Ariticles of Confederation（邦联条款）的缺点，和解决方法，用英语写一小段话

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1. Why did the Articles of Confederation not function well? How many articles does the Constitution include in addition to the preamble (opening statement)? What are their major concerns?
为什么美国第一部宪法“十三州邦联宪法”没有真正发挥作用？加上前言（开场陈词）这部宪法里总共有多少章？它们主要关心的是什么问题？
2. How many Amendments does the U.S. Constitution have? What is the purpose of the Bill of Rights? What are the five freedoms guaranteed in the first Amendment?
美国宪法总共有多少修正案？人权法案的目的是什么？在第一修正案里保障了哪五项自由权利？
3. Does history show that America belongs to one race or one group? What does it mean when someone says that USA is a melting pot or a salad bowl?
是否有史料证实过美洲属于哪一个种族或集团的吗？人们常说美国是一个大熔炉或色拉盘是指什么呢？
4. Are most poor Americans living in persistent poverty? What do historians blame for the current problem of homelessness? Among what kind of families is poverty most common?
美国的大多数的贫苦民众是否生活在长期的贫困中呢？史学家们把目前存在的无家可归的流浪现象归咎于什么呢？通常哪种家庭最容易陷入贫困？
5. Why does a two-party system persist in American politics? Why do American parties demonstrate a high level of policy flexibility?
美国政治中长久以来的两党制何以存在呢？为何说美国的政党反映了一种高水平的政治灵活性？
6. Will electronic publications replace print versions? Why? Why not?
电子出版物会替代纸版印刷物吗？为什么会？为什么不会？
7. What are the components of judicial review in America? What is the basic structure of the federal court system?
美国司法审查的内容是什么？联邦法院系统的基本组成结构是什么？
8. What is the function of the U.S. State Department? What are the responsibilities of the CIA? What does the president obtain his information about the outside world?
美国国务院的功能是什么？中央情报局Central Intelligence Agency的职责是什么？总统获得外界信息做什么？
9. Can you define the Cold War? What was detente?
给“冷战”下一个定义？是什么缓和的？
10. Why is it so difficult to bring about peace in the Middle East? Why have the U.S. presidents in most cases been ready to sponsor negotiations between Israel and Palestine?
为何中东局势如此难以归复和平？为何大多数情况下美国总统十分乐意支持以色列和巴勒斯坦间的谈判？

The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, commonly referred to as the Articles of Confederation, was the first constitution of the United States of America and legally established the union of the states. The Second Continental Congress appointed a committee to draft the Articles in June 1776 and sent the draft to the states for ratification in November 1777. The ratification process was completed in March 1781, legally federating the sovereign and independent states, already cooperating through the Continental Congress, into a new federation styled the "United States of America". Under the Articles the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the central government.

On June 12, 1776, a day after appointing a committee to prepare a draft declaration of independence, the Second Continental Congress resolved to appoint a committee of thirteen to prepare a draft of a constitution for a confederate type of union. The last draft of the Articles was written in the summer of 1777 and the Second Continental Congress approved them for ratification by the States on November 15, 1777 in York, Pennsylvania after a year of debate. In practice the final draft of the Articles served as the de facto system of government used by the Congress ("the United States in Congress assembled") until it became de jure by final ratification on March 1, 1781; at which point Congress became the Congress of the Confederation. The Articles set the rules for operations of the "United States" confederation. The confederation was capable of making war, negotiating diplomatic agreements, and resolving issues regarding the western territories. An important element of the Articles was that Article XIII stipulated that "their provisions shall be inviolably observed by every state" and "the Union shall be perpetual".

The Articles were created by the chosen representatives of the states in the Second Continental Congress out of a perceived need to have "a plan of confederacy for securing the freedom, sovereignty, and independence of the United States." Although serving a crucial role in the victory in the American Revolutionary War, a group of reformers,[1] known as "federalists", felt that the Articles lacked the necessary provisions for a sufficiently effective government. Fundamentally, a federation was sought to replace the confederation. The key criticism by those who favored a more powerful central state (i.e. the federalists)[citation needed] was that the government (i.e. the Congress of the Confederation) lacked taxing authority; it had to request funds from the states. Also various federalist factions wanted[citation needed] a government that could impose uniform tariffs, give land grants, and assume responsibility for unpaid state war debts ("assumption".) Those opposed to the Constitution, known as "anti-federalists," considered these limits on government power to be necessary and good.[dubious – discuss][2] Another criticism of the Articles was that they did not strike the right balance between large and small states in the legislative decision making process.[dubious – discuss] Due to its one-state, one-vote plank, the larger states were expected to contribute more but had only one vote.

The Articles were replaced by the US Constitution on June 21, 1788.

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