虚拟语气的用法

~ 1. 虚拟语气在条件从句和结果主句中的用法
(1)表示与现在事实相反的条件或结果。

虚拟语气用在与现实相反的条件句中时，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式（be的过去式用were），结果主句的谓语动词用“should（第一人称）或would（第二、三人称） + 动词原形”的形式。例如：If l were you, l should not do such a thing.如果我是你的话，我就不会做这样的事。（美语一般用would，没有人称之分）。
If they had time, they would study Italian too.假如他们有时间的话，他们也会学意大利语的。
(2)表示与过去事实相反的条件和结果。

虚拟语气用在与过去事实相反的条件句中时，条件从句的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”形式，结果主句的谓语动词用“should（第一人称）或would（第二、三人称） + have + 过去分词”形式。例如：He would have a chance to survive, if he had been taken to hospital in time.如果他被及时送到医院，他就有机会活下来。
(3)表示与将来事实可能相反的条件和结果。

虚拟语气用于与将来事实相反的条件句中，条件句的谓语动词用动词的过去式（be的过去式用were），结果主句用“should (第一人称) 或would (第二、三人称) + 动词原形”的形式。例如：If you dropped the glass, it would break. 你如果将杯子掉下来，它就会打碎。
If it were Sunday tomorrow, my sister would go shopping with her classmates.如果明天是星期天，我妹妹会和她的同学一起去购物。

注意：在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句中，条件从句的谓语也可用“were to + 动词原形” (比较正式，常用于书面体中) 和“should + 动词原形”形式。表示假想性很强，实现的可能性很小。例如：If you were to come tomorrow, I might have time to see you.你如果明天来，我或许会有时间见你。
If it should rain tomorrow, what would we do? 明天万一下雨，我们怎么办?

2. 有时条件从句中的动作和结果主句中的动作所发生的时间不一致
当条件从句中的动作和结果主句中的动作所发生的时间不一致时（比如一个是过去发生的，一个是现在发生的），虚拟语气的谓语动词的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如：If he had followed the doctor's advice, he would be quite all right now.他当时若是听医生的话，现在就痊愈了。 (从句说明过去，主句说明现在。)
If I were you, I would have gone to the theatre.假如我是你，我会去看话剧。 (从句的时间包括现在，主句说明过去。)

If you hadn't helped me, I couldn't have finished it on time and most likely I would be still working now.（could或might也可用于虚拟语气)）

假如你没有帮助我，我不可能按时完成工作，很可能现在还在干呢。（从句说明过去，主句说明过去和现在）

3. 省去从句或主句的虚拟结构
虚拟语气结构中的从句或主句有时形式上可以省略，但意义上却仍存在。

(1) 省去了结果主句的虚拟语气结构，常用来表示愿望。

If he were here! 假如他在这里该多好啊！

If I had never married. 如果我从未结婚就好了。

这种结构也常用if only开头。例如：If only I were ten years younger! 我要是能年轻十岁该多好啊!
If only I could speak several foreign languages！我要是能讲几种外语就好了！（用would / could表示将来）
If you would only try harder!你如果再努力一试就好了。 (only亦可置于would等助动词之后)
If only you had told me the truth before.要是你以前告诉我真相就好了。（用过去完成时表示过去）
注意：有时if only只表示条件，不表示愿望。

If only I had known earlier, I'd have phoned you.我只要知道得早一点，就会打电话给你了。
(2)省去了条件从句的虚拟语气结构。

You might stay here forever.你可以永远待在这里。 (省去了if you wanted或类似条件)
That would be fine.那就太好了。 (省去了if you should do it或类似条件)
I would not have done it.我是不会做那件事的。 (省去了if I were you或类似条件)

4. 不用if的条件从句结构
在书面语中，条件从句有时可以不用连词if，而把谓语中的过去式were, had或should移至主语之前。但如果从句没有were, had或should，则一般不能这样做。例如：Were I in your position, I would do as what he said.如果我处于你的地位，我就按他说的去做。
Had they not helped you, your project would have failed.如果没有他们的帮助，你们的项目是会失败的。
Should they come, tell them not to wait for me.他们要是来了，让他们别等我了。
5. 用陈述语气表示条件和结果
在现代英语里，多用陈述语气表示条件和结果。陈述语气的条件和结果所表示的往往是事实。如果不是事实，其可能性也比虚拟语气大。例如：If it rains tomorrow, we shall not go out. 假如明天下雨的话，我们就不出去。
The dog won't attack you if you sit still. 如果你安静地坐着，狗是不会咬你的。

6. 虚拟语气和情态动词
虚拟结构（不论从句或主句）常可用情态动词的过去式，即could, might, would等加不带to的动词不定式或不带to的动词不定式完成时来作谓语动词。这些情态动词除表示虚拟结构外，本身还有独立的意思。例如：If she were here, she might come with you. 假如她在这里，她会跟你一起去的。
If I were you, I would join in the army. 如果我是你，我就愿意去参军。

But for your help, we could not have succeeded.要不是你们的帮助，我们是不可能成功的。

If she left at six, she should arrive in time. 如果她6点动身，就会按时赶到。

7. 虚拟语气的其他用法
(1)虚拟语气用在主语从句中。

虚拟语气除主要用于条件句（即状语从句外），还可用于主语从句。在主语从句中，虚拟语气的谓语动词用“should + 动词原形（或should + have + 过去分词）”，或只用动词原形（尤用于美国英语中）。should在此状态下是时态助动词，本身没有实义，这种主语从句由连词that所引导，常用在It is natural (necessary, strange, important, essential impossible, possible) that...这类句型里。例如：It was arranged that you should go and help Susan.已经做了安排，由你去帮助苏珊。
It is necessary that the question should be settled at once.必须马上解决这个问题。
t is strange that he should have gone away without telling us.真奇怪，他没有通知我们就走了。
(2)虚拟语气用在宾语从句中。

虚拟语气也能用于宾语从句中。下列三种宾语从句可用虚拟语气：

1)在动词wish后的宾语从句（常常省去连词that），表示不可实现的愿望。宾语从句中的动词如用过去式，则表示与现在事实相反；如用过去完成时，则表示与过去事实相反。例如：I wish I knew my husband's secret.(= I don't know my husband's secret.)我要是知道我丈夫的秘密就好了。
I wish I were a scientist. (＝I am not a scientist.) 但愿我是个科学家。

注意：动词wish如果是过去式，后面宾语从句的动词的虚拟语气形式不变，仍用过去式或过去完成时。例如：She wished she knew how to play golf.她多么希望会打高尔夫球。（和现在事实相反）
I wished I hadn't been so forgetful. Then I shouldn't have missed the concert.我要是不这样健忘该多好，那我就不会不去听音乐会。(和过去的过去的事实相反)
2)有时在宾语从句中可用would或might加动词原形，表示有可能实现的愿望。例如：I wish he might stay with me. 我希望他和我住在一起。
He wishes I would go with him. 他希望我和他一起去。

3)动词demand 要求，command 命令，desire 希望，maintain 保持， urge 鼓励，direct 指导，arrange 安排，suggest 建议，order 命令，insist 坚持，propose 建议等后面的宾语从句，用“should + 动词原形”或只用动词原形来表示虚拟语气。

The expert proposed that children shouldn't spend much time on TV.专家建议孩子不要过多地看电视。
My little daughter suggested that we should hold a family meeting.我的小女儿建议我们今晚开家庭会议。
Most students insist that they should have more English classes.多数同学坚持要多上英语课。
(3)虚拟语气用在定语从句中。

虚拟语气也能用于定语从句中。通常用在It is time (that)...句型中的定语从句里。从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词用过去式形式：意思是“该干某件事了，时间已经有些晚了”。例如：It is time we left. 我们该走了。

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虚拟语气的形式和用法
1、对现在的虚拟，表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去式（be的过去式用were.而主句中的谓语动词用would (should,could, might) + 动词原形。见下表：
条件状语从句的动词形式
主句的动词形式
If+主语+ 动词过去式 (be的过去式were.在口语等非正式场合中，I，he，she，it等后面也可用was.但在If I were you中，一定要用were，不能用was.
I (we)should+动词原形
主语 + would (might, could)十动词原形

例句：
·If I were you, I should study English.(fact: I am not you, so I shall not study English.)
·If he had time, he would attend themeeting. (fact: He does not have time, so he will not attend the meeting.)
·If they didn’t take physical exercisesevery day, they wouldn’t be so healthy. (fact: They take physical exercisesevery day, so they are very healthy.)
·If you went to bed earlier, you wouldnot be so sleepy in the morning. (fact: You often go to bed late, so you arealways sleepy in the morning.)
·If this were the case, it would be veryawkward. (fact: This is not the case, soit is not awkward.)

2、对过去的虚拟，表示与过去的事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去完成时, 主句的谓语动词用would (should,could, might)+过去分词。见下表：

条件状语从司的动词形式
主句的动词形式
If+主语+had+过去分词
I (we)should+have+过去分词
主语+could (might,could)+have ＋过去分词

例句：
·If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’thave failed in the examination. (fact:You did not take my advice, so you have failed in the examination.)
·I would have checked my paper again if Ihad had more time at yesterday’s examination. (fact: I did not have more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t checkmy paper again.)
·He would have already recovered from hisillness if he had seen the doctor in time. (fact: He didn’t see the doctor intime, so he has not recovered from his illness.)
·If we had known that she was to arriveyesterday, we could have met her at the station. (fact: We didn’t know that shewas to arrive yesterday, so we could not meet her at the station.)
·You didn’t let me drive. If we haddriven in turn, you wouldn’t have got so tired. (fact: We didn’t drive in turn,so you have got so tired.)
3、表示与将来事实相反的假设，对将来表示怀疑，或将来的动作不太可能实现时，条件状语从句和主句的谓语动词有以下形式：（见表）
条件状语从句的动词形式(三种)
主句的动词形式
(1) If + 主语 + 动词过去式 (be的过去式用were). 通常要与一个表示将来的时间状语连用. (2)If+主语(任何人称和数)+should+动词原形
(3)if+主语(任何人称和数)+were to+动词原形
I (we)should+动词原形
主语+would (might, could)+动词原形

例句：
·If it rained tomorrow, our picnic wouldbe put off.
·If it should rain tomorrow, our picnicwould be put off.
·If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnicwould be put off.
·If you should fail, what would you do?
·If I were to see her tomorrow, I wouldtell her the truth.
·If it were to rain tomorrow, the meetingwould be put off.
·I bet Brazil will win the World Cup. Ifit should lose, I would treat you a meal.
注意：当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。
If you had worked hard, you would be very tired. (从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在。)
If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would bequite all right now.
If I were you, I would have gone home.
Ifshe hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be able to run so fast.
虚拟语气的其他句型和用法
1、用在“wish+宾语从句”中，表示很难实现或不能实现的愿望，可以翻译为“但愿…”, “悔不该…”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语动词用过去式；表示将来的愿望，从句的谓语动词用“would(could)+动词原形”；对过去的事情表示愿望，从句的谓语动词用“had+过去分词” 或“could + have + 过去分词”。Wish 后面的宾语从句必须用虚拟语气，不管这个愿望是否能实现。如：
I wish it were spring all the year round.
I wish you could go with us.
We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.
注意：wish 与hope接宾语从句的区别在于：hope表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。Wish表示很难或不大可能实现的愿望，宾语从句用虚拟语气。请比较：
We hope we will succeed. (We don’t know if we will succeed.)
We wish we would succeed. (We know we can hardlysucceed.)
2、用在as if/as though, 或even if/eventhough引导的从句中: 这时，如果从句中表示的动作发生在过去，则谓语动词用had＋过去分词形式；如果指的时现在的状况，则用过去式 (be用were)；指将来则用would(should,could)+动词原形。这里只看从句动作发生的时间，与主句的时态没有关系。
Forexample:
Some metals look at first sight as though they weregold.
He looked as if he were an artist.
He speaks English so fluently as if he had studiedEnglish in the U.S.
He always sounds as if he would help you.
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, itlooks as if it were broken.
Even if he were here, he could not solve theproblem.
3、在It is (high)time (that)…句型中，后面的从句的谓语动词常用过去式 (be的过去式用were), 或用should+ 动词原形 (should 不能省略) 来表示。这句话的意思是“（现在）该…”。For example:
It is time we left/should leave.
It is high time that you got married.
It is time that I bought a car.
Now it is time that you made some sentences by usingthis pattern. Think about what you should do now.
4、在 I would rather(that)…句型中，后面的从句的谓语动词用过去式 (be的过去式用were)。这句话的意思是“我宁可…”，表示说话人的意愿。
Forexample:
I’d rather I were in the rain now.
I’d rather you did not tell him.
5、在表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词，如arrange,command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest,beg, move（提议）后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should+ 动词原形，should可以省略，而引导宾语从句的that 不能省略。例如：
We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
We insisted that they (should) go with us.
The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed fora few days.
He demanded that we (should) start right away.
The commander ordered that the bridge (should) bebombed.
The villagers requested that the old building not bepulled down.
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