the people around.
2.当and连接两个都有冠词的名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。例如:
The teacher and the writer are respected by all the people around.
3.形容词+and+形容词+名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。例如:
Social and political freedom are limited there.
4.用and连接的单数名词,前面有each,every, many a,no修饰语时,谓语要用单数。例如:
Every man,woman,and child is entitled to take part in the activity.
Each pen and each paper is found in its place.
七、不定式短语、动名词或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数。例如:
Reading in the morning is good for learning English.
但是,当and连接上述两个相同的结构时,谓语动词用复数。例如:
Reading books and playing table tennis are my great pleasure.
八、主语由连词or,either...or,neither...nor,not only...but(also)等连接的两个名词或代词组成时,其谓语动词应与最近的名词一致。例如:
Either you or I am wrong.
Not only his friends,but also he himself is looking forward to the holding of the party.
九、"one or two+名词复数","one or more+名词复数"作主语,谓语动词用复数。"one/a+单数名词or two"作主语,谓语动词可用单数也可用复数。例如:
One or two books are needed.
One book or two is /are needed.
练习:请选择括号中动词的正确形式填空。
1.Neither you nor your sister ________(has/have)been working hard.
2.Fifteen percent of the students ________(is/are)absent today.
3.One thousand dollars ________(is/are)a lot of money to such a little child.
4.Your brother,as well as his friends,________(is/are)very kind to us.
5.What he said ________(is/are)reasonable.
6.The class ________(is /are)the best in the school.
7.News ________(is/are)indispensable to our life.
8.One man or two ________(is/are)mentioned in the story.
9.The singer and dancer ________(is/are)welcomed warmly by the local people.
10.No teacher and no student ________(is/are)listening to the lecture.
答案:1.has 2.Are 3.Is 4.is 5.Is 6.is 7.is 8.is/are 9.is 10.is
(文/江西汪新艳;英语辅导报大学一年级版03~04学年第20期;版权归英语辅导报社所有,独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育,未经许可,不得以任何形式进行转载。)
主谓致和倒装
、考点聚焦
1、语法形式上致
主语单数形式谓语动词用单数形式;主语复数形式谓语动词也用复数形式
The number of students in ourschool is 1,700.
Mary and Kelly look alike.
2、意义上致
(1)主语形式虽单数意义复数谓语动词用复数
The crowd were runing for theirlives.
单数形式代表复数内容词有people、police、cattle等
(2)主语形式复数而意义上却单数谓语动词用单数The news is very exciting.
形复意单单词有new、works(工厂)、means和ics结尾学科名称physics、poli-tics、economics等
3、近原则即谓语动词单复数形式取决于靠近词语连词or、either … or、neither … nor、not only … but also等连接并列主语单数复数谓语动词与靠近主语致
Either you or I am mad.
4、应注意若干问题
(1)名词作主语
①某些集体名词family、team等作主语时作整体看待谓语用单数反之用复数
My family is going out for a trip.
The whole family are watching TV.
类词常有audience、class club、committee、company、crew、crowd、enemy、government、group、party、public、team等
Population和a group(crowd)of + 复数名词也适用于种情况强调整体用单数强调各部分用复数
②某些集体名词people、police、cattle、oxen只当复数看待谓语动词必须用复数
③单、复数同形名词作主语时谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数
A sheep is over there. Some sheepare over there.
④名词所有格之名词被省略种情况般只指商店、工场、住宅等;作主语时动词般用单数My uncle’s is not for from here.
常见省略名词有the baker’s 、the barbar’s、the Zhang’s等
表示店铺名词般作集体名词看待用作主语时谓语动词往往用复数:
Richardson’s have a lot of old goods tosell.
⑤当名词词组心词表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时往往根据意义致原则把些复数名词看作整体谓语用单数
Thirty years has passed.
Five minutes is enough to finishthe task.
⑥定代词each、every、no所修饰名词即使and或逗号连接成多主语时谓语动词仍用单数形式:
Each boy and each girlin my class has a dictionary.
⑦主语有more than one … 或many a … 构成尽管从意义上
看复数内容谓语动词用单数形式
More than one student has seen theplay.
Many a boy has bought that kind oftoy.
more + 复数名词+ than one结构之谓语用复数
⑧些由两部分构成名词表示衣物或工具作主语时谓语通常用复数形式glasses、clothes、trousers、shoes、compasses、chopsticks、scissors等
主语用a kind of、apair of、a series of等加名词构成时谓语动词般用单数形式
A pair of shoes was on the desk.
⑨this kind of book = abook of this kind(种书)其谓语动词;短语this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of
men(口语)(类人)this kind of men谓语用单数men of this kind和these kind of men谓语用复数all kinds of跟复数名词谓语用复数形式:
This kind of men is dangerous.
Men of theis kind/sort aredangerous.
⑩复数形式单、复数同形名词作主语时按意义致原则用作单数意义时谓语用单数反之谓语用复数类名词有means、works、species(种类)、Chinese、Japanese等当们前面有 a、such a、this、that修饰时谓语用单数;有all、such、these、those修饰时谓语用复数
11名词词组心词all、most、half、rest等词语所指复数意义谓语动词用复数形式反之用单数
All of my students work hard.
All of the oil is gone.
12主谓倒装句子谓语动词数应与其主语致:
Between the two windows hangs anoil painting.
(2)由连接词连接名词作主语
①用and或both … and 连接并列主语谓语动词通常用复数形式并列主语指同人同事物或同概念时谓语动词用单数形式时and面名词没有冠词
Truth and honesty is the bestpolicy.
To love and to be loved is thegreat happiness.
Going to bed early and getting upearly is a good habit.
A knife and fork is on the table.
②当主语面跟有as well as、as much as、no less than、alongwith、with、like、rather than、togetherwith、but、except、besides、including、in addition to等引导词组时采取远原则
③or、either … or、neigher… nor、not only … but also等连接词作主语时采取近原则
(3)代词作主语
①名词型物主代词连接动词既用单数也用复数取决于所代替单数还复数
Ours (Our Party) is a great Party.
Your shoes are white, mine (= myshoes) are black.
②such、the same起指示代词作用时应根据其所指内容来决定单、复数
Such is our plan. Such are hislast words.
③关系代词who、that、which等定语从句作主语时其谓语动词数应与句先行词数致
④疑问词who、what、which作主语时谓语动词根据说人所要表达意思决定单、复数
Who lives next door? It is XiaoLiu.
Who lives next door? It is Wangand Li.
⑤定代词any、either、neither、none、all、some、more等作主语时要注意下列情况:
(A)单独作主语时视其文意义动词用单数或复数形式Now all has been changed. All are present.(B)其接of时若of宾语数名词动词用单数形式;若of宾语复数名词或代词时动词单数也复数;正式文体单数形式动词更常用Do (es) any of you know about theaccident? None of us has
(have) seen the film.
(4)分数、量词作主语
①分数或百分数 + 名词构成短语及由a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heapsof, half of + 名词构成短语作主语时其谓语动词要与短语of面名词数保持致因短语面名词心词而短语前面量词修饰语:
Lots of damage was caused byflood.
A number of students have gone tothe countryside.
A large quantity of people isneeded here.
Quantities of food (nuts) werestill on the table.
②a great deal of、a large amount of修饰数名词其短语作主语时谓语动词通常用单数;large amounts of修饰数名词其短语作主语时谓语动词通常用复数
③表示数量oneand a half名词要用复数形式其短语作主语时谓语动词用单数形式
One and a half apples is left onthe table.
④half of、(a)part of修饰数名词单数及数名词时谓语动词用单数修饰数名词复数时谓语动词用复数
(5)名词化形容词作主语
主语由the + 形容词(或分词)结构担任时谓语通常用复数类词有the rich、the poor、thebrave、the injured、the living、thewounded等表抽象也用单数the unknown、the beautiful等
(6)从句作主语
①由what引导主语从句谓语动词通常用单数所指具体内容复数意义时谓语动词般用复数形式
What we need is more money.
What we need are morepeople/teachers.
②oneof + 复数名词 + who/that/which引导从句结构关系代词who/that/which先行词靠近复数名词而one因此从句谓语动词也应该复数形式one前有theonly则用单数形式
This is one of the mostinteresting stories that have been told by my father.
She was the only one of the girlswho was late for class today.
(7)定式、名动词(短语)作主语用单数形式;There be句型be单复数取决于be第词数
There is a book, two pens on thedesk.
There are two pens, a book on thedesk.
5、倒装句要点复习
(1)there、here、now、then、such引导引起人们注意招呼句要倒装
There goes the bell. Here comesthe bus.
(2)表示动态状语置于句首时句子要倒装
Off went the horse. In came theboss.
From the speaker comes thedoctor’s voice.
(3)表示地点词语置于句首或强调地点概念时
South of the town lie two steelfactories.
Between the two buildings stands atall tree.
注意:句子主语人称代词时句子倒装
Here it is. Away they went.
(4)否定词never、seldom、hardly、scarcely、barely、rarely、little、not、nowhere、by no means、atno time、neither、nor等放句首时句子常倒装:
By no means shall we give up.
Never have I been to the USA.
Seldom does she get up late in themorning.
(5)notonly … but also … no sooner … than …、hardly… when …、scarcely … when …、not until …、so… that …、such … that …句型主句倒装从句倒装要注意:neither … nor … 连接句子前两分句都要倒装
Not only is she smart but also sheis beautiful.
Such great progress did he makethat he was praised.
So heavy is the box that I can’tcarry it.
Neither has he a pencil, nor hashe a pen.
(6)Only+ 状语或状语从句 +其(only句首时要倒装)
Only then did I realize theimportance of learning English.
(7)so、neither、nor放句首时表示前面情况也适用于另人或物时用部分倒装
(8)表语或状语或动词原形 + as/though + 主语+ 其时句子要倒装(让步状语从句)
Proud as they are, theyare afraid to see me.
Child as he is, he seemsto know everything.(child前加冠词)
Hard ashe worded, he made little progress.
(9)虚拟语气用倒装代替if
Were I you, I would go there atonce.
Had you come yesterday, you couldhave helped us.
(10)些表示祝愿句子
May you succeed!
Long livethe People’s Republic of China!
所谓谓语,由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成,如系动词be,实义动词do,就跟汉语差不多,两部分构成,其有不同的情况,现分别举例如下:
1.由情态动词加一个不带to的不定式构成
These students SHALL VISIT the museum tomorrow. 这些学生明天将去参观博物馆.
2.由个别情态动词和一个动词不定式构成
You OUGHT TO BEGIN with Fnglish 900. 你应从《英语900句》开始学.
5.由情态动词和连系动词构成
He MUST BE wrong. 他一定是搞错了[1]
例如I am young,am就是谓语,I have a book,have就是谓语.These students SHALL VISIT(谓语) the museum tomorrow.
二、第三人称单数说的简单易懂就是除了I,YOU(第一,二人称),之外的所有代表单个物体的名词,我们汉语里不是有第三人称他,她,它,吗?对应英语里的就是he,she,it.还有其它的比如,一个苹果,一辆自行车,一个人等等,是单个的物体,谓语都用单数(就是说实意动词要变单三,加s,es.)
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