谈论一下英国的工业革命（英文版）

谁能跟我说一下英国的工业革命~

　　英国工业革命或称作英国产业革命一般认为是18世纪发源于英格兰中部地区的工业革命。英国的工业革命影响了整个欧洲大陆，并带动了当时许多国家相继发生工业革命。
　　背景
　　随着英国君主立宪制的确立，加速了圈地运动，产生了大批无产者。同时海外贸易和殖民地的开发，使大量财富集中到英国资产阶级手中。另外经典力学、热力学等学科的理论创新也为工业革命带来了契机。 工业革命从英国开始不是偶然的，这是有深刻政治前提、社会经济前提和科学技术前提的。17 世纪中期的英国资产阶级革命，推翻了英国的封建专制制度，建立了资产阶级和土地贵族联盟为基础的君主立宪制度，从而成为世界上第一个确立资产阶级政治统治的国家。资产阶级利用国家政权加速推行发展资本主义的政策和措施，促进了工业革命各种前提条件的迅速形成。
　　历程
　　纺织工业
　　1733年机械师凯伊发明飞梭，大大提高了织布效率。
　　1764年-1767年纺织工哈格里夫斯发明珍妮纺纱机，提高了纺纱效率。
　　1769年钟表匠阿克莱特又发明了水力纺纱机，过了2年，他就在曼彻斯特建立了第一家棉纺厂。
　　1779年克工人隆普敦又结合两种纺纱机的优点发明了骡机（mule），后背改良成自动棉纺纱机。
　　1785年，牧师艾德蒙特?卡特莱特又发明了动力织布机，并且在1791年建造了第一座动力织布机工厂。随后其他纺织机器相继发明，实现了纺织行业的机械化生产。当时纺织的动力依靠水力，这限制了工业的发展，于是蒸汽机被发明出来。
　　1769年詹姆斯?瓦特根据前人的成果，成功发明了单向蒸汽机
　　1782年又制造出双向蒸汽机。蒸汽机的出现推动了工业革命的发展。
　　1800年，英国拥有蒸汽机321台、5210匹马力
　　1825年猛增到15000台，375000马力。
　　运输革新
　　1759年 - 1830年英格兰2200英里的运河。
　　1807年，美国人富尔敦发明了汽船
　　1811年英国也开始仿制。在陆路交通方面
　　1765年英国开始使用铁轨
　　1788年开始架设铁桥。
　　1814年史蒂芬逊发明蒸汽机车
　　1825年于英国的第一条铁路上试车成功。
　　1844年，英国铁路已经长达2235英里。
　　影响
　　从生产技术方面来说，工业革命使工厂制代替了手工工场，用机器代替了手工，创造巨大生产力，人类进入蒸汽时代，英国成为“世界工厂”。
　　劳动：从社会关系来说，⒈工业革命使依附于落后生产方式的自耕农阶级消失了，工业资产阶级和工业无产阶级形成和壮大起来。
　　⒉工业革命使资本主义生产方式最终战胜封建生产方式
　　⒊转变了人们的思想观念和生活方式，大量农村人口涌向城市，推动城市化进程。
　　⒋人类从农业文明走向工业文明。
　　世界格局：造成先进的西方和落后的东方，使东方从属于西方，加快亚、非、拉落后地区的半殖民地化的进程。
　　对中国的影响：⒈英国发动两次鸦片战争，中国开始沦为半殖民半封建社会
　　⒉中国成为列强的商品倾销市场和原料掠夺地，被迫卷入世界资本主义市场。
　　⒊出现了先进的中国人开眼看世界，向西方学习的新思潮的萌发。

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

The ground was prepared by the voyages of discovery from Western Europe in the 15th and 16th cent., which led to a vast influx of precious metals from the New World, raising prices, stimulating industry, and fostering a money economy. Expansion of trade and the money economy stimulated the development of new institutions of finance and credit (see commercial revolution). In the 17th cent. the Dutch were in the forefront financially, but with the establishment (1694) of the Bank of England, their supremacy was effectively challenged. Capitalism appeared on a large scale, and a new type of commercial entrepreneur developed from the old class of merchant adventurers. Many machines were already known, and there were sizable factories using them, but these were the exceptions rather than the rule. Wood was the only fuel, water and wind the power of these early factories.

As the 18th cent. began, an expanding and wealthier population demanded more and better goods. In the productive process, coal came to replace wood. Early-model steam engines were introduced to drain water and raise coal from the mines. The crucial development of the Industrial Revolution was the use of steam for power, and the greatly improved engine (1769) of James Watt marked the high point in this development. Cotton textiles was the key industry early in the Industrial Revolution. John Kay's fly shuttle (1733), James Hargreaves's spinning jenny (patented 1770), Richard Arkwright's water frame (1769), Samuel Crompton's mule (1779), which combined the features of the jenny and the frame, and Edmund Cartwright's power loom (patented 1783) facilitated a tremendous increase in output. The presence of large quantities of coal and iron in close proximity in Britain was a decisive factor in its rapid industrial growth.

The use of coke in iron production had far-reaching effects. The coal mines from the early 1700s had become paramount in importance, and the Black Country appeared in England at the same time that Lancashire and Yorkshire were being transformed into the greatest textile centers of the world. Factories and industrial towns sprang up. Canals and roads were built, and the advent of the railroad and the steamship widened the market for manufactured goods. The Bessemer process made a gigantic contribution, for it was largely responsible for the extension of the use of steam and steel that were the two chief features of industry in the middle of the 19th cent. Chemical innovations and, most important of all, perhaps, machines for making machines played an important part in the vast changes.

The Industrial Revolution did not in fact end in Britain in the mid-1800s. New periods came in with electricity and the gasoline engine. By 1850, however, the transformation wrought by the revolution was accomplished, in that industry had become a dominant factor in the nation's life.

中英对照供参考：
工业革命

指从农业和手工业经济转变到以工业和机器生产为主的变化过程。始于18世纪的英国。技术上的改变包括：钢铁和新能源的使用、提高产量的新机器的发明(包括多锭纺纱机)、工厂体系的发展、交通和通信的重要发展(包括蒸汽发动机和电报机)，其他改变还包括：农业的改进、更加广泛的财富分配、反映出经济力量转移及全面社会变革的政治变化。1760～1830年间产业革命基本上仅发生在英国，后来又传播到比利时和法国。其他国家则滞后一些，但德国、美国和日本产业革命开始后，取得的成就则超过了英国最初的成功。东欧各国则延迟到20世纪，直到20世纪中叶，产业革命才传到中国和印度。许多分析证据表明，由于采用了新材料和新能源、自动化工厂、新的生产资料所有制，以及自由放任主义管理的转变，20世纪末发生了第二次产业革命，或称新产业革命。

Industrial Revolution

Process of change from an agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacture.

It began in England in the 18th century. Technological changes included the use of iron and steel, new energy sources, invention of new machines that increased production (including the spinning jenny), development of the factory system, and important developments in transportation and communication (including the steam engine and telegraph). Other changes included agricultural improvements, a wider distribution of wealth, political changes reflecting the shift in economic power, and sweeping social changes. The Industrial Revolution was largely confined to Britain from 1760 to 1830, then spread to Belgium and France. Other nations lagged behind, but once Germany, the U.S., and Japan achieved industrial power they outstripped Britain's initial successes. Eastern European countries lagged into the 20th century, and not until the mid-20th century did the Industrial Revolution spread to such countries as China and India. Many analysts saw evidence of a second, or new, industrial revolution in the later 20th century, with the use of new materials and energy sources, automated factories, new ownership of the means of production, and a shift away from laissez-faire government.

An industrial revolution is a fundamental economic change:
between 1770 and 1850 the economy of England changed from mostly agricultural to mostly industrial
this was the result not of one key invention but of technological progress in different fields coming together
its center is the development of factories (which hadn't really existed before this time), but they couldn't have developed without better transportation creating larger markets and better transportation couldn't have existed without the growth of the iron industry, which couldn't have grown without steam engines
society had a hard time adjusting to the new economic system
Causes of the British Industrial Revolution:
expansion of trade, mercantile economic policy (see previous lecture)
decline of:
feudalism--farmers were no longer bound to the land
guild system--the guild for a particular trade could no longer control who set up a new business
the system of customary prices--the market is more free, instead of the old system where changing the price because of a shortage was seen as profiteering
agricultural changes
enclosure =the abolishment of the old system of communal farming and its replacement with family farms. Supposedly everyone had the same share of land as before, but the smallest farmers didn't have enough to survive as an independent farm and they went out of business and went looking for work. Took place 16th century to about 1820.
four field crop rotation--wheat, turnips, barley, clover or alfalfa (turnips and hay crops make it possible to keep more livestock)
new scientific approaches to farming (one of the pioneer scientific investigators of agriculture was an Englishman named Jethro Tull )
average agricultural surplus per worker doubled from about 25% to about 50%
workers no longer needed in agriculture were available for industrial jobs (discussion)
Iron:
by 1720 most iron in England was imported due to a shortage of charcoal for smelting
in 1709 Abraham Darby invented a way of smelting iron using coke (processed coal) instead of charcoal
the iron industry took off after 1760 since iron ore and coal were both very plentiful in England
1779 Iron Bridge ( photo )
The Steam Engine:
Newcomen Engine (about 1712) filled a cylinder with steam and then condensed it to draw the piston down. 1/2% efficient, but widely used to pump water out of coal mines.
Watt Engine (1774) had had a separate condenser, making the engine much more efficient
James Watt later added:
sun and planet gear converted reciprocating into rotary motion to power machines
automatic control mechanism
double-acting engine made for much smoother power
Transportation Technology:
improved roads built in large numbers 1750-1815 (about 1000 miles), reduced transportation costs 20-30%
Canals
The Duke of Bridgewater's Canal started in 1759--7 miles but had to cross a river valley. People thought this was a wild dream, but built in 5 years. Very profitable--halved the cost of coal in Manchester
canal building boom 1750-1800--by 1830 England had 3875 miles of navigable water (though only 1/3 of that was canals). The Oxford canal paid a 30% return for 30 years.
provided much cheaper transportation of bulky goods
The Factory System:
the first big industry was cotton textile factories, though other kinds of factories developed as well
machines had been used some by workers who did piece work at home with spinning wheels and hand looms. What brought the workers together into a factory was the invention of machines for spinning that could spin more than one thread at a time and then the application of water power first to spinning and then to weaving
James Hargreaves, Spinning Jenny , invented 1764-1770
Roger Arkwright, Water Frame , 1769
Samuel Crompton, Mule , 1774-1779
Edmund Cartwright, Power Loom, 1786-1788
With these technologies the industry took off--by 1833 237,000 people were employed in cotton textile factories in England
this was a whole new way of life
46% of workers were women, 15% children under the age of 13 ( Child Labor )
wages were barely enough for a family to survive if all members over the age of 8 worked
in some areas 1/2 to 3/4 of worker families lived in a single room with no plumbing (dumped their chamber pot into the street or gutter)
for examples see Living and Working Conditions in the Industrial Revolution
reform laws started in 1833-- factory act of 1833 forbade employment of children under 9 and limited hours for children to 9 hours a day for children 9-13 and 12 hours a day for children 13-18
Chartist movement fought unsuccessfully for political change, but conditions gradually improved

http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture17a.html

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文山壮族苗族自治州19546535233： 能简要概述一下英国的工业革命吗? ？
敖泉替硝： 在商品需要的刺激下,首先在英国的棉纺织业发生了技术大革新,织布机和纺织机都发明了,1784年J.瓦特制成改良蒸汽机,它不但应用于纺织工业,也应用于各种工矿业

文山壮族苗族自治州19546535233： 为什么第一次工业革命发生在英国(英文版) - ？
敖泉替硝： The Industrial Revolution began in England in the early 18th century for the following reasons:1. England had experienced all of the forerunners of industrialization in the previous century: an agricultural revolution, cottage industry, and an expanded ...

文山壮族苗族自治州19546535233： 英国第一次工业革命的过程 - ？
敖泉替硝： 英国第一次工业革命的简要过程 1、从发明和使用机器开始:哈格里夫斯发明“珍妮纺纱机”(18世纪60年代) 2、瓦特发明复动式蒸汽机,大大加速了工业革命的进程 3、蒸汽机应用到交通运输领域(汽船和火车) 4.完成:机器制造业出现(19世纪30、40 年代),标志英国工业革命完成详细的请查阅百度:工业革命

文山壮族苗族自治州19546535233： 英国工业革命开始的标志英文版？
敖泉替硝： The mid-18th century, Britain exported more and more goods overseas, the production technology workshop manual in short supply. In order to improve the production, people find ways to improve the production technology. In the cotton textile sector...

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敖泉替硝： 英国工业革命是18世纪发源于英国的工业革命.影响了欧洲大陆并传播到美洲,带动了许多国家工业革新. 背景 随着英国资产阶级革命完成(光荣革命),君主立宪制的确立,加速了圈地运动,为资本主...

文山壮族苗族自治州19546535233： What was the most important cause of the industrial revolution in Britain? 用英文回答! 急急急~ - ？
敖泉替硝： Workshop handicraft industry can not meet the requirements of the expanding market.工场手工业无法满足不断扩大的市场要求

文山壮族苗族自治州19546535233： 英国工业革命的论点是什么 ？
敖泉替硝： 发源于英国而后波及欧美主要国家的第一次工业革命,具有划时代的历史意义,对人类社会的演进产生了空前深刻、巨大的影响.17 世纪的英国资产阶级革命,推翻了英...

文山壮族苗族自治州19546535233： 英国率先开展工业革命的原因是什么?归纳工作革命的特点 - ？
敖泉替硝： (1)机器的发明者大多数具有实践经验的工人和技师,新机器的科技含量不高; (2)发明机器主要是在轻工业领域如纺织机,而煤炭和交通运输业发展教慢,且 在轻工业技术革命的带动下发展起来的; (3)这次工业革命是英国的一花独放,绝大多数发明成果均出自英国,英国成为 世界发展的核心; (4)这次工业革命是从英国开始,然后推广到各国; (5)工业革命后开始城市化进程,真正意义的近代化过程开始了; (6)以蒸汽机的改良为开始的标志,以机器制造业的建立为结束的标志 (7)这次工业革命中伴随着政治上的改良与革命;

文山壮族苗族自治州19546535233： 为什么英国率先完成第一次工业革命 - ？
敖泉替硝： 一)商业革命 自文艺复兴时代以来兴起的资本活动与银行业,与新航路发现后,欧洲各国纷组「东印度公司」扩展海外贸易,形成商业革命 以追求利润为目的的资本家,为过剩的资金寻求投资出路,先在商业,银行,造船等投资,接著转向工...

文山壮族苗族自治州19546535233： 英国的工业革命的过程是怎样的?是从轻工业到重工业吗? - ？
敖泉替硝： 英国工业革命应该是第一次工业革命吧,不是从轻工业到重工业,是从工厂手工业到大机器生产.第二次工业革命是从轻工业到重工业,标志是电和内燃机使用.