机械专业英语翻译成中文（急）

机械专业英语翻译成中文（急）~

3.1.3 Other Independent Process Parameters
3.1.3 其他独立的工艺参数
These three process variables - reduction, cone angle, and friction - are independent in that the
process planner may exercise a degree of freedom in choosing their values. The severity of
friction, for instance, is controlled, within limits, by choices of lubricant, die material and finish,
speed, etc.
这三个工艺变量－缩小量、锥角和磨擦－在工艺设计者在选择这些变量的值中可能运用自由度时是独立的。例如，磨擦的激烈程度可通过选择润滑剂、模具材料和磨光、速度等而控制在一定限度内。The above three parameters, namely, reduction, cone angle and friction are the primary factors
affecting the process. 以上三个参数，即缩小量、锥角和磨擦是影响工艺的最主要因素。Their effects on the first dependent parameter, the drawing or extrusion force, will be analyzed first. 首先将分析它们对第一相关参数－拉丝力或挤压力－的影响。Other independent parameters also play a role during processing. 其他独立参数在工艺过程中也发挥作用。For example, the drawing or extrusion force is linearly proportional to the flow strength of the material, but when inertia forces are neglected, it is independent of the speed. 例如，拉丝力或挤压力与材料的流动强度成线性比例关系，但是当惯性力被忽略时，它与速度无关。The power, on the other hand, is linearly proportional to speed. 另一方面，功率则与速度成线性比例关系。Furthermore, we will first consider isothermal processing, where temperature is not a factor and then extend the treatment to handle adiabatic processing and temperature effects. 而且，我们将先考虑等温过程，在这种情况下，温度不是一个因素，然后将处理扩展，以处理绝热过程和温度的影响。Thus, at first, only the effect of the three independent parameters (r%, a, and friction) is considered. 因此，首先只考虑三个独立参数（r%, a和磨擦）的影响。
3.1.4 The Dependent Variable
3.1.4 相关变量
The force required for drawing or extrusion can now be characterized. 拉丝或挤压所需的力现在可加以表征了。In Fig. the drawing force F (or drawing stress Fxf = F front/Af) is obviously a function of reduction (larger reduction requires higher force), of cone angle, and of friction, and similarly for the extrusion force F (or extrusion stress Fxb = F back/Ao). 在图1中， 拉丝力F（或拉丝应力Fxf＝F前沿/Af）显然是缩小量（缩小量越大，要求的力越大）、锥角和摩擦力的函数，而挤压力F（或挤压应力Fxb = F 后面/Ao）则类似。 In short, the motivation force or stress causing the drawing or extrusion is a dependent variable which is a function of reduction, cone angle, and friction. 简单来说，引起拉丝或挤压的促动力是一个相关变量，它是缩小量、锥角和磨擦的函数。Description of the drawing force, for example, as a function of these three independent variables may be undertaken by either an experimental approach or an analytical approach. 例如，对作为这三个独立变量的函数的拉丝力的描述可以通过实验途径或分析途径来进行。Each approach can be aided by the other. Both approaches will be reported here and the results will be compared. 每种途径都可得到另一种途径的帮助。两种途径都将在这里加以报道，其结果将加以比较。

3.1.2 Friction
3.1.2 磨擦
Whenever there is a relative motion between two touching surfaces, there is a resistance to this
motion called friction. 当两个接触的表面之间存在相对运动时，对这一运动就有一种称为磨擦的阻力。The mechanics of friction are complex. 摩擦的机理很复杂。Although the fundamentals of the
phenomenon have been given much study, very little that is known would facilitate formulation
of the exact functional relationship between friction and the other process variables. 虽然这一现象的基本原理已由很多研究所提供，但已知很少有助于在磨擦和其他工艺变量之间形成准确的函数关系。The most
common simplifying assumptions made with regard to friction stress (J) between the workpiece
and the tool are the following: 关于工件和工具之间的磨擦应力（J）所做的最常用的简化假设如下：
1. Coulomb Friction. It is assumed that the shear stress J is proportional to the pressure p between the workpiece and the die. Then J = μp, where the proportionality factor μ is called the Coulomb coefficient of friction.
1. 库伦磨擦。它假设剪切应力J与工件和模具之间的压力p成正比。于是J＝μp，式中的比例因子μ被称为库伦磨擦系数
2. Constant friction. It is assumed that the shear stress is proportional to the strength of the workpiece material. Then τ = m/√3, where the proportionality factor m is called the shear factor, with 0 < m < 1.
The factors μ and m are assumed constant for a given die, workpiece and lubricant.
2. 恒定的磨擦。它假设剪切应力正比于工件材料的强度。于是，T＝m/√3，式中的比例因子m被称为剪切因子，0 < m < 1。因子μ和m对于给定的模具、工件和润滑剂而言都被假设为常数。
3. Hydrodynamic, Hydrostatic, and Thick Film Lubrication. When a lubricant film separates the workpiece from contact with the die, then hydrodynamic or hydrostatic film lubrication prevails together with its special laws of shear within the lubricant medium. Sometimes high- viscosity lubricants adhere to the
workpiece to form similarly thick film separation of the workpiece from the tool. Film lubrication may separate the workpiece from the die on the entry side to a smaller or larger extent. At the extreme (Sec. 7), the entire workpiece is separated from the die by this film of the lubricant.
3. 流体动力润滑、静压润滑和厚油膜润滑。当一层润滑剂膜将工件与接触的模具隔离时，那么流体动力的或静压的油膜润滑，以及其在润滑剂介质中特殊的剪切定律就会占上风。有时，高粘度润滑剂黏结到工件上，形成工件与工具类似厚油膜的隔离。油膜润滑可以在入口侧将工件与模具以较小或较大的程度隔离。在极端情况下（第7节），整个工件就被此润滑剂膜与模具隔离开来。

3.1.2
Friction
3.1.2
磨擦
Whenever
there
is
a
relative
motion
between
two
touching
surfaces,
there
is
a
resistance

to
this
motion
called
friction.
当两个接触的表面之间存在
相对运动
时，对这一运动就有一种称为磨擦的阻力。The
mechanics

of
friction
are
complex.
摩擦的机理很复杂。Although
the
fundamentals

of
the
phenomenon

have
been
given
much
study,
very
little
that
is
known
would
facilitate

formulation

of
the
exact
functional

relationship

between
friction
and
the
other
process
variables
.
虽然这一现象的基本原理已由很多研究所提供，但已知很少有助于在磨擦和其他工艺变量之间形成准确的
函数关系
。The
most
common
simplifying
assumptions

made
with
regard
to
friction
stress
(J)
between
the
workpiece
and
the
tool
are
the
following
:
关于工件和工具之间的磨擦应力（J）所做的最常用的简化假设如下：
1.
Coulomb
Friction.
It
is
assumed
that
the
shear
stress
J
is
proportional
to
the
pressure
p
between
the
workpiece
and
the
die.
Then
J
=
μp,
where
the
proportionality
factor
μ
is
called
the
Coulomb
coefficient

of
friction.
1.
库伦
磨擦。它假设
剪切应力
J与工件和模具之间的压力p成正比。于是J＝μp，式中的
比例因子
μ被称为库伦磨擦系数
2.
Constant
friction.
It
is
assumed
that
the
shear
stress
is
proportional
to
the
strength
of
the
workpiece
material.
Then
τ
=
m/√3,
where
the
proportionality
factor
m
is
called
the
shear
factor,
with
0
<
m
<
1.
The
factors
μ
and
m
are
assumed
constant
for
a
given
die,
workpiece
and
lubricant.
2.
恒定的磨擦。它假设剪切应力正比于工件材料的强度。于是，T＝m/√3，式中的比例因子m被称为剪切因子，0
<
m
<
1。因子μ和m对于给定的模具、工件和润滑剂而言都被假设为常数。
3.
Hydrodynamic,
Hydrostatic,
and
Thick
Film
Lubrication.
When
a
lubricant
film
separates
the
workpiece
from
contact
with
the
die,
then
hydrodynamic
or
hydrostatic
film
lubrication

prevails
together
with
its
special
laws
of
shear
within
the
lubricant
medium.
Sometimes
high-
viscosity

lubricants
adhere
to
the
workpiece
to
form
similarly

thick
film
separation

of
the
workpiece
from
the
tool.
Film
lubrication
may
separate
the
workpiece
from
the
die
on
the
entry
side
to
a
smaller
or
larger
extent.
At
the
extreme
(Sec.
7),
the
entire
workpiece
is
separated
from
the
die
by
this
film
of
the
lubricant.
3.
流体动力润滑、静压润滑和厚油膜润滑。当一层润滑剂膜将工件与接触的模具隔离时，那么流体动力的或静压的油膜润滑，以及其在润滑剂介质中特殊的剪切定律就会占上风。有时，高粘度润滑剂黏结到工件上，形成工件与工具类似厚油膜的隔离。油膜润滑可以在入口侧将工件与模具以较小或较大的程度隔离。在极端情况下（第7节），整个工件就被此润滑剂膜与模具隔离开来。

Flow Through Conical Converging Dies
通过圆锥会聚模的流动
3.1. INTRODUCTION
3.1 引言
3.1.1 The Subject
3.1.1 主题
The study of metal flow through conical converging dies covers such processes as wire drawing,
open-die extrusion, hydrostatic extrusion, and extrusion through a confined chamber.
金属流过圆锥会聚模的研究包括像拉丝、开式冷挤压、静液挤压和通过约束腔的挤压之类的工艺。
Figure <1> represents a billet and die. 图1示出了一个毛坯和一个模具。The billet is made of an homogeneous isotropic material毛坯由一种均匀的各向同性材料制成； consideration will be given later to variable material properties.后面将对可变的材料性质给予考虑。 In the following simplification, the billet is a cylindrical rod of radius Ro; the rod is reduced to radius Rf by forcing it to pass through the conical converging die. 在以下的简化中，毛坯是一种半径为Ro的圆杆；该圆杆被迫通过圆锥会聚模而使半径缩小到Rf。Reduction is measured from the cross-section area of the billet at the entrance to the die (Ao) to that at the exit (Af). 半径的缩小通过模具入口处（Ao）到出口处（Af）的横截面积来衡量。
Three variables involved in the reduction process are noted at once:
在缩径过程中涉及的三个变量马上就被注意到了：
1. Reduction, which can be measured by the radius ratio Ro/Rf, the area ratio [(Ro / 2 2 Rf)], reduction in area: r = (Ao - Af) / Ao = 1 - Af / Ao = [1 - (Rf / Ro)], percent 2 reduction in area: r% = [1 - (Rf/Ro)]*100 or the effective or logarithmic strain: [Meff = 2*ln(Ro/Rf)]
1. 缩小量，它可以用半径比Ro/Rf；面积比[(Ro / 2 2 Rf)]；面积的缩小：r = (Ao - Af) / Ao = 1 - Af / Ao = [1 - (Rf / Ro)]；面积百分比2的缩小：r% = [1 - (Rf/Ro)]×100；或者有效应变或对数应变[Meff = 2*ln(Ro/Rf)]来衡量。
2. The Semi-cone Angle, ("), half the die angle; in wire drawing " is relatively small, possibly 6E to 12E; open- die extrusion may employ an " = 60E; for extrusion through a closed chamber, the die may be square, namely with " = 90E.
2. 在拉丝中的半锥角（“），即模具的半角相对较小，可能在6E到12E; 开式冷挤压可能采用 “ =60E; 对于通过闭合腔的挤压来说，模具可能是方的，即具有” =90E。
3. The third variable is friction between the die and the rod.
3. 第三个变量为模具和坯料杆之间的磨擦。

3.2.
THE
EXPERIMENTAL
APPROACH
3.2
实验途径
3.2.1
The
Equipment
3.2.1
设备
A
drawbench
(Fig.
<2>)
may
be
used
to
measure
the
force
required
in
wire
drawing.
可以用一台冷拔机（图2）来测量拉丝所需的力。The
workpiece,
the
rod
passing
through
the
die,
has
its
front
end,
the
narrow
end,
held
by
grips.
把通过模具的工件（金属杆）的前端，即窄的一端，用夹具保持住。The
grips
are
pulled
by
a
hydraulic
system
-
a
cylinder
with
piston
-
or
by
other
means.
夹具由液压系统（一套带活塞的液压缸）或其他方法牵引。The
force
applied
is
transmitted
through
a
load
cell
(Fig.
<3>).
施加的力通过一个负荷传感器传递（图3）。In
a
load
cell
strain
gauges
are
applied
to
the
tensile
rod
to
produce
a
Wheatstone
bridge
in
which
the
voltage
differential,
properly
calibrated,
provides
a
measure
of
the
drawing
force.
For
details
see
Reference
[1].
在负荷传感器中，应变规被加到拉伸杆上，以产生一个惠斯登电桥，其中被很好定标的电压差动就提供了拉丝力的量度。关于详细情况，参见文献【1】。
2.2
Recording
of
the
Readings
2.2
读数的记录
The
measure
of
drawing
force
is
produced
continuously
on
a
recorder,
or
on
an
oscillograph
as
a
function
of
grip
displacement,
i.e.,
length
of
wire
drawn.
拉丝力的量度是作为夹具位移（即被拉金属丝的长度）的函数，在记录仪上或示波器上连续产生的。
Updated
instrumentation
may
digitize
the
force
vs.
displacement
readings
and
record
them
on
tape,
disk,
or
other
memory
unit
on
a
microcomputer.
现代化的仪器可以使力和位移关系的读数数字化，并将它们记录到磁带、硬盘或微机的其他存储装置上。Figure
<4>
represents
a
record
of
a
single
run
of
a
wire
through
a
die.
图4示出了金属丝单程通过模具的记录。With
the
application
of
motion
to
the
hydraulic
piston,
the
load
on
the
wire
rises;
the
steep
slope
of
the
curve,
due
to
the
elastic
stretching
of
the
system
with
increasing
force,
and
other
factors,
such
as
the
settling
of
the
ridges
of
the
grips
biting
into
the
workpiece,
occurs
before
any
wire
is
drawn
through
the
die.
随着向液压活塞施加运动，金属丝上的负荷就上升；在任何金属丝被拉丝通过模具之前就会发生以下现象，即曲线出现很陡的斜率，这是因为系统随着力的增加出现弹性伸长，以及其他因素的关系，这些因素包括夹具脊的固定咬入工件等。The
peak
of
the
curve
is
due
to
two
factors.
曲线的峰是由于两个因素。One
comprises
the
inertia
forces;
the
sudden
application
of
force
accelerates
the
wire
from
standstill
to
full
speed
in
a
short
time.
一个是惯性力；力的突然施加加快了金属丝在短时间内从静止到全速的速度。Another
cause
of
the
peak
is
that
at
standstill
and
slow
speeds,
friction
is
higher
than
friction
at
fully
developed
speeds.
曲线峰的另一个起因是，在静止和低速下的磨擦要高于全速前进速度下的磨擦。As
the
inertia
force
subsides
and
friction
reduces,
the
drawing
force
drops
to
its
steady-state
constant
value
for
the
constant
speed
drawing.
随着惯性力的下降和磨擦的降低，拉丝力降到其恒速拉丝时的稳态恒定值。This
measure
of
steady-
state
drawing
force
should
ordinarily
be
taken
as
the
force
reading.
稳态拉丝力的这一度量通常应被取作力的读数。When
the
drawing
force
is
divided
by
the
cross-section
area
of
the
wire
emerging
from
the
die,
the
result
is
the
drawing
stress
for
the
specific
combination
of
reduction,
cone
angle,
and
friction.
当拉丝力除以从模具中出来的金属丝的横截面时，其结果就是缩小量、锥角和磨擦特定组合下的拉丝应力。

流经圆锥形聚合的模子

3.1. 介绍

3.1.1主题
金属的The研究流经圆锥形聚合的模子盖子这样过程象拔丝，
open-die挤压、流体静力的挤压和挤压通过一个局限的房间。

Figure代表宿营并且死。 宿营被做一同类的各向同性的
material; 考虑以后将被给予易变的有形资产。 在以下
simplification，宿营是半径Ro一把圆柱形标尺; 标尺减少到半径Rf被
forcing穿过的它圆锥形聚合死。 减少从被计量宿营的cross-section区域在入口的对模子(Ao)对那在出口(Af)。
在减少过程介入的Three可变物立即被注意：

1.减少，可以由半径比Ro/Rf测量，区域比率[(Ro/
2 2
Rf)]对区域的减少： r = (Ao - Af)/Ao = 1 - Af/Ao = [1 - (Rf/Ro)]百分之2
reduction在区域： r% = [1 - (Rf/Ro)]*100或有效或对数张力：
[Meff = 2*ln (Ro/Rf)]
2. 半锥体角度， (")，一半模子角度; 在拔丝”相对地是
small，可能对12E的6E; 开放死挤压也许使用“= 60E; 为
extrusion通过一个闭合的房间，模子也许是方形的，即与“= 90E。
3. 第三可变物是模子和标尺之间的摩擦

圆锥收敛模具中的液流流动

3.1 简介

3.1.1 目的

关于圆锥收敛模具中金属液流流动的研究覆盖了诸如划线、开式挤压、静液挤压以及封闭腔挤压等工艺。

图1所示为一个钢坯及模具。钢坯由各向同性材料制成，不同材料的特性将在后面加以考虑分析。在下面的简化中，钢坯为一半径为Ro的圆柱型棒料，将该棒料压入圆锥收敛模具中，使其半径还原为Rf。减小值可以通过模具入口处及出口处钢坯的横截面予以测得。

三个与该还原过程相关的变量描述如下：

1. 减小量可通过半径比Ro/Rf、面积比Ro^2/Rf^2, 面积减小值：r= ... ..., 面积减小比: r%=..., 或有效/对数应变[ ... ]来测得。(公式我就不帮你翻译了，麻烦您自己抄一下吧)

2.半锥角， 划线过程中模具角的一半，相对较小，一般为6E-12E，开式挤压中可能达到20E, 对于封闭腔挤压，模具可能是方的，数值可能达到90E。

3.第三个变量为模具与棒料间的摩擦力。

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云和维路： The lathe is usually the main movement workpiece rotate movement Feed movement is usually tool linear movement. By rotating knives, promoting drilling tools along the axis into fixed workpiece, produce round hole.

高阳县18715145259： 机械专业英语求翻译 急!？
云和维路： Technical requirements 1. By JB/T10205-2000 <<hydraulic cylinder technology>> for assembly; 2. GB/T15622-1995 by hydraulic cylinder test pilot; 3. Bolt assembly when all the Tu bonding agent; 4. Relay-trip inspection and make a record, the two ...

高阳县18715145259： 英文翻译,机械专业……谢谢,急用昂…… - ？
云和维路： Worm gear and worm by crisscross shaft helical gear transmission of evolved. Small gear teeth in dividing the YuanZhuMian around a week or more, such small gear appearance like a screw, called the worm. Big gear called the worm gear. Worm ...

高阳县18715145259： 机械专业英语翻译(急)？
云和维路： 可以已经翻译么,MATERIAL:CRV ,INTERIOR OF THE BOX HAVE STAINLESS STEEL ,将就了

高阳县18715145259： 机械专业英语翻译!急用!直接拿在线翻译器粘贴复制的请走开!!!求正确翻译!跪求高人! - ？
云和维路： 设计要点:1:锚机/卷扬机的构成 一个支架、支架的顶部配有一个可逆转的电机,电机上还配有一个安装了一个齿轮的驱动轴;一个带有可以缠绕和松开线缆的传动轴安装在支架上,线缆远离转动轴的一端系着一个重物,一个可以操控的传动轴...

高阳县18715145259： 专业机械英语翻译 - ？
云和维路： 铣刨机 milling machine 内燃式破碎镐 internal combustion broken-hoe,internal combustion crushing pickaxe 冲击夯 battering ram 平板夯 compactor

高阳县18715145259： 机械专业英语翻译(就一个单词) - ？
云和维路： journalled可能是由journal演变的.. journal译为日报;杂志;期刊(名词),按...

高阳县18715145259： 机械专业英文翻译 - ？
云和维路： 良好的耐磨性能,使一个可接受的刀具工具前取得索引或更换硬度,尤其是在更高的温度下,(热硬度加工而成,其硬度、力量和耐磨性的工具是保持在切削温度所操作(fig.21.1)韧性,所以这种影响力间断性切割工具操作(如铣削或转splined轴),或者由于振动和 求加分