怎么讲直接引语和间接引语比较明白？

讲解直接引语和间接引语如何导课？~

. 直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，由连词that 引导，that可以省略。例如：
　　She said, “I am very happy to be with you.” →She said (that) she was very happy to be with me.
　　He said,“I will choose a book for my students.” →He said(that)he would choose a book for his students.
　　2. 直接引语是一般疑问句时，变成间接引语，由连词whether或if 引导。例如：
　　He asked me, “Do you like watching TV?”→He asked me if/whether I liked watching TV.
　　He asked, “Are you sure your mother will come?”→He asked me whether / if I was sure my mother would come.
　　注意：大多数情况下， if和whether 在引导宾语从句时可以互换，但后紧跟or not时,一般只用whether。例如：
　　She asked me whether or not he could do the work. / She asked me whether he could do the work or not.
　　3. 直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，由相应的连接词who, whom, what, whose, how, when, why, where 等引导。例如：
　　He asked: “Where are you to get off, John?” →He asked John where he was to get off.
　　My sister asked me, “How do you like the play?”→My sister asked me how I liked the play.
　　Tom asked me, “Who is the boy over there?”→Tom asked me, “Who was the boy over there?”
　　4. 直接引语是祈使句，其间接引语由主语+动词ask(委婉语气)，tell(一般语气)，order (命令语气)或warn, advise等+复合宾语(名/代词+动词不定式)构成。如：
　　He said, “Please come here again tomorrow.”→He asked me to go there again the next day.
　　“Be careful with the dog.”→He warned me to be careful with the dog.
　　5. 直接引语变间接引语时，如果引述动词为过去式，需注意时态的变化（时态要向后退一步）：如：
　　1) Betty said, “Lingling is singing in the classroom now.” 现在进行时→
　　Betty said Lingling was singing in the class room then.-过去进行时
　　2) He said, “I will go to London next week.” 一般将来时→
　　He said he would go to London next week. 过去将来时
　　3) My mother said, “I have already cleaned the house.” 现在完成时→
　　My mother said she had already cleaned the house. 过去完成时
　　注意:
　　1. 直接引语是客观事实、普遍真理等，主句尽管是过去时态，变成间接引语时，时态就不变，直接照抄。
They told their son,“The earth goes round the sun.”→They told their son that the earth goes round the sun.
　　2. 直接引语变间接引语时， 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、动词等要作相应的变化。如：this→that, these→those, now→then, today→that day, yesterday→the day before, last year→the year before, ago→before, here→there come→go等。例如：
　　He said, “I haven’t seen them today.” →He said that he hadn’t seen them that day.
　　但是，如果转述时对话人双方就在原来的地方，或在说话的当天，就不必改变相应的时间状语、地点状语等。总之,对这些变化不能机械理解，应根据实际情况来决定所作的变化。
　　3. 间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序，即主、谓、宾的顺序。

直接引语间接引语的区别
直接引语：直接引述别人的话（句子中有“”）.
间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话,叫“间接引语”（句子中一般无“”）
二．直接引语变间接引语
A.一般不表示请求或祈使的句子改为一个宾语从句
1.连词
若直接引语引号里的内容是陈述句,那么改为间接时,要用连词 that (可以省略)
……………….一般疑问句,…….,要用连词 if/whether (不可以省略)
……………….特殊疑问句,…….,要用连词 wh- 即特殊疑问词本身（不可省）
2.变化
（1）主句动词的变化
一般说来,主句谓语动词常为said或said to,变为间接引语时,当直接引语是陈述句时,said不变.当直接引语是一般疑问句和特殊疑问句时,则要把said或said to变为asked / asked sb.
（2）从句人称的变化
由直接引语变间接引语时,从句的主语人称要遵循一主、二宾、三不变的原则.①直接引语的主语是第一人称变为间接引语时要和主句的主语保持一致.②如果直接引语的主语是第二人称变为间接引语时要与主句的宾语保持一致.③如果直接引语的主语是第三人称变为间接引语时,人称不变.例如：
①They said,“We will go there by bus.” →They said they would go there by bus.
②She said to me,“Are you interested in science?” →She asked me if I was interested in science.

直接引语和间接引语（Direct Speech and indirect Speech) 1
关键词：英语语法,,
直接引述别人的原话，叫直接引语。用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语一般前后要加引号，间接引语不用引号。
例如：Mr Black said, “I'm busy” 布莱克先生说：“我很忙”（直接引语）
Mr Black said that he was busy. 布莱克先生说他很忙。（间接引语）
1 陈述句 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导（that在口语中常省略），从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应变化。在这一方面，汉语和英语有许多相似之处，因此，在做直接引语和间接引语转换练习时，要特别注意句子的意义。
1）人称的变化
a) He said, “I like it very much.”他说：“我非常喜欢它。”
He said that he liked it very much.他说他非常喜欢它。
b) He saidto me, “I've left my book in your room.” 他对我说：“我把书放在你的房间里了。”
He told me that he had left his book in my room.他告诉我他把书放在我的房间里了。
2）时态的变化 如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变间接引语时，从句的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化。如主句的谓语动词是现在时，从句的时态则无需变化。
时态的变化
例句 直接引语
间接引语
一般现在时
→一般过去时
He said, “I'm afraid I can't finish this work.”
He said that he was afraid he couldn't finish that work.
现在进行时
→过去进行时
He said, “I'm using theknife.”
He said that he was using the knife.
现在完成时
→过去完成时
She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”
She said that she had not heard from him since May.
一般过去时
→过去完成
He said, “I came to help you.”
He said that he had come to help me.
过去完成时不变
He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”
He said that he had finished his homework before supper.
3)指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化：
变化
例句直接引语
间接引语
this-that
这个-那个
She said, “Iwill come this morning."
She said that she would go that morning.
these-those
这些=那些
He said, "These books are mine."
He said that those books were his.
now-then
现在-那时
He said, "It is nine 0'clock now."
He said that it was nine 0'clock then.
today-that day
今天-那天
He said, "I haven't seen her today."
He said that he hadn't seen her that day.
yesterday-
the day before
昨天-前一天
she said, "I went there yesterday."
She said that she had gone there the day before.
tomorrow-
the next
(following) day
明天-第二天
she said, "I'll go there tomorrow."
She said that she would go there the next (following) day.
here-there
这里-那里
come-go
来-去
注：（1）直接引语如果是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：
He said, "Light travels much faster than sound."
He said that light travels much faster than sound.
(2)如果在当地转述，here 不必改为there,动词come 不必改为go. 如果在当天转述yesterday, tomorrow 等时间状语也不必改变。
直接引语变间接引语。见下表。
分类 连接词 例句 注意事项 补充说明
当直接引语为“陈述句”时 连接词：that
（口语中常常省略） He says, “ I will go to the park tomorrow.”
--He says (that) he will go to the park tomorrow.
He said, “ I will go to the park tomorrow.”
--He said (that) he would go to the park tomorrow.
He said to me, “ you can help her.”
--He said to me (that) I could help her.. 1. 连接词：that
2. 人称：1主，2宾，3不变
3. 时态。 1. 黑体部分是连接词。斜体部分为间接引语部分。
2. 间接引语部分均为陈述语序。
3. 间接引语部分实际上是宾语从句，连接词之间的叫主句。
4. 当主句是一般现在时态，间接引语部分与直接引语的时态相同。
5. 当主句是一般过去时态，间接引语部分变为相应的过去时态。
当直接引语是“一般疑问句”时。 连接词：
if或者whether.
可译为：是否 He asked me, “Are you good at math?’
---He asked me if I was good at math.
He asked Amy, “ Do you love me?”
---He asked Amy whether she loved him.
He asks me, “Is she reading?”
---He asks me if she is reading. 1. 连接词：if , whether
2. 语序：改为“陈述语序”。
（去掉：Do, Does, Did
改变Are, Is, Will, Can…位置）
3. 人称：1主，2宾，3不变
4. 时态。
当直接引语为“特殊疑问句”时。 连接词：
直接引语中的特殊疑问词。 He asked his wife, “How are you?”
---He asked his wife how she was.
He asked me , “ What color do you like?”
---He asked me what color I liked.
He asks me, “ where will she go 3 days later.”
---He asks me where she will go 3 days later. 1. 连接词：特殊疑问词
2. 语序：改为“陈述语序”。
（去掉：Do, Does, Did
改变Are, Is, Will, Can…位置）
3. 人称：1主，2宾，3不变
4. 时态。
当直接引语为“祈使句”时 没有连接词。用: ask(tell) sb. to do sth改写。或tell (ask) sb. not to do sth. 改写 He said to Amy, “Be careful!”
--He asked Amy to be careful.
He shouted, “ Lily, Close the door.”
--He told Lily to close the door.
He said to me, “Don’t be late.”
--He asked me not to be late. 1. 不用连接词
2. 不改变时态。
3. 无须考虑语序
4. 人称：1主，2宾，3不变 1. 斜体部分为间接引语部分。
2.间接引语部分是动词不定式，在句中作宾语补足语。

重点概括：
直接引语变间接引语有着时态，人称，时间状语，地点状语的变化。
1.时态变化：
直接引语： 一般现在时间接引语： 一般过去时
直接引语： 现在进行时间接引语： 过去进行时
直接引语： 一般将来时间接引语： 过去将来时
直接引语： 现在完成时间接引语： 过去完成时
直接引语： 一般过去时间接引语： 过去完成时
2．人称变化：
She asked Jack，"Where have you been?"
She asked Jack where he had been．
3．指示代词的变化：
thisthat；thesethose
He said," These books are mine．"
He said that those books were his．
4．时间状语的变化：
nowthen；
todaythat day；
yesterdaythe day before；
tomorrowthe next day／the following day
My father said，“I worked here twenty years ago．"
My father said that he had worked there twenty years before．
5．地点状语的变化：
herethere
He asked me，“How can I get here?"
He asked me how he could get there.
直接引语变间接引语的句式变化：
1．陈述句：间接引语用that连接或that连接词省略。
2．一般疑问句：间接引语用if或whether, said改为asked,句子用陈述语序。
3．特殊疑问句：间接引语用原来的特殊疑问词引导，句子用陈述句语序。
4．语法知识归纳
直接引语的祈使句变间接引语的方法：
要将祈使句动词原形变为带“to”的不定式，并且在不定式的前面根据意思加上tell，ask，order等词，如果是否定式，不定式前面加"not"。
"Open the window," the teacher said to the boy．
The teacher told the boy to open the window．
"Tell him to come in," the boss said to the secretary．
The boss told the secretary to tell him to come in．
"Don't leave the door open," he said．
He told us not to leave the door open.

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