英语：倒装句

英语中的倒装句是什么？~

倒装句指为了强调、突出等目的而颠倒原有语序的句式。英语句子的正常语序是主语在前，谓语在后。但有时为了强调句中的某一部分或其他原因，将谓语全部或部分移到主语的前面。根据其倒装形式可分为全部倒装和部分倒装。

倒装句就是将正常的陈述语序加以变化，主要作用是强调被提前的部分
倒装句可分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种：
一、全部倒装
谓语动词提前至主语之前为全部倒装，如：
Out came his guest.
On the hill stood a little cottage that contained heaps of hay.
There lived an elderly lady whose husband died long ago.
二、部分倒装
助动词或情态动词提至主语之前，谓语动词位置不变，即为部分倒装，如：
Neither could he see through your plan.
So little did I know about him that I was easily taken in by his words.
Doesn't her invitation appeal to you?
第一节 否定词提前倒装
否定词用于句首时，句子应进行部分倒装
否定词常用的有：
Not only…(but also), 　　　　　　　Not until(直到…..才),
No sooner….(than)(一…..就) Never/ Rarely/Seldom
Hardly/Scarcely… (when) Few/Little
Neither/Nor (也不)　　　　　　　 Nwhere
At no time　　　　　　　 Under no circumstances(决不)
On no account (决不)　　　　　　　In no way
其中not only, no sooner, hardly, scarcely 分别和but (also), than, when搭配使用，需注意：后一组词之后的部分不进行倒装，只有否定词之后的部分倒装
如：Hardly had I arrived home when it began to rain.
Not only was he able to enter the final round of the contest, but he came out first as well.
No sooner had I got any chance to speak than the clerk slammed the door in my face.
Seldom does he travel about.
Under no circumstances should you betray your own country.
此类倒装句一般出现在填空题中，需填入的是倒装部分，只要在句首见到上述的词，就应条件反射的想到用倒装句
例题：
(1)
---- was the first fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.
(A) Not until 1866
(B) Until 1866, just
(C) Until 1866
(D) In 1866, not until

答案：A
解释：由被动式was laid被名词短语分割开可知, 此句是个部分倒装句, 选项中只有A否定词提前可引导倒装句, 1866应是until的宾语, 故D不对; 此句正常语序应为: The first fully successful transatlantic cable was not finally laid until 1866.

(2)
Not until 1931 ---- the official anthem of the United States.
(A) “The Star-spangled Banner” did become
(B) when “The Star-spangled Banner” became
(C) did “The Star-spangled Banner” become
(D) became “The Star-spangled Banner”

答案：C
解释：否定词not放在句首引起部分倒装，只有C符合倒装语序

第二节 介词、分词词组提前倒装
当句子没有宾语，且主语偏长时，往往将句中作状语的介词短语或作表语的形容词短语或作表语的分词短语提至句首，引起主谓的全部倒装
如：In the middle of the river floated the cluster of plants that she had cast.
Characteristic of an anarchist was her strong opposition to the government, which she had blamed for all the social injustices.
Lying on the grassland is a pretty girl in her early twenties.

例题：
(1)
Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent ----, or pronghorn.
(A) it is the American antelope
(B) the American antelope is
(C) is the American antelope
(D) the American antelope

答案：C
解释：此句为形容词短语be typical of作表语前置引起的完全倒装句, 空白处缺少的实为倒装的主语和谓语动词, A B未倒装, 可首先排除; D无动词, 也可排除. 此句正常语序应为: The American antelope, or pronghorn, is typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent.

(2)
The glaciers that reached the Pacific Coast were valley glaciers, and between those tongues of ice ----that allowed the original forests to survive.
(A) that many sanctuaries were
(B) were many sanctuaries
(C) were there many sanctuaries
(D) there the many sanctuaries

答案：B
解释：and是并列句的连接词，逗号前是分句一，and后是分句二. 因分句二中between引导的介词短语提前，空格处需要分句二倒装的主谓语，D无谓语，可先排除；A使原句只有从句无主句; C中there是多余的，只能选B
第三节 副词提前倒装
副词提至句首引起倒装，可分以下几种情况：
1. only + 副词(when, before, if, after等)
或only+介词状语(由in, under, by, on, after等引导)提前，必须部分倒装
如：Only then did he realize how stupid he had been.
Only after entering the store did Arthur realize that there was danger.
Only in the library can she concentrate on her study.

2. often, such, so等副词提前，部分倒装
如: So diligently did he work that he got hight scores on the final exam.
=He worked so diligently that he got hight scores on the final exam.
Such was his wish that the world would stay away from war forever.
Often did we go on a holiday in hot summer.
注意，so的另一种倒装是表示“也…”
California relies heavily on income from crops, and so does Florida.
加利福尼亚过多的依赖于来自农作物的收入，佛罗里达也是这样
　　　
同理，体会一下neither, nor的倒装
He can't dance, neither/nor can I.= I can't, either.
他不会跳舞，我也不会。
　　　
3. in, out, down, up, away, off, here, there, over等副词提前，全部倒装
如：Off got the staggering gentlemen.
Here are the photos I took at the seaside.

例题：
(1)
　As inevitably as human culture has changed with the passing of time, so does the
　　　　　　　　　　A　　　　　　B　　　　　C　　　　　　　　D
　environment.

答案：D
应改为：has
解释：逗号后是副词so引起的倒装句，表示同前者相同，倒装的助动词应与前一句一致，也用has

(2)
Only outside the Earth's atmosphere ---- to attain extremely high velocities.
(A) to be safe for a space vessel
(B) is it safe for a space vessel
(C) for a space vessel to be safe
(D) a space vessel to be safe

答案：B
解释：副词only引导状语放在句首时，句子需要部分倒装，只有B符合题意
第四节 疑问倒装
疑问句需部分倒装语序，由于经常用到不会成为考试的难点。
如：What part did he play in Hamlet?
Do you prefer tea or coffee?

例题：
(1)
Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people----long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.
(A) will they live
(B) they will be living
(C) will live
(D) living

答案：C
解释：此句是how many 引导的疑问句, 缺少倒装的谓语部分, 但因主语people已出现在句首疑问词之后, 不需要再进行主谓倒装. A B 中的they是people的重复, 没有必要; D 不能单独作谓语

1、全部倒装
　　1） here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run等表示来去或状态的动词。例如：
　　 Then came the bus. 　　 Here is your letter.
　2） 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。
　　 Out rushed a boy。
　　 Ahead sat an old woman.
但如果主语是人称代词，不能要倒装，比如：Here you are. Away they went.
3) 表语位于句首
Present at the meeting is Mr White.
Among the students is an English teacher.
4) 分词 + 介词短语+Be + 主语
Sitting in front of the house was an old man.
2. 部分倒装（不完全倒装）
　1） 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
　　 Never have I seen such a performance.
　　 Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.　
当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。比如：I have never seen such a performance.
　　 The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
2）否定词开头作部分倒装
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than等，要倒装。例如：
　 Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他没有收下礼物，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。
　 Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。
　 No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。
3） so，neither, nor作部分倒装
　 用这些词表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。例如：　　　　
　　Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 汤姆会讲法语，杰克也会。
　　If you won't go, neither will I.你不去，我也不去。
4）only+介词短语/副词/状语从句
　 Only in this way, can you learn English well. 只有这样，你才能学好英语。
　 Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 叫了三次，他才来参加会议。
　 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。例如：
　 Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 病得狠重时，他才卧床休息。
5）as, though 引导的倒装句
　 as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。但需注意：
　　1） 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
　　2） 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：
　　 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 他工作很努力，但总不能让人满意。
注意：让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
6）其他部分倒装
1）） so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得很，动也不敢动。
2）） 在某些表示祝愿的句型中。例如：
　　May you all be happy. 愿你们都快乐。
3）） 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：
　 Were I you, I would try it again. 我是你的话，就再试一次。

其实倒装比较容易掌握，你只要记得一些完全倒装，其余的都是部分倒装，。希望对你有帮助！

（一）诸如never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,not,rarely,nosooner,nowhere,in no way,in no case,by no means,under no circumstances等否定词或者否定短语如位于句首，句子部分倒装
Nowhere in theworld can you find a man who is more foolish than Jack.
Never before haveI heard such a story.

（二）so+adj/adv或to theextent/degree位于句首，句子倒装
So diligently doeshe work that he often forgets to eat and sleep.
To such an extentdid he go on with his empty speech that some of us began to doze.

（三）only+状语位于句首，句子倒装（主句倒装而非从句倒装）
Only when he hadfailed three times did he turn to me for help.
Only by workinghard can you achieve your goal.
Eg：Only after reading it carefully several times wasthe poem (beginning to make sense to me).
正解：did I begin to make sense of the poem

可参考：

http://wenku.baidu.com/view/7a013807eff9aef8941e0632.html

来理解。

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