山楂英文介绍

山楂的英文~

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山楂
hawthorn 英[ˈhɔ:θɔ:n] 美[ˈhɔ:θɔ:rn]
n. 山楂; 山楂树;
[网络] 查;
[例句]Much of the track had become overgrown with hawthorn.
小路上很多地方都长满了山楂树。

英语是：hawkthorn
音标： 英 ['hɔːkθɔːn] 　美 ['hɔːkθɔːn]
基本信息
1:山楂（Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge），又名山里果、山里红，蔷薇科山楂属，落叶乔木，高可达6米。
2:在山东、陕西、山西、河南、江苏、浙江、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、内蒙古、河北等地均有分布。
3:核果类水果，核质硬，果肉薄，味微酸涩。果可生吃或作果脯果糕，干制后可入药，是中国特有的药果兼用树种，具有降血脂、血压、强心、抗心律不齐等作用，同时也是健脾开胃、消食化滞、活血化痰的良药，对胸膈脾满、疝气、血淤、闭经等症有很好的疗效。山楂内的黄酮类化合物牡荆素，是一种抗癌作用较强的药物，其提取物对抑制体内癌细胞生长、增殖和浸润转移均有一定的作用。
中文学名：山楂
拉丁学名：Crataegus pinnatifida
别称：山里果、山里红、酸里红、山里红果、酸枣、红果、红果子
界：植物界
门：种子植物门
形态特征：植株
落叶乔木，树皮粗糙，暗灰色或灰褐色；刺长约1-2厘米，有时无刺；小枝圆柱形，当年生枝紫褐色，无毛或近于无毛，疏生皮孔，老枝灰褐色；冬芽三角卵形，先端圆钝，无毛，紫色。
叶：
叶片宽卵形或三角状卵形，稀菱状卵形，长5-10厘米，宽4-7.5厘米，先端短渐尖，基部截形至宽楔形，通常两侧各有3-5羽状深裂片，裂片卵状披针形或带形，先端短渐尖，边缘有尖锐稀疏不规则重锯齿，上面暗绿色有光泽，下面沿叶脉有疏生短柔毛或在脉腋有髯毛，侧脉6-10对，有的达到裂片先端，有的达到裂片分裂处；叶柄长2-6厘米，无毛；托叶草质，镰形，边缘有锯齿。

山楂 Hawthor（Crataegus）又称山里红，是一个蔷薇科苹果亚科的属，山楂英文介绍：
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Crataegus
========
Hawthorn (Crataegus) is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and North America. The name hawthorn was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe, especially the Common Hawthorn C. monogyna, and the unmodified name is often so used in Britain and Ireland. However the name is now also applied to the entire genus, and also to the related Asian genus Rhaphiolepis.

They are shrubs and small trees growing to 5-15 m tall, characterized by their small pome fruit and thorny branches. The bark is smooth grey in young individuals, developing shallow longitudinal fissures with narrow ridges in older trees. The fruits are sometimes known as "haws", from which the name derived. The thorns grow from branches, and are typically 1-3 cm long. The leaves grow spirally arranged on long shoots, and in clusters on spur shoots on the branches or twigs. The leaves themselves have lobed or serrate margins and are somewhat variable shape.

The number of species in the genus depends on taxonomic interpretation, with numerous apomictic microspecies; some botanists recognise a thousand or more species, while others reduce the number to 200 or fewer.

Hawthorns provide food and shelter for many species of birds and mammals, and the flowers are important for many nectar-feeding insects. Hawthorns are also used as food plants by the larvae of a large number Lepidoptera species.

Many species and hybrids are used as ornamental and street trees. The Common Hawthorn is extensively used in Europe as a hedge plant. Several cultivars of the Midland Hawthorn C. laevigata have been selected for their pink or red flowers. Hawthorns are among the trees most recommended for water-conservation landscapes.

Culinary use

The fruits of the species Crataegus pinnatifida (Chinese Hawthorn) are tart, bright red, and resemble small crabapple fruits. They are used to make many kinds of Chinese snacks, including haw flakes and tanghulu (糖葫芦). The fruits, which are called shānzhā (山楂) in Chinese, are also used to produce jams, jellies, juices, alcoholic beverages, and other drinks. In South Korea, a liquor called sansachun (산사춘) is made from the fruits. To the western palate, drinks made from the fruits taste similar to barbecue sauce.

The fruits of Crataegus pubescens are known in Mexico as tejocotes and are eaten raw, cooked, or in jam during the winter months. They are stuffed in the piñatas broken during the traditional pre-Christmas parties known as posadas. They are also cooked with other fruits to prepare a Christmas punch. The mixture of tejocote paste, sugar, and chili powder produces a popular Mexican candy called rielitos, which is manufactured by several brands.

In the southern United States fruits of three native species are collectively known as mayhaws and are made into jellies which are considered a great delicacy. In Canada, where hawthorns are strongly associated with the culture of Manitoulin Island, the fruits are commonly known as hawberries.

The leaves are edible and, if picked in the months of April and May, they are tender enough to be used in salads.

Medicinal use

The dried fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida (called 山楂 or shān zhā in Chinese) are used in naturopathic medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, primarily as a digestive aid. A closely related species, Crataegus cuneata (Japanese Hawthorn, called sanzashi in Japanese) is used in a similar manner. Other species (especially Crataegus laevigata) are used in Western herbal medicine, where the plant is believed to strengthen cardiovascular function. In recent years, this use has been noted and adopted by Chinese herbalists as well. Hawthorn is also used as an aid to lower blood pressure, and treat some heart related diseases.

Clinical trials

Several clinical trials have assessed the ability of hawthorn to help improve exercise tolerance in people with NYHA class II cardiac insufficiency compared to placebo. One trial, at (300mg/day) for 4 to 8 weeks, found no difference from placebo. The second trial, including 78 subjects (600mg/day) for 8 weeks, found "significant improvement in exercise tolerance" and lower blood pressure and heart rate during exercise. The third trial, including 32 subjects (900mg/day) for 8 weeks, found improved exercise tolerance as well as a reduction in the "incidence and severity of symptoms such as dyspnea" and fatigue decreased by approximately 50%.

In the HERB-CHF (Hawthorn Extract Randomized Blinded Chronic HF Study) clinical trial, 120 patients took 450mg of hawthorn extract twice daily for 6 months in combination with standard therapy and a standardized exercise program. "No effects of hawthorn were seen on either quality-of-life endpoint (Tables 1 and 2), or when adjusted for LVEF".

One study, consisting of 1011 patients taking one tablet (standardized to 84.3mg procyanidin) twice daily for 24 weeks, found "improvements in clinical symptoms (such as fatigue, palpitations, and exercise dyspnea), performance and exercise tolerance test, and ejection fraction".

Other uses

The wood of some hawthorn species is very hard and resistant to rot. In rural North America it was prized for use as tool handles and fence posts.

Side effects

Overdose can cause cardiac arrhythmia and dangerously lower blood pressure. Milder side effects include nausea and sedation.

Hawthorn; C. Pinnatifida Bge.

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