Oxygen and Hydrogen Stable Isotopes
主谓宾结构
主语：oxygen and hydrogen
谓语：make
宾语：water
C 试题分析：考查词组辨析：句意：我们都知道，水是由氢气和氧气组成的。 makes up组成，被动是be made up of，排除A， consistof组成，没有被动式，排除B， consists in在于，意思不对。选C。点评：动词短语是高考常考内容。可以按照以下方法学习：1.在每个部分找出自己最熟悉或者最理解的短语，并根据该短语助记总体意思；2.熟记动词本身所具有的全部意思；3.重点根据小品词在该项中的总体意思结合动词本身的意思，理解自己最不理解和不熟悉的短语4.脱离汉语，只看英语动词短语，并放到具体句子和场景中认识动词短语5.注意有些短语意义很接近, 这要结合例句和上下文掌握它们的用法。
The stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen，the tw o component atoms in the w ater molecule，are among the most revealing isotopes in hydrogeological studies.
16O is the most abundant oxygen isotope， accounting for 99. 76 % of all oxygen ( Table 17. 1 ) .18O is next most abundant at 0. 20 % . For hydrogen，1H is the most common，accounting for 99. 985 % of hydrogen abundance，w hile2H ( or deuterium ，D ) accounts for a mere 0. 015 % . δ18O is defined in section 17. 1 ，w hile δ2H or δD is defined as follow s:
Table 17. 1 The abundance of naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen， carbon，nitrogen，oxygen and sulphur
In the cases of both18O and2H，the relevant standard is SMOW. This choice of standard reflects the fact that ocean w ater is the isotopically homogeneous point of origin of nearly all terrestrial w aters. Ocean w ater evaporates to form w ater vapour. This vapour has a tendency to be depleted in the heavier，less volatile isotopes，the degree of depletion being temperature，and thus latitude，dependent. The w ater vapour w ill eventually condense as rainfall or snow. The first precipitation to condense w ill have an isotopic composition similar to that of the vapour. How ever，the precipitation w ill have a tendency to remove progressively the heavier isotopes， leaving the vapour gradually more depleted as the air mass moves inland. In summary，the higher the latitude，the higher the altitude and the more distant from the ocean，the more depleted w ill be the rainfall in the heavy isotopes18O and2H. The various fractionation processes tend to operate proportionally on both oxygen and hydrogen，and meteoric w aters tend to obey the linear relation:
w hich w as first reported by Craig in 1961 after analyzing some 400 samples of w ater from rivers，lakes and precipitation from all over the w orld.
On a plot of δ2H versus δ18O，this results in a straight line named the meteoric water line. Equatorial，coastal precipitation plots tow ards the top right of the line. Points tow ards the low er left indicate precipitation in high latitude or continental areas. Thus the climatic or palaeogeographical conditions of recharge of groundw aters can be assessed by plotting them on the diagram. Deviation from the meteoric w ater line w ill occur if the groundw aters have been affected by any of the follow ing factors ( Figure 17. 1) .
Figure 17. 1 Diagram illustrating possible shifts aw ay from the w orld meteoric w ater line for δ2H versus δ18O plots The arrow s indicate shifts aw ay from a typical meteorically derived groundw ater ( M G ) lying on the w orld meteoric w ater line. Ellipses show positions of hydrothermal w aters from Larderello ，Salton Sea，Steamboat springs and Yellow stone，illustrating a shift to the right relative to the meteoric w ater line
· Mixing with non-meteoric waters，e. g. diagenetic water.
· Evaporation of surface waters and very shallow groundwaters.
· Mineral exchange reactions，which may be important in high temperature geothermal systems. In geothermal w aters，for example，there w ill be a shift tow ards a higher δ18O composition，due to exchange w ith oxygen in isotopically heavier silicates. A similar shift in hydrogen is not observed due to the relative paucity of hydrogen in most minerals.
Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes have been applied in the studies of thermal water at Bath ( Figure 17. 2) and mineral waters at Harrogate in the UK. In both cases the waters were found to plot on the meteoric water line in a similar position to present-day rainfall. This indicates a nonexotic origin for the waters，i. e. recharge under similar climatic conditions to today's. The groundwaters are thus presumed to be younger than the last ice age，i. e. less than 10000 years old.
Figure 17. 2 The use of δ2H versus δ18O plots to discern the palaeogeographic conditions of recharge of the thermal mineral w aters of Bath and Hotw ells in the UK The isotopic data indicate that the w aters have been recharged under climatic conditions similar to today's，in contrast to some other UK groundw aters，w hose light isotopic signature indicates recharge under more glacially dominated conditions ( Late Pleistocene)
卢玛丹香： 主谓宾结构 主语:oxygen and hydrogen 谓语:make 宾语:water
鹿泉市13687166680： “水由氢气和氧气构成”的英译？
卢玛丹香： water consist of oxygen and hydrogen atom
鹿泉市13687166680： 第1题 The two elements water is made are oxygen and hydrogen.A、that B、which C、of which D、with which 第2题 The crime was discovered till 48 hours ... - ？
卢玛丹香：[答案] 1.C be made of 由...构成 2.A 3.A founded 建立,成立 4.B but for 若不是 5.A as 尽管 6.A 7.B 还未来得及 8.B 9.C 症状 10.c
鹿泉市13687166680： 氢气和氧气化合成水翻译成英语拜托各位大神 - ？
卢玛丹香： Hydrogen and oxygen combine/Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water.
鹿泉市13687166680： of which 做什么成分The two elements of which water is made are oxygen and hydrogen.The two elements of which water is made 主语 也是从句 are 谓语 ... - ？
卢玛丹香：[答案] 主干是The two elements are oxygen and hydrogen. of which water is made是修饰elements的定语从句,你的理解是对的,不过是定语从句,就是water is made of which (the two elements)
鹿泉市13687166680： 氢气和氧气点燃生成水 英语翻译 - ？
卢玛丹香： Hydrogen and oxygen are ignited to generate water when mixed together.
鹿泉市13687166680： “水是氢和氧的化合物”的英译?？
卢玛丹香： water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen.
鹿泉市13687166680： 什么是COD、总磷、总氮、氨氮、PH? - ？
卢玛丹香： COD: 化学需氧量COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand)是以化学方法测量水样中需要被氧化的还原性物质的量.废水、废水处理厂出水和受污染的水中,能被强氧化剂氧化的物质(一般为有机物)的氧当量.在河流污染和工业废水性质的研究以及...
鹿泉市13687166680： oxygen怎么读 - ？
卢玛丹香： oxygen 英['ɒksɪdʒən] 美[ˈɑksɪdʒən] n. [化]氧,氧气 [例句]It even has an onboard oxygen canister.它甚至还随身携带氧气瓶.
鹿泉市13687166680： 水是氢和氧的化合物.食物要细嚼慢咽.用英语怎么说? - ？
卢玛丹香： 水是氢和氧的化合物Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen.食物要细嚼慢咽Food should be chewed carefully and swallowed slowly. You should chew the food well before swallowing (it).
