急求高手帮我翻译混凝土的专业英语 最近几天要用 二、 凝土工程中常见裂缝1.干缩裂缝及预防

求一份5000字左右的英文文章，内容是“混凝土裂缝的预防与控制”，最好再附带上翻译，跪求，毕业论文必备~

Abstract: In the modern construction of concrete plays an important role, but the concrete cracks are more common. This article analyzes the causes of concrete cracks is proposed measures to control and prevent the cracks, and curing of the concrete problems early.

Key words: concrete crack; cracks; Cracks; conservation

First, micro-cracks in concrete

Cracks in reinforced concrete structures is to work with. Rather, the hardening process of concrete in the condensation, there exist micro-cracks, because the concrete in the cement and aggregate changes in temperature and humidity conditions to produce the volume of non-uniform deformation, and they bonded together and can not free-form deformation, so the formation of mutual restraint stress; Once the cement and aggregate constraint between the stress is greater than the bond strength and tensile strength of cement itself, will produce micro-cracks.

Second, the causes of concrete cracks

Concrete cracks are the result of the development of micro-cracks. Concrete cracks for many reasons, for its part, considered to be bound by the deformation of concrete due to tensile stress than the material's sake.

1. Optional inappropriate material defects and the formation of cracks. Expired cement, aggregate excess mud, with active SiO 2 , high alkali cement, limestone aggregate, cement hydration heat and so on.

2. Construction of mishandling the formation of defects and cracks. Plastic concrete sink, was the top bar of the resistance, the formation of cracks along the reinforcement; concrete vibration is not dense, there cellular, easy to form the starting point for a variety of stress fractures; concrete mixer, transit time is too long, so that water evaporation, causing low slump concrete pouring, making the concrete volume in the mesh irregular cracks; rapid drying of concrete made when the initial curing of concrete contact with the atmosphere in the irregular mesh surface cracks; early form removal, concrete not yet established sufficient strength to impose its own components in the actual gravity load, prone to all kinds of stress cracks.

3. Because of the force components, deformation and crack formation of defects. Center tension; center compression; bending; shear; by punching; beam concrete shrinkage and temperature deformation; plate of concrete shrinkage and temperature deformation; in reinforced concrete, the tensile stress is mainly borne by the reinforced concrete is exposed stress. In plain concrete or reinforced concrete on the edges if the tensile stress within the structure there shall be to rely on concrete to bear. General design requirements in both the tensile stress does not appear or appear only very small tensile stress. However, the maximum temperature of concrete in construction to the operation of the cooling period of steady temperature, often caused by a large concrete internal tensile stress.

4. Because of environmental factors affect the formation of defects and cracks. Mainly temperature and humidity changes, the brittleness of concrete and uneven, as well as unreasonable structure, failure of raw materials (such as alkali-aggregate reaction), template deformation, differential settlement of foundation. Concrete dissolution cycles many times by the freeze, the stress generated in the concrete, and promote the development of existing cracks, loose structure, surface cracks, surface spalling or overall collapse.

Third, measures to control and prevent the cracks

1. Of cement, water, aggregate, admixtures, reinforcement materials, the improper selection of the formation of cracks on the entry of raw materials must be in accordance with national standards for strict inspection and acceptance of the approach to prevention, where the unqualified use of defective materials shall be , or reduce the level of test use; of these have occurred due to improper selection of materials defects or cracks in concrete produced must be observed in detail for the long term (due to some problems take a while to find), carefully identify its causes and Quality of the problem, study and formulate their treatment and reinforcement. This is because once occurred due to improper material selection, quality problems, often with the universal reason.

2. As long transport time of concrete mixing, pouring too fast, the vibration is not real, it is improper construction joint, move the template the formation of cracks and other reasons can follow the "concrete order" strict implementation of concrete mixing, transport, pouring, vibration pound set and the old concrete construction joint connection. Templates, and form removal, and conservation requirements to prevent, the occurrence of such cracks in the component have been, but also distinguish the type of component, component of the force characteristics of the site where the cracks and the extent of serious cracks were commonly used in concrete cracks reinforcement measures or by filling concrete, steel anchor reinforcement, and even stick steel reinforcement, prestressed reinforcement remedial measures.

3. Due to dry weather, the initial maintenance is not good, the early cold concrete and large changes in temperature and humidity of the cracks were used to enhance the natural hardening process of concrete Results conservation, conservation of heat storage, the use of air-entraining agent to uniform distribution of air bubbles inside the concrete, measures such as temperature expansion joint repair reserved. Severe cold components, some should be removed, some should be reinforced before being used.

4. Because the components have to withstand loads too wide cracks, reasonably designed to prevent the emergence of these cracks; cracks have been too broad component appears to be reinforced by strengthening measures.

5. The foundation of unequal settlement of large cracks too broad and reasonably in the design of the building when checking in the use phase of the settlement to prevent the emergence of these cracks, these cracks have occurred on the structure, to use ground-based control measures proper handling of the foundation, then building the structure reinforcement measures adopted to solve.

6. On the environmental conditions and changes in the use of the crack occurred, according to different properties to different control measures, such as:

(1) the use of temperature and humidity changes during the formation of cracks, usually difficult to eradicate, to adopt the protection of reinforced concrete measures to reduce atmospheric humidity changes of the component is appropriate;

(2) The cracks resulting from repeated freezing and thawing, in addition to defects and damage has been formed in part to be reinforced or reinforced, but should add insulation on the cold concrete measures;

(3) The corrosive medium in the resulting defects and damage a large area, in addition to corrosion and damage should be removed by the site to be reinforced or reinforced, shall use the acid water glass slag cement concrete or concrete overlay to protect;

(4) damage due to earthquake seismic structural measures should be adopted to prevent; have been generated by the earthquake damage is not severe earthquake damaged buildings may refer to repair and reinforcement of the solution to the problem.

In addition, temperature control and improved from the constraints of the two aspects. Used to improve the aggregate gradation, with a dry hard concrete, mixed with mixture, add air-entraining agent or a plasticizing agent measures to reduce the amount of cement in concrete; water when mixing concrete or gravel with water cooling to reduce the concrete pouring temperature; hot days when the pouring of concrete pouring to reduce the thickness of heat by pouring level; in the concrete laying pipes, pass into the cold water temperature; set reasonable removal time, the surface heat when temperatures plunged to avoid dramatic concrete surface temperature gradient ; Construction of Concrete Blocks and long-term exposure to surface or thin-walled structure, insulation measures taken in the cold season.

Measures to improve the constraints are: a reasonable parting block; to avoid excessive fluctuations basis; reasonable arrangements for the construction process, to avoid the excessive height and long-term exposure to the side.

In addition, to improve the performance of concrete and improve the crack resistance, enhance conservation, to prevent surface shrinkage, in particular, to ensure the quality of concrete is very important to prevent fractures, special attention should be avoided through the cracks, appears to restore its structural integrity is difficulties, so the construction should be to prevent the occurrence of cracks in the main cross-cutting.

Fourth, early curing of concrete

Practice shows that cracks in concrete common, most of the surface cracks of different depth, mainly because of the temperature gradient caused by the sudden drop in temperature in cold areas are also easy to form cracks. Therefore, the concrete surface of the insulation to prevent early cracking is particularly important. From the viewpoint of thermal stress, thermal insulation should meet the following requirements:

(1) prevent the concrete and the concrete surface temperature difference between inside and outside the gradient, to prevent surface cracks;

(2) to prevent the concrete super cool, should try to try to make concrete the construction period of not less than the minimum temperature on the stability of the temperature of concrete used;

(3) to prevent cold and old concrete to reduce the constraints between the new and old concrete. Early curing of concrete, the main purpose is to maintain proper temperature and humidity conditions in order to achieve the effect of two aspects, one of the concrete from adverse temperature and humidity deformation of the invasion, to prevent the harmful shrinkage and shrinkage. On the one hand to smooth the cement hydration in order to meet the design strength and crack resistance.

V. Conclusion

Cracks in concrete above the relationship between the various effects of the theory and practice discussed, although the academic cracks in the concrete and calculation methods are different theories, but for specific advice for prevention and improvement measures more unified, but in practice of effects are good, concrete construction depends on our seeing much comparison, more analysis after problems, and more sum up, with a variety of preventive treatment measures, concrete cracks are completely avoidable.

Experiment research of high pier concrete early crack
针对高墩混凝土早期裂缝的实验研究

1. Shrinkage cracks and Prevention
Shrinkage cracks in the concrete curing more after the end of the concrete pouring for a period of time or after the week or so. Slurry of water will have evaporated shrinkage, and that contraction is irreversible. Shrinkage cracks in resulting mainly due to the evaporation of water inside and outside the concrete varying levels of distortion caused by different results: Concrete by the impact of external conditions, the rapid loss of surface water, large deformation, deformation small changes in humidity within a smaller, more Shrinkage deformation of the surface of the concrete by internal constraints, which have a greater tensile stress cracks. The lower the relative humidity, the greater the shrinkage of cement paste, the shrinkage cracks more easily. For more shrinkage cracks on the surface of the parallel line, or fine mesh shallow cracks in the width of more than 0.05 ~ 0.2mm between the massive concrete site in the mostly flat, thin slab in the short to more along the distribution. Shrinkage cracks usually affect the impermeability of concrete, steel caused by corrosion of the concrete impact on the durability, water pressure will have a concrete impact on hydraulic fracturing of the bearing capacity and so on. Shrinkage of concrete and the main water-cement ratio of concrete, cement composition, the amount of cement, aggregates and the nature of the amount, the amount of additives and so on.
The main preventive measures: First, choose a smaller amount of shrinkage of cement, generally used in low-heat cement fly ash and cement, to reduce the amount of cement. Second, the shrinkage of the concrete by the impact of higher water-cement ratio, the greater the water-cement ratio, the greater the shrinkage, in the concrete mix design should be in control of the water-cement ratio to choose from, at the same time mixing the right by the water Agent. The third is to strictly control the construction and concrete mixing in the mix, the water can not concrete mix design by more than a given amount of water. The fourth is to strengthen the concrete in the early conservation, and appropriate extension of the concrete curing time. Construction of the winter when the appropriate time to extend the coverage of thermal insulation of concrete and brushing conservation conservation agent. The fifth is set in concrete structure suitable contraction joints.
2. Plastic shrinkage cracks and Prevention
Plastic is the contraction of the concrete before the condensation on the surface as a result of rapid water loss arising from contraction. General plastic shrinkage cracks in the dry and hot weather or high winds occur, mostly among the wide cracks in both ends of different lengths and small, non-coherent state. General long cracks in a relatively short 20 ~ 30cm, long cracks up to 2 ~ 3m, wide-1 ~ 5mm. Its main reason: In the final setting of concrete before the little strength or intensity is very small, concrete or just strength and final setting a very high temperature or more by the wind, excessive water loss on the surface of concrete, resulting in capillary produced The larger volume of negative pressure by a sharp contraction of concrete, while the strength of concrete can not resist its own contraction, resulting in cracks. Concrete effects of plastic shrinkage cracking of the main factors that have water-cement ratio, the concrete setting time, ambient temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and so on.
The main preventive measures: First, choose a relatively small shrinkage of high early strength or ordinary portland cement. Second, strictly control the water-cement ratio, adding superplasticizer to increase the slump of the concrete and easy, reducing the amount of cement and water. Third, prior to the pouring of concrete, grass-roots and templates water soaked uniform. The fourth is covered by plastic film in a timely manner or damp straw, and Ma chip, and so on, before the final setting of concrete to keep moist surface, or spray the surface of the concrete conservation agent for conservation. Fifth, strong winds and high temperatures in the weather to set up wind and sun, the conservation in a timely manner.
3. Subsidence and cracks to prevent
Subsidence cracks are resulted from the uneven quality of the foundation structure, soft, or not to fill it, or caused by flooding caused by uneven settlement; or because of lack of rigidity template, template support, or too much space at the bottom of the loose support, such as lead, especially in the Winter, template support in the permafrost, frozen after the Huadong uneven settlement, resulting in cracks in the concrete structure. Such cracks were penetrating deep into the cracks or, to its settlement with the situation, along with the general on the ground or vertical was 30 ° ~ 45 ° angle direction, the larger settlement cracks, there is often a certain degree of dislocation, often crack width In direct proportion to the relationship with the settlement. Crack width by small changes in temperature. Ground deformation and stability, subsidence cracks are also essential to stabilize.
The main preventive measures: First, on soft soil, filling in the foundation superstructure construction before the necessary strengthening and reinforcement. The second is a template to ensure there is sufficient strength and stiffness, and the solid support and ground forces uniform. The third is to prevent the casting of concrete foundation was in the process of soaking water. The fourth is the time to remove the template can not be too early and pay attention to the order in which Chaimo. Fifth, in the permafrost on the erection template should pay attention to when to take certain preventive measures.
4. Temperature cracks and Prevention
Temperature cracks occur in the massive concrete surface temperature change or a larger area of the concrete structure. Concrete pouring, in the hardening process of cement hydration have a lot of hydration heat, (when the amount of cement in the 350 ~ 550 kg/m3, per cubic meter of concrete will be released 17500 ~ 27500kJ heat, so that the internal temperature of concrete or Up even higher at around 70 ℃). Due to the large size of concrete, a lot of hydration heat in the accumulation of concrete and difficult to distribute in-house, resulting in a sharp increase in internal temperature, and the concrete surface heat faster, thus forming a larger temperature difference between inside and outside, large temperature difference caused by internal and Rezhanglengsu external degree, so that the concrete surface of a certain tensile stress (Practice has proved that when the temperature of the concrete itself to achieve 25 ℃ ~ 26 ℃, there will be more or less concrete in the tensile stress of 10MPa or so). When the tensile stress of the tensile strength of concrete over the limit, will have a concrete surface cracks, the cracks occur in the latter part of the concrete construction. In concrete construction when the temperature changes in the larger, concrete or by the cold wave hit, and so on, will lead to a sharp drop in temperature on the surface of concrete, and the resulting contraction of the concrete surface contraction of the concrete by internal constraints, will have a lot of tension stress and Cracks, the cracks in the concrete surface, usually the area of relatively shallow.
Temperature cracks in the usually free to a certain law of large cracks in the structure of regular criss-crossing; Beam length of a larger size category structure, more cracks in parallel to the short side; in-depth and temperature through the cracks of the short side with the general direction of the parallel or near parallel , A long crack along the side of sub-emergence of a more dense in the middle. Crack width sizes, the temperature change is more obvious in winter wide, narrower in the summer. Expansion of the high temperature caused by cracks in the concrete temperature is usually fine at both ends in the middle of rough, and Lengsu changes in the thickness of the cracks is not clear. The emergence of such cracks would cause corrosion of steel, concrete carbonation, to reduce anti-freezing and thawing of concrete, anti-fatigue and anti-permeability, and so on.
The main preventive measures: First, try to choose low heat or in the heat of cement, such as slag cement, fly ash and cement. The second is to reduce the amount of cement, cement consumption will be controlled as much as possible in the following 450kg/m3. The third is to reduce water-cement ratio, the general control of concrete in the water-cement ratio below 0.6. The fourth is to improve the aggregate gradation, mixing fly ash or superplasticizer, such as to reduce the amount of cement, reduce the heat of hydration. The fifth is to improve the concrete mixing process, in the traditional "three cold technology" on the basis of a "secondary air-cooled," the new technology to reduce the concrete pouring temperature. Six in the concrete mixing with a certain amount of reduced water, plasticized, retardation, such as the role of the additive, to improve the flow of fresh concrete structures, water, lower heat of hydration, to postpone the emergence of peak heat hours. Seven high-temperature season is pouring erection can be used when the sun visor, and other support measures to control the concrete temperature rise, reducing the temperature of the concrete pouring. Eight is a massive concrete structure and the thermal stress related to the size, the greater the size of the concrete structure, the greater the thermal stress, therefore, reasonable to arrange the construction process, stratified, pouring block for the benefit of cooling, reducing the constraints. Nine in the mass concrete set of internal cooling pipes, or water-cooled air-conditioning, reducing the temperature difference between inside and outside of the concrete. Decade is to strengthen the concrete temperature control, cooling to take timely and protective measures. 11 are reserved for temperature contraction joints. Twelve are bound to reduce, before the pouring of concrete should be bedrock in the old concrete and laying on the sand about 5mm cushion materials such as asphalt or brushing. Thirteen conservation is to strengthen the concrete, concrete pouring, in a timely manner with the sub Caolian, Ma films such as coverage and attention to watering conservation, conservation appropriate to extend the time to ensure the concrete surface to cool slowly. In the cold season, the insulation should be installed on the surface of concrete measures to prevent cold wave attack. Fourteen is a concrete configuration of a small amount of steel or concrete mixing fiber material will control the temperature cracks in a certain range.
5. Chemical reaction caused by cracks and Prevention
AAR cracks and corrosion caused by cracks in steel reinforced concrete structure is the most common because of a chemical reaction caused by cracks. After mixing the concrete will have some of the basic plasma, and some of the activity of these ion aggregate produce a chemical reaction and the surrounding environment to absorb the increased volume of water, resulting in concrete Su Song, the expansion of the crack. Such cracks in concrete structures are usually used during the event is difficult to remedy, it should be in the construction to take effective preventive measures. The main preventive measures: First, the choice of base activity of small gravel aggregate. Second, the selection of low-alkali cement and low-alkali E or the admixture. The third is to adopt the appropriate admixture inhibiting alkali aggregate reaction. As the concrete pouring, vibration or non-performing thin layer of reinforced protection, hazardous substances into the reinforced concrete so that the resulting corrosion, corrosion of the steel expansion has led to concrete Zhang Lie, this type of vertical cracks were cracks in the reinforced positions along the emergence of . Third, dealing with cracks
The emergence of crack will not only affect the integrity of the structure and rigidity, but also cause corrosion of the steel and concrete to speed up the carbonation, to reduce the durability of concrete and anti-fatigue and anti-permeability capacity. Therefore, in accordance with the nature of the cracks in the specific circumstances and we have to distinguish between treated in a timely manner to ensure that the building of concrete measures to repair cracks in the following ways: to repair the surface of law, filling, sealing every inlay law, the structure of law reinforcement, concrete replacement France, electrochemical protection law, as well as bionic legitimate self-healing.
1. Surface repair method
Surface repair method is a simple, common repair method, which applies mainly to the stability and structure does not affect the carrying capacity of the surface cracks and deep into the cracks of the deal. The usual measures to deal with cracks in the surface coated cement, clay or epoxy concrete paint brushing the surface, anti-corrosion materials such as asphalt, while in the protective order to prevent the concrete by a variety of effects continue to crack, usually can be used in the cracks Paste on the surface of the glass fiber cloth, and other measures.
2. Grouting, sealing every embedded Act
Grouting method applied to the main structure of the overall impact or anti-required to repair cracks in concrete, it is the use of the equipment will be pressure on the cement material into the pressure of cracks in concrete, cement and concrete materials hardening after the formation of a whole in order to play Strengthening closure. Cement materials are commonly used in cement, resin, methyl acrylate, polyurethane, and other chemical materials. Caulking is the most commonly used in sealing cracks in a way, it usually cracks along the cutting slot, embedded in the tank to fill or rigid plastic sealing material in order to achieve the cracks closed. Commonly used materials are PVC plastic clay, plastic ointment, butyl rubber, and so on; commonly used sealing materials for the rigid polymer cement mortar.
3. Strengthening the structure of law
When the crack affect the performance of the concrete structure, it is necessary to consider strengthening laws to deal with the concrete structure. Structural reinforcement used mainly in the following ways: increasing cross-section of the concrete structure of the area in the corner of the component outsourcing steel using prestressed reinforcement method, paste steel reinforcement, as well as an additional point reinforced shotcrete reinforcement.
4. Concrete replacement
Concrete replacement is dealing with serious damage to concrete is an effective method, this method is the first to remove the damaged concrete, and then exchange into the new concrete or other materials. Replacement materials are commonly used: an ordinary cement mortar or concrete, polymer or polymer modified concrete or mortar.
5. Electrochemical Protection Act
Electrochemical corrosion is imposed on the use of the electric field in the electrochemical role of the media, reinforced concrete or concrete changes in the environment, passive reinforced in order to achieve anti-corrosion. Cathodic protection law, chloride extraction, rehabilitation of basic chemical protective method is commonly used and effective of the three methods.
6. Bionic legitimate self-healing
Bionic legitimate self-healing is a new method to deal with cracks, which mimic biological tissue trauma on the part of some kind of automatic secretion material, which has been part of the healing of wounds function in the traditional concrete components to add special components ( If the binder containing the liquid-core fiber, or capsule), in the concrete form of internal self-healing intelligent bionic neural network system, when the concrete cracks when secreted part of the liquid-core fiber can re-fracture healing [4].
IV, Conclusion
Cracks in concrete structures is a widespread phenomenon, it appears the building will not only reduce the permeability of the ability to affect the function of the use of the building, and this may cause corrosion of steel, concrete carbonation, to reduce the durability of materials, the impact Building the carrying capacity and therefore should be carefully studied cracks in concrete, treated differently, to adopt a reasonable approach to deal with, and in the construction to take effective precautionary measures to prevent the emergence and development of the cracks to ensure the safety of buildings and structures , And steady work.

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霍城县19246595112： 请英文高手帮忙翻译有关混凝土方面的,给20分. - ？
诸葛舒联苯： 5.灌浆混合物,应选择和改变只是针对接触,巩固和帷幕灌浆.以下初步的程序办理.工程师可以修改这些程序,以达到最佳灌浆渗透.6.一旦启动,灌浆是标准之前拒绝继续得到.在灌浆,承包者应采取一切预防措施,防止灌浆设备和线路被阻塞.他应相应地不断散发灌浆,并定期用清水冲洗系统.7.如果没有达到洞吸收拒绝承包者应立即通知工程师和注射率不正常的灌浆量随后应减少或注射,应进行间歇性或其他程序可能由工程师应当采取指示.

霍城县19246595112： 急求 关于混凝土的英文文献及中文翻译 - ？
诸葛舒联苯： concrete['kCnkri:t]n.混凝土v.用混凝土修筑, 浇混凝土, 凝结-betonn['betEn][法]混凝土beton arme'e[法]钢筋混凝土...

霍城县19246595112： 混凝土收面英语翻译,专业的,就一个词,我给忘了,怎么也找不到 - ？
诸葛舒联苯： 混凝土收面 concrete-face closure surface troweling

霍城县19246595112： 本人急需翻译,有没有英语高手可以帮我提供一些搅拌方面的英语词汇,全面即可、、、、、、 - ？
诸葛舒联苯： 搅拌 agitation,stirring 搅拌器 agitator,stirrer 匀化器 homogenizer 搅拌槽 agitated vessel 螺旋浆搅拌器 propeller agitator 桨式搅拌器 paddle agitator 涡轮搅拌器 turbine agitator 叶轮搅拌器 impeller agitator 错臂搅拌器 cross-beam agitator 框式搅拌器 grid agitator 板式搅拌器 blade agitator 锚式搅拌器 anchor agitator 螺带搅拌器 helical ribbon agitator 自吸搅拌器 hollow agitator

霍城县19246595112： 寻求土木英语方面的高手,帮忙翻译下如下几个单词:(求大神给出专业的答案,在线翻译的不要):1.土方;2.土方倒运;3.回填土;4.垫层;5.基础混凝土... - ？
诸葛舒联苯：[答案] 1.土方 Earthwork.2.土方倒运 Earthwork transportation.3.回填土 back fill4.垫层 bed course;undercourse;cushion;packing5.基础混凝土 The basis of concrete6.地梁混凝土 ...

霍城县19246595112： 哪位英文高手可以帮我翻译一些建筑类的专业名词吗 - ？
诸葛舒联苯： 地梁 beam 立柱 column 圈梁 parameters 楼面梁 Floor beams 楼面檀条 Floor wingceltis bar 屋架梁 Roof beam 走道板 Go DaoBan 屋面檀条 Roofing wingceltis bar 外墙板 The exterior 屋面板 roof 楼板 floor 扣板 kouban 单坡屋顶活动板房 ChanPo...

霍城县19246595112： 土木工程专业英语,求翻译For pavement, concrete may be placed by bucket from the swinging boom - ？
诸葛舒联苯： 混凝土路面,可被从一个铺路机的swingingboom斗,直接由自卸车或搅拌车,或间接通过卡车进入吊具.

霍城县19246595112： 急!!!请各位高手帮我译成专业英语？
诸葛舒联苯： 来料检查feed-in material inspection 工程部Engineering Department 品质部Quality Department

霍城县19246595112： 建筑工程专业英语求翻译!!! - ？
诸葛舒联苯： 您好 时间的腐蚀开始采用相对为准则保护提供给钢周围的平原和microsilica-blended水泥混凝土由于证明两个原因:一、腐蚀的过程包含两个不同的阶段,布朗1983年Tuutti 1980年),腐蚀启蒙时期和腐蚀传播时间的助教.腐蚀传播时间...