英语的复合结构有哪几种

英语复合结构~

英语的四大复合结构
英语的复合结构由两个部分组成：一个部分表示人或者物，另一个部分表示动作或者状态。两个部分之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，就是第一部分的人或物是第二部分动作的执行者或承受者，或者，第二部分所表示的状态就是第一部分所表示的人或物所处的状态。例如：

We think a good knowledge of English as necessary as an excellent ability to communicate in the work of a foreign affairs official. （英语必不可少）

With stepping stones along the road, you don’t have to walk in the mud. (沿路的是石头)



英语中有四大复合结构：

1. 动词不定式的复合结构 ( for sb to do sth )

Please find some work for the children to do. (孩子们做工作)

The book is too difficult for me to read, (我读不懂)

2. 动名词的复合结构 （ sb’s / sb doing sth ）

His being late again made the teacher angry. （他迟到）

Would you mind my / me smoking here? (我抽烟)

动名词复合结构不在句首时可以用“宾格加动名词”。

以上两种结构中，一个只能用不定式表示动作，一个只能用动名词；而在下面两个结构中，可以有多种词性的词表示动作或状态。

3. 独立主格结构 (主格名词或代词+补足成分)

The work finished, we stopped for a drink. (分词)

She looked angrily at the pretty girl, her face white and her eyes green. （形容词）

Sword in hand, the man came at me. （介词短语）

独立主格结构在句子中做状语，表原因或伴随状态。

4. 复合宾语 （宾语+宾语补足语）

His speech made us laugh. （不定式）

When she woke up, she found herself in hospital. （介词短语）

I want the house painted white. （分词）

Don’t keep the lights on all the night. （副词。这类副词还有：here, there, home, back, off, away, out, in, up, down等）

We consider him one of our best friends. （名词）

We found the movie wonderful. （形容词）

能够接复合宾语的动词可分为三类：

（1）. 感官类，如：see, notice, watch, observe, hear, feel 等

（2）. 意识类，如：believe, think, suppose, consider, wish 等

（3）. 使动类，如：keep, leave; make, have, let 等

除动词可以接复合宾语外，介词with也可以接复合宾语，在句子中做状语和定语。

The farmers found some stone with writing on it. （定语）

With a lot of work to do, he got up early and hurried to the workshop. （状语）

与动词一样，With复宾中的宾语补足语也可以由各种结构来充当。
英语语法With的复合结构用的较多,以下是用法:
表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。

with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语

举例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raise.
典型例题：

The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.

注意:

1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：
当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)。

2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

典型例题：

Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。

复合句（Complex Sentence）分为并列复合句和从属复合句，并列复合句是有并列连词：and、or、but连接；从属复合句由一个主句（Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。用疑问词作引导词，主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导。 根据引导从句为主不同大大可分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句等。
定语从句的定义　　定语从句在句中作定语，用来修饰一个名词、名词词组或者代词。先行词和引导词　　被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词；
在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做引导词。
引导词分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”。关系代词和关系副词　　关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
关系副词有：when, where, why。 注意：关系副词里面没有how。
如果要修饰方式，用that或in which引导，或者不用引导词。
I don’t like the way (that, in which) he eyed me.
我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。关系代词：who　　关系代词who在从句中主要作主语，在非正式语体里who还可以作从句中的宾语。
He is the man whowants to see you.
He is the man whoI saw in the park yesterday.关系代词：whom　　He is the man （whom） I saw in the park yesterday.
（whom在从句中作宾语）关系代词：whose　　whose 用来指人或物，（只能用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。
They rushed over to help the man whosecar had broken down.
Please pass me the book whose cover is green. （of which the cover/the cover of which）关系代词：which（1）　　which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时在非正式语体中可以省略。
They needed a plant whichdidn't need as much water as rice.
The farm (which)we visited yesterday is located in the suburb of Beijing.关系代词：which（2）　　当在which和that面前进行选择的情况下，一般情况下要选which：
1.在非限制性定语从句中通常用which作引导词，而不能用that做非限制性定语从句的引导词。
2. 修饰整个主句。
I never met Julia again after that, whichwas a pity.
3. 修饰谓语部分。
He can swim in the river, whichI cannot.
4. 介词 + which
They are all questions to whichthere are no answers.关系代词：that（1）　　that多用来指物，有时也可以用来指人；在从句中作主语或宾语。指物的时候多用that，也可用which。
It’s a question that(which)needs careful consideration.
（指物，作主语。）
Who is the man that is reading a magazine under the tree?
（指人，作主语。）
The girl (that)we saw yesterday is Tom’s sister.
（指人，作宾语，可省略。）关系代词：that（2）　　在以下的情况中，只能用that作引导词，而不能用which作引导词。
1. 先行词为all , everything, anything, nothing, little等不定代词时。
All(that)she lacked was training.
2. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
This is the best film thatI have ever seen.
3. 先行词被序数词和the last修饰时
4. 先行词中既有人又有物时
They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited.
5. 主句是含有who或which的特殊疑问句，为了避免重复时编辑本段状语从句地点状语从句　　地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。
Where I live there are plenty of trees.
WhereverI am I will be thinking of you.方式状语从句　　方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。
1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：
Always do to the others asyou would be done by.
你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
Aswater is to fish, soair is to man.
我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2） as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if (as though)he had been hit by lighting.
他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something.
他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。原因状语从句　　比较：because, since, as和for
1） because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。
I didn't go, becauseI was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2） 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
He must be ill, forhe is absent today.目的状语从句　　表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, in case等词引导，例如：
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.结果状语从句　　结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。
比较：so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
sofoolish, sucha fool
sonice a flower, sucha nice flower
somany / few flowers, suchnice flowers
somuch / little money, suchrapid progress
somany people, sucha lot of people
（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school条件状语从句　　连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not.
Let's go out for a walk unlessyou are too tired.
Ifyou are nottoo tired, let's go out for a walk.让步状语从句　　though, although
注意：当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用
Althoughit's raining, they are still working in the field.
3) ever if, even though. 即使
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
4) whether…or- 不管……都
Whetheryou believe it ornot, it is true.
5) "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
Whateverhappened, he would not mind.
替换：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
（对）Whateveryou say is of no use now.
你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
（对）Prisoners have to eat whateverthey're given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。比较while, when, a　　1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。
Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。
Whenyou have finished your work, you may have a rest.
3）从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when 或while。
Asthe day went on, the weather got worse.
日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。比较until和till　　这两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可 以。 正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。
肯定句：
I slept untilmidnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
Waittill I call you. 等着我叫你。
（在肯定句中可用before代替 Let's get in the wheat beforethe sun sets.）
否定句：
She didn't arrive until6 o'clock.
Don't get off the bus untilit has stopped.
1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。
Untilyou told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。
2)Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。
---Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候？
--- Untilnext Monday. 呆到下周一。
注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
(1)Not until …在句首，主句用倒装。
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.
直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。
Not until I began to work did Irealize how much time I had wasted.
直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。
(2) It is not until… that…
10 表示"一…就…"的结构
hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than 和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思，例：
I had hardly / scarcely got home whenit began to rain.
I had no sooner got home thanit began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：
Hardly / Scarcely had Igot home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.编辑本段名词性从句宾语从句（The Object Clause）　　· 宾语从句
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，作短语动词的宾语，介词的宾语。
· 宾语从句：及物动词的宾语
Everybody knows that money doesn't grow on trees.
· 宾语从句：短语动词的宾语
Please go and find out when the train will arrive.
· 宾语从句：介词的宾语
I am interested in what she is doing.
· 宾语从句：否定的转移
I don't suppose you're used to this diet.
我想你不习惯这种饮食。
I don't believe she'll arrive before 8.
我相信她8点之前不会到。表语从句（The Predicative Clause）　　· 表语从句
在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。
What the police want to know is when you entered the room.
This is what we should do.
That's why I want you to work there.
as if, as though, because也可用来引导表语从句。
She seems as if she had done a great thing.
It is because you eat too much.
· 虚拟语气：表语从句
主语是idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request等名词时,作表语从句的动词为原形动词或should+原形动词。
My suggestion is that we (should)go and help him.
Our only request is that this shouldbe settled as soon as possible.同位语从句（The Appositive Clause）　
· 同位从句一般跟在某些名词如answer(答案)，hope(希望)，fact(事实)，belief
(信仰)，news(消息)，idea(主意；观念)，promise(承诺)，information(信息)，conclusion(结
论)，order(命令)， suggestion(建议)，problem(问题)，thought (想法)等后面。例如：
I had no idea that you were here.
She told us her hope that she would become a pianist.
He made a promise that he would never come late.
· 同位语从句：whether
whether可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用whether作为引导词。
He hasn’t made the decision whetherhe will go there.
I have small doubt whetherhe is suitable for the job.
· 同位语从句：what
what可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用what作为引导词
I have no idea whathe is doing now.
· 同位语从句：how
how可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用how作为引导词
It’s a question how he did it

英语根据句子种类与用途可以分为（以下4种）

（1）陈述句：
1肯定：He is a student ; He likes watching TV
2否定:He is not a student ; He doesn't like watching TV

（2）疑问句：
1一般疑问句；Are you a teacher ? Do you like swimming ?
2 选择疑问句；Are you a teacher or a doctor ? Do you like swimming or skating ?
3 特殊疑问句；What is your favourite food? Where did you go just now ?
4 反意疑问句:He is a student , isn't he ? She works so hard , doesn't she ?

（3）祈使句：
1肯定；Close the door please
2 否定:Don't talk in class

（4）感叹句：
1WHAT 感叹；What a nice girl she is !
2 HOW 感叹:How beautifully she sings

英语根据句子结构可以分为（三种）

（1）简单句（6种）

（2）并列句（4种）

（3）复合句（14种）
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）
名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句

【一】主语从句 【二】表语从句 【三】宾语从句
【四】定语从句 【五】同位语从句 【六】状语从句

其中状语从句分为以下9种
（1）时间状语从句

（2）地点状语从句

（3）条件状语从句

（4）原因状语从句

（5）让步状语从句

（6）方式状语从句

（7）比较状语从句

（8）目的状语从句

（9）结果状语从句

【一】主语从句：在主句种充当主语成分的从句叫主语从句，
引导主语从句的连词有：从属连词；连接代词；连接副词
A 从属连词：that，whether。
从属连词；that，whether引导的主语从句在主语从句中不充当任何成分,只起连接词的作用，通常不可以省略。分句置于句首时，that绝对不可以省略。如果是由It作形式主语，后面that可以省略.
1,有that 引导的主语从句如下：
1. That the driver could not control hiswar was obvious.
=It was obvious（that）the driver could notcontrol his car.
2. Thatshe was chosen made us very happy.
=it made us very happy that she was chosen
3. Thathe is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。
=It issheer luck that she is still alive
4. Thatthe whole project is doomed to failure is quite clear
=It isquite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.
很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
5. Thatyou should have to leave is a pity
=It's apity that you should have to leave.
你非走不可真是件憾事。
6. That he will refuse this piece of advice isimpossible.
=It is impossible that he will refuse this piece ofadvice
7. That they should like each other is natural
=It is natural that they should like each other
8. Thathe will not come to the meeting this evening is true
=It istrue that he will not come to the meeting this evening
9. Thathe will help others is a fact
10. That theearth turns around the sun is known to all.
=It is known to all that the earth turnsaround the sun.
11. That we can win is certain
=It is certain that we can win.
12. That you have made a mistake is a fact.
=It is a fact that you have made a mistake
13. It is ordered that we should leave at once.
14. That you don’t like him is none of my business.
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
a. It +be +形容词+ that-从句
It isnecessary that…　有必要……
It is important that…　重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
It’s certain that… 肯定…
It is possible that... 很可能……
It is unlikely that... 不可能……
It is necessary \important \natural\... that…
It is possible that she will come back tomorrow.
It is obvious that this measure is effective.
b. It +be +V ed 分词+ that-从句
It is known to all that…　从所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
It is said that... 据说……
It is known to all that... 众所周知……
It is reported that... 据报道……
It is believed that...据信……;人们相信……
It is suggested that + (should）do... 建议……
It must be admitted that…必须承认……
It cannot be denied that… 不可否认……
It must be pointed out that…需指出的是……
It was reported that 20 people were killed in the accident.
It was suggested that we shouldeat more vegetable and do more exercise
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is a pity/shame that... 遗憾的是……
It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是…
It is common knowledge that… …是常识
It is common knowledge that…　是常识
It is a fact that…　事实是……
It was a pity that we lost the match.
It was a fact that he cheated in the exam.
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that…似乎……
It happens that…碰巧……
It occurred to me that…我突然想起……
It occurred to methat I forgot to send this letter
It happened that I came into the office at that time.
It is important(necessary / advisable /desirable / imperative / true / strange / possible ...)that ...需要注意的是,这类主语从句中,谓语动词很多为"(should)＋动词原形",即要用虚拟语气。例如:
It isnecessary that several nurses (should) stay.
几个护士留在这儿是很有必要的。
It isimperative that everyone (should) learn from practice.
每个人都应该从实践中学习。
It isreported (well-known / hoped / thought / expected / said / believed / decided /suggested / ordered ...)that ...例如:
It issaid that many people was killed in the earthquake.
据说很多人在这次地震中丧生了。
it seems(appears / doesn’t matter / makes no difference/ ...)that ...
例如:
It makes no difference whether he willattend the meeting or not.
他是否会参加会议都无关紧要。
当用it作形式主语,而将主语从句放在句尾时,主语从句中的否定词常要前移至主句中。例如:
It doesn’t seem that they are from the sameuniversity.
It doesn’t appear that we’ll have a sunnyday tomorrow.
if 不能用在主语从句中，而是用whether，如果主语从句放在句首，不能用if引导，但是如果用it 做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用if引导.或把if 改为whether
If Mary really heard him is really doubtful.
正：It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.
正: Whether Mary really heard him is really doubtful.
Whether he left (or not) is unknown
Whether he will come isnot clear.
Whether it will rainor not) is not clear
Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。
Whether we will go tomorrow )hasn’t beendecided yet
Whether themeeting will be put off has not been decided yet.
Whether thepoliceman will come is not certain.
Whether the 2000Olympic Games will be held in Beijingis not known yet.
Whether we’ll gocamping tomorrow depends on the weather.
whether he likesthe job is not clear.
.注意区分it 作形式主语的主语从句与强调句
强调句句型It is/was+被强调部分+that, 去掉It is/was, that，句子仍然成立。
It is natural that they should have different views. 主语从句
It is only lately that he had had afamily himself. 强调句
What was it that he wanted? I don’tknow what it was that he wanted.
It was in the hotel where he stayed that we discussed the serious problem
8.注意it 作形式主语的主语从句和as引导非限制性定语从句引导的不同
It is known to all that the earth is round.
As is known to all. the earth is round.
B连接代词who ，what ，which,whatever, whichever, whoever (Who,whom, which, what可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起到强调作用。此类主语从句不能用形式主语it引导，它们在句子中担任成分，不能省略，语序为陈述语序)
What many scientists believe is thatthe earth is round …
Who will takepart in the meeting has not been decided.
Whoever breaksthe law will be punished.
Which studentwill win is uncertain.
Whatever was saidhere must be kept secret.
这里说的话都应当保密。
Whoever makes mistakes must correctthem.
凡犯了错误的人都必须改正。
What is neededfor success) is your hard work.
Who can join inthe sport meet) is decided by the teacher
What he needs isthat book.
What he needs aresome books.
What he needs aresome books.
Who he is andwhere he is from are important.
What he saw arethe stars in the sky
What he said atthe meeting astonished everybody present
Whoever leavesthe room last ought to turn off the lights.
C连接副词when，where， how， why等。
Why they suddenlydisappeared still remains a mystery.
When they willleave is not decided.
Where she is fromis unknown.
How we will paintthe house has not been decided.
When they will arrive has been told tothe teacher
Where we will gotomorrow hasn’t been decided yet
When he will comeis not known
When he will comeis a puzzle
Where we shallspend the holiday isn’t decided.
Where he comesfrom is a mystery.
Conclusion:主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式
主语从句的规律
规律一、主语从句一律用陈述语序，即主语在前，谓语在后。
规律二、连词that 在从句中无实际意义，但不能省略。
规律三、whether 可以引导主语从句，放在句首，但if不能
规律四、主语从句中的连词不能重叠使用
规律五、含主语从句的主句谓语动词多用单数第三人称形式。
规律六、what 引导的主语从句，可根据表语决定主句动词的单复数形式
规律七、主语从句为了避免头重脚轻现象，用 it 做形式主语，把从句放在后面。

英语除了简单句之外，就是并列句和主从复合句。主从复合句包括：1.名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句）2.定语从句 3.状语从句

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