be found doing与现在分词作补足语的问题
现在分词(Present Participle)
一.构成形式
doing (特殊的略) 现在分词表示主动的或进行的动作
二.时态与语态
一般式doing 一般被动式being done 完成式having done 完成被动式having been done
所有否定式都是在-ing前面加not 包括独立主格形式
三.可作成分
定语 状语 补语 表语
1.作定语
单个分词作定语时放在所修饰名词前
分词短语作定语时放在后 并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系 这是区分现在分词作定语和动名词作定语的判断方法之一
eg. a running boy
the girl standing there
并且一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句
eg. a boy who is running
a girl who is standing there
注意1:分词的完成时不可作定语
注意2:在message letter sign news notice等词后要用现在分词作定语 不用过去分词 这是考试的易错点
注意3:某些现在分词作定语时 已不再表示动作 已经从分词变为了形容词词性 eg.an interesting story an exciting match 这些也可以属于现在分词作定语 但是不能转化为相应的定语从句 但是可以有三级变化(原级 比较级 最高级)和被某些副词如very修饰
2.作补语
高中阶段只研究分词作宾补的情况 不研究作主补的情况
只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补
1)感官动词:see hear watch feel notice observe keep find listen to look at
2)使役动词:have get catch leave set
值得注意的是:要想用现在分词来作宾补 只能是用于这些词后 但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词(有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补)
eg.I saw him singing now.
Don't have the students studying all day.
注意 :宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系 即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者
至于 现在分词作主语补足语的情况只须知道上述动词的被动语态形式中的现在分词作的是主补即可 无须深入
3.作表语
现在分词作表语的情况只适用于上述的现在分词做定语部分中的注意3 有三级变化 可被副词修饰
eg.The story is interesting.
The match is exciting.
注意 :表动作的现在分词不能作表语 例如上面例子的变形A boy is running.这不是主系表而是主谓(其中助动词is与现在分词running和起来作谓语) 关于句子成分的语法内容 有时间再为大家补充
4.作状语
作时间 条件 原因 让步状语事要位于句首 且与后面用逗号隔开 能转换为一个相应的状语从句
作结果 方式 伴随状语时要位于句尾 且与前面用逗号隔开 有时也可以不用
注意分词作状语时的逻辑主语(即分词动作的发出者)一般要与句中主语保持一致.〔这个是重点 是考试和高考的常考点 大家必须记住〕
个人经验状语从句是万能的 而分词作状语具有局限性 当分词不能表示的时候可以用从句来做
1)作时间状语
eg.Walking in the street,I saw him.当我在街上走时,我看到他了.
可以转化为一个时间状语从句 When/While I was walking in the street,I saw him.
当我要表达正在进行的动作时 我们可以在分词前面加上when/while
那么上面的例句就可以改写为When/While walking in the street,I saw him.(其实有的时候也可以理解为时间状语从句中的省略 但是不是时时成立的)
重新注意一下所给出的例子
Walking in the street,I saw him.我是翻译成”当我在街上走时,我看到他了.”而不可以翻译为”当他在街上走时,他看到我了.”(这个是因为”分词作状语时 其逻辑主语一般要与句中主语保持一致”)
但是有的同学问了 那我要是想翻译成”当他在街上走时,我看到他了.”那应该怎么做那?
可以用状语从句来做啊 因为从句是万能的啊
When/While he was walking in the street,I saw him.
在这里在告诉大家另外的一个方法
He walking in the street,I saw him.
这是分词的独立主格形式 我们以下会介绍 在这里不需太理解.
2)作条件状语
eg. Working hard,you will succeed.
3)作原因状语
eg. Being ill,she stayed at home.
注意 being是常用来作原因状语的
4)作让步状语
eg. Having failed many times,he didn't lost heart.
5)作结果状语
eg. His friend died,leaving him a lot of money,
6)作方式状语
eg. Please answer the question using another way.
7)作伴随状语
可以转化为一个并列句
eg. He is standing there,singing.
5.作独立成分
generally speaking一般来说 Judging from/by 由……判断出 〔高中阶段只需记这两个〕
6.现在分词的独立主格
这个语法点大家原来没有接触过 所以会感到生疏 那么我下面就简单的介绍一下有关于”独立主格”的内容
独立主格,又叫独立结构。它没有主语和谓语,只有逻辑上的主语,因此,它在句法上不是句子,而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。
独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾,用逗号与主句隔开。
独立主格结构可分为两部分,一部分是名词或代词(主格),起着逻辑主语的作用;另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成,表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。
在句中作状语 要注意它不是句子
其实我们曾经学过的”with的复合结构”是差不多的 只不过它要比独立主格多个with.
在高中阶段 只须理解现在分词和过去分词的逻辑主格
个人理解其实分词的独立主格实质就是分词作状语 只不过它不符合我们说的那条”分词作状语时,其逻辑主语一般要与句中主语保持一致”不难发现我每次在叙述这句话时都加上”一般”二字 那也就是说也有特殊的时候 就是分词的逻辑主语不和句中主语保持一致 也就是拥有了自己的独自的逻辑主语 那么也就是该用独立主格的时候了.
eg. Winter coming,it gets colder and colder.冬天来了 天变的越来越冷了
注意这句话 我们不难发现it在句中指代的是”天气”
那么当我把winter去掉的时候,那在形式上就是纯粹的分词作状语 那么我们也就是默认了coming的动作是由it(天气)发出来的 但是我们不妨翻译一下”当天气来的时候 天气变的越来越冷了.”显然句意不通 那么就是说coming的逻辑主语不是it(天气),也就是coming拥有自己的逻辑主语 那么也就是winter 因为coming的动作是由winter发出的啊
注意当逻辑主语是人的身体部位时 如果后面的动词是vt 我们就用过去分词 如果是vi我们就用现在分词 其实用过去分词时是因为身体部位作了它的宾语
如果是由身体部位自己本身发出的动作时就用现在分词 实在理解不了 就请同学们强记下来
eg.The boy lay on the ground,his eyes closed and his hands trembling.这个男孩躺在地上 眼睛闭着 手在发抖
(一)动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
1.不定式的形式:(以动词write为例)
否定式:not + (to) do
(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,
例如:
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2.不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主语:
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,例如上面两句可用如下形式:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
(2)作表语:
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
(3)作宾语:
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
(4)作宾语补足语:
在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如:
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
(5)作定语:
动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:
①动宾关系:
I have a meeting to attend.
注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②说明所修饰名词的内容:
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:
He is the first to get here.
(6)作状语:
①表目的:
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:
wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.
right:To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表结果:
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示强调:
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因:
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度:
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
(7)作独立成分:
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
(9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
(二)现在分词:
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1、现在分词的形式:
否定式:not + 现在分词
(1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成
式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球。
(2)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动
词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2.现在分词的句法功能:
(1)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语
放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
(2)现在分词作表语:
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
(3)作宾语补足语:
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
(4)现在分词作状语:
①作时间状语:
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。
②作原因状语:
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语,表示伴随:
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。
④作条件状语:
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语:
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语:
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语:
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格:
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.
我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分:
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
从外表看,他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心。
(三)过去分词:
过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住。
过去分词的句法功能:
1.过去分词作定语:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2.过去分词作表语:
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别:
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被动)
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。如:
boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶)
newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳)
the changed world(变了的世界)
这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3.过去分词作宾语补足语:
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。
4.过去分词作状语:
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞。
补语分宾语和主补
宾补
适用宾补的句型:
主语+谓语+宾语+宾补(S+V+O+OC)
宾补对宾语加以解释或描述。
以下成分可以充当宾补:
名词,代词,形容词,副词,ing形式,ed分词,不定式,介词短语,名词性从句。
名词作宾补
I consider him a gentleman.
代词作宾补
Whom do you think me?
(Whom是宾补)
形容词作宾补
Wash your hands clean.
副词作宾补
I found him out.
ing形式作宾补
They left me wait.
ed分词作宾补
I heard my name called.
不定式作宾补
I thought him to be a good man.
介词短语作宾补
Make yourself at home.
名词性从句作宾补
His wife has made him what he is.
主语+动词+形容词(双谓语)
接在动词之后对主语起着解释或描述作用的成分,叫作主补。
形容词作主补
They married young.
他们结婚时还年轻。
He died happy.
他怀着幸福的心情死去。
No man is born wise.
没有生而知之。
ed分词作主补
He came in drunk.
他走进来的时候醉醺醺的。
名词作主补
He died a poor man.
他死时很穷。
He died a millionaire.
他死的时候是个百万富翁。
表语(又叫作主补)
(香港,台湾学界把表语叫作主补)
Africa is a big continent.
非洲是个大洲。
That remains a puzzle to me.
这对我还是个难题。
What’s your fax number?
你的传真号是多少?
I feel much better today.
我今天感觉好多了。
由宾补变成主补
改为被动语态之后,原来的宾补就变成了主补。
如果主动句是“主语-动词-宾语-宾补”(SVOC)的结构,变为被动句时,原来的宾语变做主语,原来的宾补变成主补。
例如:
They named the child Tom. 他们给孩子命名为汤姆。
>>> The child was named Tom. 那孩子被命名为汤姆。
They painted the wall blue. 他们把墙壁漆成蓝色。
>>> The wall was painted blue. 墙壁被漆成蓝色。
We regard him as the best dentist in town. 我们认为他是城里最好的牙医。
>>> He is regarded as the best dentist in town. 他被公认为城里最好的牙医。
We know him to be a good teacher. 我们知道他是一位好老师。
>>> He is known to be a good teacher. 众所周知他是以为好老师。
We thought the matter to have been settled. 我们以为问题已经解决。
>>> The mattered was thought to have been settled. 问题被认为已经解决。
蛮罚克泽: be found doing被发现正在干某事 eg:She was found playing computer games when her father entered the room
泽州县15361718436: be found 的用法后面加什么 - ?
蛮罚克泽:[答案] be found doing被发现正在干某事 eg:She was found playing computer games when her father entered the room
泽州县15361718436: 现在分词可以做后置定语吗? - ?
蛮罚克泽: 如果说做后置定语,那只能是现在分词短语.你的句子里的dating from ...就是一个分词短语,作定语修饰remains.而be found doing...这里的doing是一个现在分词作补语.补充主语的,因为句子是一个被动语态.
泽州县15361718436: 一般将来时和现在进行时都要加ing吗? - ?
蛮罚克泽: 一般将来时分五种1.will/shall+V原,2.be going to do 3.be to do 4.be about to do 5.be+doing现在进行时的构成是:be+动词的ing〔现在分词〕形式.希望帮到你!
泽州县15361718436: doing和be doing用法的区别(时态 语态上的区别) - ?
蛮罚克泽: be doing指的是现在或者过去进行时,语态可主动可被动,如果是被动语态的话需改成be being done doing是现在分词,根据其在句子中的不同,可做主语,宾语,宾语补足语或者主语补足语,状语,表语;它与主句的时态没什么关系,只是取决于与之连接的词语的词性和用法,语态可主动可被动,被动态形式为being done.希望对你有所帮助
泽州县15361718436: 现在进行时的时态不是be doing吗,怎么说是be being? - ?
蛮罚克泽: be doing为进行时,指代正在发生.而being done的用法如下:1,与be动词一起构成现在进行时的被动语态(am/ is/ are being done)和过去进行时的被动语态(was/ were being done).2,作后置定语,修饰某一名词,表示某一被动动作正在进行
泽州县15361718436: be found...后跟什么形式 - ?
蛮罚克泽: be fond 后面可以跟名词,动名词,不定式,介词短语作宾语补足语. He is found a thief. He is found to be thief. He is found stealing goods from the shop. He is found in the shop.
泽州县15361718436: be found+doing还是to do? - ?
蛮罚克泽:[答案] to do
泽州县15361718436: be found和operate的区别? - ?
蛮罚克泽: 意思完全不一样 前面是被发现的意思 后面是操作运行的意思