急求英文翻译！采纳再加分！不要在线的，请高手帮忙！

急求英文翻译！采纳再加分！不要在线翻译啊！请高手帮忙！~

销售渠道
为了达到目标市场，卖家用三种销售渠道。
通信渠道向目标买家发送并接收信息。他们包括报纸，杂志，收音机，电视，电子邮件，电话，广告栏，海报，广告传单，CD光盘，录音磁带，以及网络。此外，通信渠道还包括妆容以及服饰，和零售店的外观，以及其它许多的媒体。卖家正逐步增加对话频道（电子邮件以及免费热线）来平衡越来越多的个人独白会话频道（比如广告）。
卖家利用分配通路渠道来对使用者或者买家展示产品。有实体销售渠道以及服务维修渠道，其中包括仓库，运输车辆，以及各种不同的交易渠道如发行人、批发商和零售商。卖家还通过销售渠道来刺激潜力买家。销售渠道不仅仅包括发行人以及零售商，还包括推动交易的银行以及保险公司。卖家直接地面对一个设计上的问题，即为他们的产品做通信，分配以及销售上的最好协调混合。（汗颜，最后一句我再想想更好的翻译。）

供应链

——————纯手动翻译。看看咯。

In fact, U.S. Steel is more likely to be hurt in
the long run by substitute products than by its immediate steel company rivals. U.S.
Steel also must consider whether to make substitute materials or stick only to those
applications in which steel offers superior performance.
事实上，由替代产品比其直接钢铁公司的竞争对手，美国钢铁长远来说是更容易被伤害。美国
钢，也必须考虑是否作出替代材料或坚持只向那些提供更好的产品性能的应用。


We can broaden the picture by distinguishing four levels of competition, based
on degree of product substitutability:
我们可以基于对程度的产品的可替代性，扩大图片由区分四个层次的竞争：

1. Brand competition: A company sees its competitors as other companies that offer similar
products and services to the same customers at similar prices. Volkswagen might
see its major competitors as Toyota, Honda, and other manufacturers of mediumprice
automobiles, rather than Mercedes or Hyundai.
品牌竞争：一个公司在相似价格想象它的竞争者是其它给予相似产品的公司和为同样的客户所作的服务.
大众可能把它的主要竞争者视为丰田、本田和其他同类定价汽车其他制造者，而不是奔驰或现代。

2. Industry competition: A company sees its competitors as all companies that make the
same product or class of products. Thus, Volkswagen would be competing against all
other car manufacturers.
同业竞争：公司视其同一产品或一类产品的所有公司为竞争对手，因此，大众汽车公司将竞争所有
其他汽车制造商。

3. Form competition: A company sees its competitors as all companies that manufacture
products that supply the same service. Volkswagen would see itself competing against
manufacturers of all vehicles, such as motorcycles, bicycles, and trucks.
形式的竞争：公司预计其竞争对手的所有公司的产品供应相同的服务。大众会预见它本身竞争
所有车辆，如摩托车，自行车和卡车的制造商。

4. Generic competition: A company sees its competitors as all companies that compete for
the same consumer dollars. Volkswagen would see itself competing with companies
that sell major consumer durables, foreign vacations, and new homes.

通用的竞争：公司预计其竞争对手所有的公司的消费者花费竞争。大众会与销售的主要耐用消费品的消费，国外度假，新的房子的公司竞争。

Marketing Environment
销售环境

Competition represents only one force in the environment in which all marketers
operate. The overall marketing environment consists of the task environment and the
broad environment.
竞争只代表一种力量，使所有的营销
运作。任务环境和广泛环境构成了整体市场营销环境。

The task environment includes the immediate actors involved in producing, distributing,
and promoting the offering, including the company, suppliers, distributors,
dealers, and the target customers.
任务环境，其中包括立即开始行动者参与制作，分销，
和促进提供，其中包括该公司，供应商，分销商，
交易商和目标客户。

Material suppliers and service suppliers such as marketing
research agencies, advertising agencies, Web site designers, banking and insurance
companies, and transportation and telecommunications companies are included
in the supplier group.
材料供应商及服务供应商，如市场营销研究机构，广告代理商，网站设计师，银行业和保险业公司，以及运输和电讯公司都被包括在该供应商组。


Agents, brokers, manufacturer representatives, and others who
facilitate finding and selling to customers are included with distributors and dealers.
代理人，经纪人，制造商代表，和其他协助寻找、并销售给顾客的，也都被发行商和销售商包括进去。



The broad environment consists of six components: demographic environment, economic environment, natural environment, technological environment, political-legal environment,and social-cultural environment. These environments contain forces that can have a major impact on the actors in the task environment, which is why smart marketers track environmental trends and changes closely.
广泛的环境包括的六个组成部分：人口环境，经济环境，自然环境，技术环境，政治法律环境，社会文化环境。这些环境中包含的力量，对在工作环境中的行动者有重大影响，这就是为什么明智的商家密切追踪环境的趋势和密切变化。

Whereas marketing channels connect the marketer to the target buyers, the supply chain describes a longer channel stretching from raw materials to components to final products that are carried to final buyers. For example, the supply chain for women’s purses starts with hides, tanning operations, cutting operations, manufacturing, and the marketing channels that bring products to customers. This supply chain represents a value delivery system. Each company captures only a certain percentage of the total value generated by the supply chain. When a company acquires competitors or moves upstream or downstream, its aim is to capture a higher percentage of supply chain value.
然而营销渠道连接了卖家和目标买家，供应链描述了一段较长的渠道，这条渠道从原材料到最终产品的最终买家延伸而出。举例来说，为妇女的皮包开始制作生皮，鞣制行动，削减业务，制造和营销渠道的供应链，使产品供给客户。这个供应链代表了一个价值配送系统。每间公司仅占有某一个百分比的总价值所产生的供应链。当一家公司收购竞争对手或移动上游或下游，其目的是要捕捉一个更高百分比的供应链价值。

Competition
竞争
Competition, a critical factor in marketing management, includes all of the actual and potential rival offerings and substitutes that a buyer might consider. Suppose an automobile company is planning to buy steel for its cars. The car manufacturer can buy from U.S. Steel or other U.S. or foreign integrated steel mills; can go to a minimill such Figure 1-2 Two-Party Exchange Map Showing Want Lists of Both Parties Marketing Tasks 9 as Nucor to buy steel at a cost savings; can buy aluminum for certain parts of the car to lighten the car’s weight; or can buy some engineered plastics parts instead of steel.

竞争，在营销管理中的一个关键因素，它包括买方可能会考虑的所有的实际和潜在的竞争对手的产品和替代品。假设一汽车公司正计划为它的汽车购买钢材。汽车制造商可能从美国钢铁或其他美国或外国的综合钢厂;它还可能去一些小型工厂比如， Figure 1-2 Two-Party Exchange Map Showing Want Lists of Both Parties Marketing Tasks 9 as Nucor to buy steel at a cost savings; （这句我很不清楚，查了GOOGLE翻译是这个，如果可以，过来修改一下，我再来改答案——例如图1-2两党交换地图，显示要列出双方的营销任务， 9 nucor购买钢在节省成本）;可以为汽车的某些部分买铝，用以减轻汽车的重量;或可以购买一些设计好的塑料零部件来代替钢。

Clearly U.S. Steel would be thinking too narrowly of competition if it thought only of other integrated steel companies.

显然如果只考虑其他综合钢铁公司，美国钢铁将处于思维过于狭窄的竞争。

而营销渠道的营销连接到目标买家，供应链
描述一段较长的渠道伸展从原材料到零部件的最终产品
这是进行到最后的买家。举例来说，供应链，为妇女的皮包
启动与隐藏，鞣制行动，削减业务，制造和营销
渠道，使产品给客户。这个供应链所代表的价值
配送系统。每间公司的捕捉，只有某一个百分比所产生的总价值
由供应链。当一家公司收购竞争对手或移动上游
或下游，其目的是要捕捉一个更高百分比的供应链价值。
竞争
竞争，一个关键因素，在营销管理，包括所有的实际和
潜在的竞争对手的产品和替代品的买方可能会考虑。假设一汽车
公司正计划购买钢的汽车。该汽车制造商可以购买
从美国的钢或其他美国或外国的综合钢厂;可以去一minimill等
图1-2两方交换地图，显示要列出双方的
市场营销的任务9
作为nucor购买钢在节省成本;可以买到铝为某些部分车
减轻汽车的重量;或可以购买一些工程和塑料零部件，而非钢。
显然美国钢铁将思维过于狭窄的竞争，如果它认为，
不仅是其他综合性钢铁公司。

而销售渠道联络去市场的人到目标买家，供应链描述舒展从原材料的一种更长的渠道到组分对运载给最后的买家的最终产品。 例如，妇女的钱包的供应链
开始以皮，晒黑的操作，削减操作，制造业和给顾客带来产品的销售渠道。 这供应链代表价值送货系统。 每家公司夺取供应链引起的总价值的仅某一百分比。 当公司获取竞争者或移动向上游
或者顺流，它的目标将夺取供应链价值的更高的百分比。
竞争
竞争，在营销管理的一个重要因素，包括买家也许考虑的所有实际和潜在的敌手奉献物和替补。 假设汽车
公司计划买它的汽车的钢。 汽车制造商能买
从钢的美国或其他美国或者外国联合钢铁厂; 可以去minimill这样图双方交换地图陈列两个党短缺清单的1-2
营销任务9
作为买钢的Nucor在成本节省; 能买汽车的某些零件的铝照亮汽车的重量; 或者能买一些设计的塑料零件而不是钢。
清楚地，如果它仅认为其他联合钢铁公司，美国钢太勉强地将认为竞争。

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衡阳市18313747477： 急求英文翻译!采纳再加分!不要在线翻译啊!请高手帮忙!Marketing Channels To reach a target market, the marketer uses three kinds of marketing ... - ？
终砖金固：[答案] 销售渠道 为了达到目标市场,卖家用三种销售渠道. 通信渠道向目标买家发送并接收信息.他们包括报纸,杂志,收音机... 分配以及销售上的最好协调混合.(汗颜,最后一句我再想想更好的翻译.) 供应链 ——————纯手动翻译.看看咯.

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