求一篇关于人民币升值的文章,中文和英文都要

求一篇关于人民币升值的影响的英文文献原文，要有出处与作者~

Congress begins 2nd day of hearings in China currency debate
(CNN) -- Congress begins a second day of hearings Thursday on the China currency issue, with Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner expected to present the Obama administration's position.

In a hearing on Capitol Hill on Wednesday, two Democratic representatives from Ohio argued that China has manipulated its currency for years to gain a competitive advantage over U.S. manufacturers. That violated trade laws, said Congressmen , Tim Ryan and Jon Boccieri.

China's currency policy has cost thousands of American jobs, hindered the U.S. economy and resulted in a massive trade deficit, they said.

"Of all of the unfair trade practices driving the loss of jobs in my district and the Midwest, China's currency policy is among the worst," Boccieri told the House Ways and Means Committee.

He said the policy has led to the loss of 1.5 million to 3 million U.S. manufacturing jobs, while the nation's trade deficit with China has grown to more than $220 billion a year.

The Democrats called on Congress to pass the Currency Reform for Fair Trade Act. The bill, sponsored by Ryan, would direct the Commerce Department to treat undervalued currencies as a prohibited subsidy under World Trade

Organization guidelines. The goal is to encourage China to allow its currency to float freely, according to market forces.

The United States is using China as a scapegoat, said a spokeswoman for China's Foreign Ministry.

"Appreciation of the rmb [Chinese yuan renminbi] cannot resolve the U.S trade deficit against China and can't solve U.S. domestic unemployment," said spokeswoman Jiang Yu. "Exerting pressure cannot solve the issue. Rather, it may lead to the contrary."

In the United States, two Republican lawmakers called for a more measured approach, saying overly aggressive legislation could endanger the nation's agriculture industry.

"Any legislative proposal must be given the utmost attention so that we do not disrupt our current growing exports to China, particularly those from the U.S. agriculture industry," said Rep. Adrian Smith, R-Nebraska.

According to Smith, food and agriculture exports to China more than doubled, to nearly $16 billion in 2009 from $6.8 billion in 2008, and the growth is expected to continue this year.

Rep. Lynn Jenkins, R-Kansas, said it's clear that China has undervalued its currency. But she blamed deficit spending and the nation's $2.5 trillion debt to China for worsening the imbalance that is hurting U.S. manufacturers.

"Our willingness to operate in deficit allows the Chinese government to remove dollars from their domestic economy and use them to purchase U.S.-dollar-denominated securities," she said.
美国网站上找到的，关于人民币升值的消息

一、人民币升值之利：
人民币升值可能意味着人民币地位的提高，中国经济在世界经济中地位的提升。
1）中国老百姓手中的财富更加值钱，人民币一升值，老百姓手里的钱就更值钱了，中国的人均GDP全球排名也可以往前挪一挪。
2）中国外债压力的减轻和购买力的增强等等。


二：人民币升值之弊：
受人民币升值的影响，中国的经济增长将会放缓。表现在四个方面：
1） 人民币升值会影响到我国外贸和出口。
2） 影响到我国企业和许多产业的综合竞争力
3） 破坏中国经济的长远发展，使我国的金融爆发危机
4） 升值后导致投机不可避免地盛行

三：世人在全球通货紧缩压力面前再次聚焦人民币。

RMB Appreciation

The impact of RMB appreciation
As the comprehensive strength of the national economy grows, the Chinese currency, the Renminbi (RMB) began to appreciate. Effects of the RMB's appreciation since July have been felt both domestically and abroad, and will become even more significant with time. China should embrace the new opportunities that appreciation has opened-up and allow more room for the national economy to grow in the process of globalization.

People need to be aware that the appreciation of the RMB may have some less desirable effects on economic growth in the short term. Currently, China's export market still relies heavily on cheap labor to compete in the international market. As its added value is low, the appreciation of the RMB will affect China's export and consequently the overall growth rate of the national economy. However, there are also many positive aspects to the appreciation of the RMB. In the long run, RMB appreciation will generate more development opportunities. People will feel richer, it will improve China's status and influence in the world economy and it will change the commodity structure and the flow of investment. It will also have a significant influence on the structure of domestic production resources.

First of all, it will accelerate industrial upgrading. In a market economy, the fluctuation of the foreign exchange rate involves the international balance of incomes and expenses and is an important price indicator. The appreciation of the RMB means that the price of various domestic resources, especially land and labor, will go up in relative terms and this will speed up necessary adjustments to the commodity mix and domestic industry. RMB appreciation will gradually change the value of the international and domestic markets. Domestic enterprises will rely more on sales to the domestic market so that national economic growth is less dependent on export demand and a more reasonable industrial structure will form.

Secondly, it will promote technical innovation. In many countries, technical innovation relies primarily on a market mechanism which makes good use of price as a lever. China's production process is enormously costly in terms of resources and energy, and labor is too cheap. The appreciation of the RMB will cause an increase in the domestic prices of such things as land and labor as well stimulate the demand for innovation. Products for export must rely on technological innovation to be more competitive internationally. In the domestic market, enterprises are also forced to compete through technological innovation. Simply speaking, the appreciation of the RMB will cause the formation of a market environment that is conducive to speeding up technological innovation.

Thirdly, the appreciation of the RMB will benefit the people. On the one hand, it will make imported products relatively cheaper. It will also be cheaper for Chinese to travel abroad. This will increase consumption. On the other hand, it will push up the market price of domestic financial assets, changing the financial market structure. If other conditions don't change, Chinese people will feel richer as the value of their money grows and further stimulates domestic demand. Of greater strategic significance is the fact that the appreciation of the RMB will make the price Chinese labor price higher.

RMB appreciation reflects the success of Chinese economic development after reform and opening up. It is also an important turning point in China's social and economic situation. The downsides to RMB appreciation shouldn't be overemphasized. The fluctuation of the RMB is the result of changes to the current economic structure and will have an important impact on the economic structure of the future. Maintaining the status quo is short-sighted and will harm the long-term interests of China. The best choice is to speed up the transformation of the economic growth mode and adapt to the appreciation of RMB to make the most from the process.

By People's Daily Online; The author, Chen Feixiang, is the Director of the Economic and Financial Deparment of Tongji University.
----------------------------
RMB Appreciation Positive for Economy, Trade

China's long-awaited but unexpected decision to appreciate its currency sent shock waves to the international financial market.

Economists hold that the new RMB rating system will have a positive effect on the country's economy in the long run.

The RMB yuan, which had been pegged to the US dollar for over a decade at a rate of one dollar for 8.27 yuan, began to be traded at 8.11 starting 19:00 Thursday, according to the announcement released by China's central bank, with pegging system being switched to refer to a basket of foreign currencies.

"The 2 percent appreciation of RMB may weaken exports and boost imports," Wang Zhao, a research fellow with State Council Development Research Center Marco-economy Department, said, "in other words, the net exports will see a decline."

However, the move helps China build a healthy and sustainable development structure. The export-oriented policy of RMB being pegged to the US dollar, which made made-in-China commodities less expensive, provoked a series of trade conflicts in the latest years."

Many overseas firms moved to China to take advantage of China's cheap labor force. The appreciation of RMB squeezes the profit margin of labor-intensive and heavily-polluted firms, Wang said.

"For example, some tennis rackets are made of carbonic material, which is heavy-polluted. The appreciation might force these companies to leave China," he said.

"According to the purchasing power parity evaluation, the RMB was really undervalued," said Zhao Yumin, a research fellow on the international market from the Ministry of Commerce. "The appreciation pushes RMB closer to its real value."

"The key factor to a product is technology instead of foreign exchange rate," Zhao said, " Some low-end producers will be washed out. However, the appreciation will not have much impact on high-end companies."

Foreign manufacturers whose products target China's market, such as Motorola, would not feel much pressure. Yet those targeting overseas market might need a second thought, Zhao said.

Tang Min, deputy resident representative of the Asia Development Bank's PRC Resident Mission, said the pegging system reform would have a limited effect on foreign trade in the short term.

"The reform indicated that China's foreign exchange system is developing towards a more flexible, mature, and market-oriented direction. Summing up the reform experiences of other developing countries, China should push for the reform slowly to fence off unexpected risks," Tang said.

Tang's remarks were echoed by Zhao Yumin. "The appreciation and reform are a wise decision," she said, "first of all, the appreciation could help rub off trade conflict pressure from China's trade partners. Second, the modest movement of RMB will not result in big fluctuation in the financial market. Third, the pegging reform leaves enough space for the continuous reform on the yuan's rate."

"More importantly, referring to a basket of currencies can hedge off more financial risks than to a single currency," Zhao said.

(Xinhua News Agency July 25, 2005)
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这里还有好多资料哦

http://www3.nccu.edu.tw/~ctung/Documents/W-A-d-37.pdf

http://houston.china-consulate.org/eng/nv/t80819.htm

http://www.bjreview.com.cn/backgrounder/txt/2007-02/12/content_55920.htm

1948年12月1日中国人民银行成立至今，我国先后发行了5套人民币。第一、二套人民币分别于1955年5月10日、1999年1月1日先后退出流通领域。而自2000年7月1日起，第三套人民币又停止流通。
随着社会主义国民经济不断发展的需要，1958年我国开始设计第三套人民币，1959年方案确定，所以第三套人民币又称“五九”版人民币。第三套人民币共计7种券别，即10元、5元、2元、1元、5角、2角、1角各一种。纸币共计24种版别，即10元、5元、2元各2种，1元3种，5角、2角各3种，1角9种。硬币共计22种版别，即1元、5角、1角各4种，2角3种，套装硬币7种。1962年4月20日1960年版枣红1角券发行，标志着第三套人民币开始流通。1974年1月5日最后一枚纸币－－1972年版5角券发行。1980年4月15日1、2、5角及1元的硬币发行。2000年7月1日全部退出流通领域。
那么，第三套人民币为什么要停止流通呢？1962年4月20日至2000年7月1日，第三套人民币在市场上整整流通了38年。部分券别因改变图案、冠字号码及颜色等，从70年代起实行了只收不付。第四套人民币发行后，各种券别就逐步停止印刷投放。到90年代后期，该套人民币只占整个市场流通量的1．4％。随着第五套人民币的发行，市场流通中人民币券别、版别过多，如果加上第二套人民币中的分币，已形成第二、三、四、五套人民币多版流通的状况。为了调整人民币券别种类，便于流通使用，减轻银行分版清分票币的工作量，第三套人民币停止流通，限期兑换，势在必行。
第三套人民币有何收藏价值？第三套人民币流通时间长、版别丰富。但是，有的券别发行时间短，后来又实行只收不付，因此小面额票券就很稀少。特别是枣红1角、背绿1角被人视为珍品，一般不易得到。还有1、2、5角硬币材质是铜锌合金，1元硬币是铜镍合金，由于材质稀少、发行量也少，当时主要对国外旅游者销售，在国内只是象征性发行，没有真正作为一种特殊商品进入流通领域，而是以其特有的历史性、艺术性进入收藏领域，市场上实为罕见。据来自邮、币、卡市场的信息，上品相的第一套人民币已升值为六十余万元，上品相的第二套人民币已升值为3．5万元。1999年2月3日《中国人民银行关于第三套人民币停止流通的公告》的发表，为第三套人民币收藏与上市提供了法律依据。鉴于上述情况，第三套人民币退出流通领域以后，它会以较强的历史文化和艺术价值被钱币收藏者宠爱。近年来由于我国采取一系列启动内需、刺激经济的财政金融政策，银行储蓄利率多次下调，这就必将带动钱币市场的活跃。
第三套人民币升值潜力不可低估。
第三套人民币票面设计图案比较集中地反映了当时我国国民经济以农业为基础，以工业为主导，农轻重并举的方针。继承和发扬了第二套人民币的技术传统、风格。制版过程中，精雕细刻，机器和传统的手工相结合，使图案、花纹线条精细；油墨配色合理，色彩新颖、明快，增强了人民币的反假防伪能力；票面纸幅较小，图案美观大方。第三套人民币券别结构合理，纸硬币品种丰富。进一步健全了我国货币制度，为促进经济发展发挥了重要作用。
第三套人民币是从1962年4月20日发行枣红色一角券开始，到1980年4月15日发行一角、二角、五角和一元种金属币为止，经过了18年的调整和更换，除金属币外，共陆续发行了12种券别，其中10元券、5元券、2元券、1元券、5角券、2角券各一种，1角券和分币券各3种。其基本特征：（1）第三套人民币具有丰富的政治、经济、文化内涵。它发行于3年经济困难时期，票面上主题反映了当时的政治、经济、文化状况，是这段历史的定照，币面主景表现了社会主义建设新成就，新风貌，如角券分别是生产劳动与教育相结合，武汉长江大桥，纺织车间等画面；无券分别是女拖拉机手、车床工人、炼钢工人、人民代表步入大会堂等画面，充分反映了当时我国国民经济的方针。作为一种历史见证，其史料价值和文物价值是显而易见的。（2）第三套人民币纸币是精淇的艺术品，欣赏性强，反映了我国当时设计、雕刻、制作、色彩、印刷等综合水平。它是我国目前发行、流通时间最长的一套人民币。它从1985年开始设计，到1962年4月20日正式发行，以后还陆续改进了各种工艺，到1974年1月发行青莲色5角券止，才将12种纸币出齐。在设计上进一步打破了边框式设计风格，呈现开阔深远的画面；在制版工艺上，其主景采用手工雕刻，面额文字及衬底花纹图案，多采用机器雕刻，使图案花纹、线条天然融合为一体；在色彩上，还运用了多极印刷技术，使画面色调整体活泼明快。另外，许多票面加了水印技术，大大地提高了票券的防假性能。（3）作为一种钱币文化现象，它的内容离人们现实生活并不遥远，人们往往留恋过去，追亿逝去的岁月，一套币券在手，可以唤起一个时代的美好回亿，体现了大家对祖国货币热爱的一种深厚感情，这是第三套人民币很快走俏市场并成为大众热衷收藏的主要原因。正是由于以上三特征，第三套人民币迅速在为与流通纪念币、第二人民币并列的人民币市场三大宠儿。时下，第套人民币起点价位尚低，随着人民币收藏队伍的不断扩大，其增值幅度也必将越来越大。第三套人民币共有7种面额(壹角、贰角、伍角、壹元、贰元、伍元、拾元)、9种版别，其中壹角纸币有3种版别，贰角、伍角、壹元、贰元、伍元、拾元各一种版别。它是人民币纸钞中面额、版别最少的一套人民币。
在这套人民币中被藏界誉为现代“币王”的纸币有三张，它们分别是：炼钢工人图案五元币，因其高超的雕刻艺术和超前的印制技术而被国际印钞界公认为“世界纸币精品”；枣红色壹角币，是这套人民币中的第一版壹角币；背绿水印蝴蝶版壹角券，是这套人民币中发行量最少、发行时间最短、存世量最少的壹角币。该币为三罗马冠字，七位流水编号，分有水印和无水印二种，名称为“学生参加劳动”。由于该币背面中心防伪线为褐色和绿色套印，看上去像蝴蝶的二个翅膀，因此被收藏界称之为“绿背、蝴蝶版”。该钞发行仅1年有余，中国人民银行即于1967年12月15日开始停止发行，重新发行了背色一致的同图案壹角纸币。
由于发行、流通的时间短，加之数量不大，现在水印的“蝴蝶版”在市场上已成为非常少见的品种，配齐大全套必不可少，目前在京、津等地藏市中该币中水印的挺版币匮乏，市价不断攀升，甚至有价无市，并取代了“枣红壹角”币的领涨地位，而无水印的“绿背、蝴蝶版”壹角币则仍在200－400元之间徘徊。

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端木钞蝎毒： 简单的说,某一币种的升值并不一定有益.因此我们要一分为二的看待人民币升值问题. 一个币种的升值有两方面的因素.一是本国中央银行对于该币种的含金量的调整,一是国际市场对于该币种的需求量.如今人民币的升值在很大程度上是国...

准格尔旗13889454969： 怎样看待人民币升值人民币升值,对国家经济和老百姓个人有什么利弊 ？
端木钞蝎毒： 短期: 1、有利方面 (1)出国旅游更便宜了; (2)外国产品更便宜了; (3)国家名义财富增加了. 2、不利方面 (1)外币存款贬值了; (2)国家外汇储备损失了; (3)出口产品成本上市了. 长期: 1、有利方面 (1)无. 2、不利方面 (1)国家竞争力下降了; (2)外国产品涌进来了; (3)国内失业率上升了.

准格尔旗13889454969： 求人民币升值对我国经济影响和对策的开题报告, - ？
端木钞蝎毒： 人民币升值开题报告一人民币升值压力的来源: 第一.中美的不均衡贸易,使得美国政府认为人民币被低估从而造成美国制造业萎缩,失业率上升,从而美政府压迫人民币升值,如果人民币不升值,则美国会给中国出口到美国的商品征收关税!...

准格尔旗13889454969： 人民币升值 对中国的经济产生如何影响?？
端木钞蝎毒： 我倒觉得积极影响大些. 人民币升值,美国动了很多手脚,不就是为了搞跨中国吗? 人民币升值了,进口多了(钱比以前值钱了嘛), 而出口方面呢,由于人民币升值了,外国买同样的商品比以前要花更多的钱,所以出口就少了 会不会出现贸易逆差呢? 我想升值太快肯定不好,不然中国这么担心干妈啊,呵呵.