情态动词can,could,must,shall,will,would,should,ought to 具体的用法,如何区分?
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等.
情态动词后面加动词原形.
情态动词有四类:
①只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might),ought to
②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need,dare
③可做情态动词又可做助动词:shall(should),will(would)
④具有情态动词特征:have(had,has) to,used to
特点:
情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not". 个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去,现在或将来.情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态.
He could be here soon.
他很快就来.
We can't carry the heavy box.
我们搬不动那箱子.
I'm sorry I can't help you.
对不起,我帮不上你.
基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是,基本助动词本身没有词义,而情态助动词则有自己的词义,能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法,或表示主观设想:
What have you been doing since? (构成完成进行体,本身无词义)
I am afraid I must be going. (一定要)
You may have read some account of the matter. (或许已经)
除此之外,情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征:
1) 除ought和used以外,其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式.如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话,那么,所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式:
We used to grow beautiful roses.
I asked if he would come and repair my television set.
2) 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一:
They need not have been punished so severely.
3) 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候,没有词形变化,即其词尾无-s形式:
She dare not say what she thinks.
4) 情态动词没有非限定形式,即没有不定式和分词形式,也没有相应的动名词:
Still, she needn't have run away.
5) 情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志.在不少场合,情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间:
Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?
She told him he ought not to have done it.
6) 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词,但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用:
You should have washed the wound.
Well, you shouldn't be reading a novel.
用法
首先它是动词,而且不同于行为动词,行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作(如写,读,跑),而情态动词只是表达的一种想法(如能,也许,敢).
用法是:情态动词+行为动词原形
例句:I can read this sentence in English.
我能用英语读这句话.
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语.
We can be there on time tomorrow.我们明天能按时去那儿.
May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗?
Shall we begin now?我们现在就开始吗?
You must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校规.
情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列:
can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better.
can和could的用法
1. 表示能力或客观可能性,还可以表示请求和允许.如:
Can you finish this work tonight?
Man cannot live without air.
— Can I go now? — Yes, you can.
注意:①could也可表示请求,语气委婉,主要用于疑问句,不可用于肯定句,答语应用can(即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中).如:
Could I come to see you tomorrow?
Yes, you can. (否定答语可用No, I'm afraid not.)
②can表示能力时,还可用be able to代替.如:
I'll not be able to come this afternoon.
2. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度.(主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中)
Can this be true?
How can you be so careless!
This cannot be done by him.
3. “can(could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定.如:
He cannot have been to that town.
Can he have got the book?
4. 用在疑问句及否定句中,表示惊讶,不相信等.
5. cannot```too\enough表示"无论怎样``````也不过分","越``````越好"
二.Should的用法:
1. Should表示劝告、建议、命令,其同义词是ought to;在疑问句中,通常用should代替ought to.如:
You should go to class right away.
Should I open the window?
Should的含义较多,用法较活,现介绍三种其特殊用法.请看下面的句子:
① I should think it would be better to try it again. 我倒是认为最好再试一试.
② You are mistaken, I should say. 依我看,你是搞错了.
③ I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是劝你别这样做.
④ This is something I should have liked to ask you. 这是我本来想问你的.
从以上例句可以看出:情态动词should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气.
Should还可以用在if引导的条件从句,表示一件事听起来可能性很小,但也不是完全没有可能.相当于“万一”的意思.从句谓语由should加动词原形构成,主句谓语却不一定用虚拟语气.如:
⑤ Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 你万一见到她,请让她给我打个电话.
⑥ If you should change your mind, please let us know. 万一你改变主意,请通知我们.
⑦ Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come. 万一我明天有时间,我就来.
此外,Why(or How) + should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解,感到意外、惊异等意思.意为“竟会”.如:
⑧ Why should you be so late today? 你几天怎么来得这么晚?
⑨ — Where is Betty living? — 贝蒂住在哪里?
— How should I know? — 我怎么会知道呢?
⑩ I don't know why you should think that I did it. 我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的.
2. “should + have + 过去分词”结构一般表示义务,表示应该做到而实际上没有做到,并包含一种埋怨、责备的口气.如: She should have finished it.
I should have helped her, but I never could.
You should have started earlier.
can (could) 表示说话人能,可以,同意,准许,以及客观条件许可,could 为 can 的过去式.
Can you pass me the books?
你能给我递一下书吗 ?
Could you help me, please?
请问,你能帮助我吗?
What can you do?
你能干点什么呢?
Can you be sure?
你有把握吗?
can 和could 只能用于现在式和过去式两种时态,将来时态用 be able to 来表示.
He could help us at all.
他完全可以帮助我们.
With the teacher's help,I shall be able to speak English correctly.
由于老师的帮助,我将能准确地讲英语.
may (might) 可以, 表示说话人同意,许可或请求对方许可.
You may take the book home.
你可以把书带回家去.
May I come in?
我可以进来吗?
May I use your dictionary?
我可以用你的词典吗?
You may put on more clothes.
你可以多穿点衣服.
He said he might lend us some money.
他说他可以借给我们一些钱.
may 否定式为 may not, 缩写形式是 mayn't.
might 是may 的过去式, 有两种用法, 一种表示过去式,一种表示虚拟语气, 使语气更加委婉, 客气或对可能性的怀疑.
He told me he might be here on time.
他说他能按时间来.
Might I borrow some money now.
我可以借点钱吗?
He might be alive.
他可能还活着.
Must 必须,应该,一定,准是, 表示说话人认为有必要做某事, 命令, 要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测.
must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时, 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替.
I must finish my work today. 我今天必须完成我的工作.
You mustn't work all the time. 你不能老是工作.
Must I return the book tomorrow? 我必须明天还书吗?
After such a long walk, you must be tired. 走了这么长的路,你一定困了.
He must be the man I am looking for. 他一定是我要找的人.
He had to go because of somebody's calling him that day. 那天他要走是因为有人叫他.
must + have + 过去分词,表示现在对过去事物的推测.
He must have told my parents about it.
他一定把这件事情告诉我父母亲了.
He must have received my letter now.
他现在一定收到我的信了.
It's six o'clock already, we must have been late again.
已经六点钟了,我们一定又迟到了.
Ⅰ.情态动词的基本用法
1.Can /could
1)表能力,有“能”“会”“能够”的意思
Can you drive a car ? -----yes ,I can No, I can’t
2) 表征求许可,意为“可以…….?”
Can I use your bike ? 我可以……? (=may, 但没有may正式)
3)表可能性,常用于否定句,疑问句
Can it be true ?
Today is Sunday. He can’t be at school. (过去式could比can更加委婉)2.May /might
1)表许可或征求对方的许可,有“可以”的意思
You may go now
May I use your computer ?
注:过去式might 表示的语气更加委婉,客气
Might I use your pen for a while ?
回答以may 开头的疑问句有如下表达法:
May I smoke here ?
---------Yes , you may. No, you can’t.
---------Yes, please. No, you mustn’t
No, you’d better not.
2)表猜测,通常只用于陈述句。
You may be right.
在口语中can 可以代替may 表示许可,但can较随便,may 更正式
Can I use your bike ,John?
May I have a look at your license please,sir ?1.Must
表义务,“必须”
You must talk to them about their study.
在否定结构中,表不许,禁止
You mustn’t smoke here.
注意must 的回答
Must I clean the dining room at once ?
-----Yes, you must .
------No, you needn’t .
------No, you don’t have to .
3)表坚定的建议
You must come and see us as soon as you get to shanghai.
3)表推测,暗含有很大的可能性
He must be ill .He looks so pale .4.Have to
表“不得不”,强调“外界压力,不得已而为之”
Have to 的否定式表‘不需要’ mustn’t表‘不允许’
You don’t have to go there .
You mustn’t go there .5. Need /Dare
1)need 表示“需要,必须”,作情态动词时,仅用在否定句和疑问句中,在肯定句中一般用must , have to , ought to , should 代替
You needn’t worry
Need you go ?
No , I needn’t .
Yes I must.
2)dare作情态动词时,主要用于疑问句,否定句和条件从句中,一般不用在肯定句中。
How dare you say I’m unfair ?
He daren’t speak English before such a crowd , dare he ?
3) dare和need 常用作实义动词,有时态,人称和数的变化。所不同的是,作实义动词时,在肯定句中,dare后面通常接带to 的不定式,在否定句和疑问中,dare后面可接带to 或不带to的不定式。
I dare to swim across this river .
He does not dare (to) answer .
Don’t you dare (to) touch it !
He needs to finish it this evening . 6. Will / Would
Will 1)表意愿
I will help you .
2)用于第二人称征求意见
Will you have some more wine ?
3)用于第三人称表推测
-------Somebody is coming upstairs
-------That will be Mary.
4)表将来或现在的习惯
He will come this afternoon
The old man will sit by the window for hours.
Would 1) 表过去的意愿
I’d like to see Mr. Smith
2)表过去的习惯
When I was a child , we would get up early and go climbing .
3)表征求意见,语气比will 委婉
Would you mind my smoking here ?7. Shall /Should
Shall 1)用于第一,第三人称,表征求意见或建议
Shall we go out for lunch ?
2) 用于第二,第三人称陈述句,表示一种强烈的感情:如命令,警告,禁止,威胁,允诺等语气
If you dare do that , you shall be punished .
3) 表示规章,指示,预言等
All shall die
Should 1)表示劝告,义务,建议,命令,其同义词是ought to ; 在疑问句中,通常用should代替ought to .
We should learn some English .
You should go to class right away .
Should I open the window ?
Should 的含义较多,用法较活,现介绍三种特殊用法
I should think it would be better to try it again . (我倒是认为最好再试一试)
You are mistaken , I should say . (依我看你是搞错了)
I should advise you not to do that . (我倒是劝你别这样做)
从以上例句可以看出:情态动词should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊,客气,委婉的语气
Should还可以用在if引导的条件从句,表示一件事听起来可能性很小,但也不是完全没有可能,相当于“万一”的意思。 从句谓语由should加动词原形构成,主句谓语却不一定用虚拟语气
Ask her to ring me up if you should see her (你万一见到她,请让她给我打个电话)
If you should change your mind , please let us know . ( 万一你改变主意,请通知我们)
`should I (if I should ) be free tomorrow I will come . (万一我明天有时间,我就来。)
此外,Why (or How)+ should 结构表示说话人对某事不能理解,感到意外,赞叹,愤怒、惊异等感情,意为“竟会”
Why should you be so late today ? (你今天怎么来得这么晚?)
--------Where is Betty living ? (贝蒂住在哪里?)
------How I should know ? (我怎么会知道呢?)
I don’t know why you should think that I did it .
(我真的不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的)
2)should 表示允诺
It should be ready at noon .
表示推测或可能
They should finish it by now .Ⅱ 情态动词表“推测”的用法
1)情态动词+动词原形 --------表示对现在事情的推测
2)情态动词+ have done ------表示对过去状况的推测和判定
具体用法如下:
must have done 用在肯定句中,表示对过去状况的肯定性推测,意为“过去一定已经做了某事”。
can have done 用在否定和疑问句中,表示对过去状况的否定或疑问性推测,意为“过去不可能做某事;过去做了某事吗?”
could have done 表示“过去可能已经做了某事”或者表示“过去本来可以做某事,却没有做”。
may/might have done 用在肯定句或否定句中,表示不确定的推测,意为“过去可能,也许做了某事”。
needn’t have done 表示“过去做了本来不必做的事情”
should /ought to have done 用在肯定句中,表示“过去本该做某事,却没有做,”用在否定句中,表示“过去不该做某事,却做了”。
E g 1 . I -----have been more than six years old when the accident happened .
A. shouldn’t B couldn’t C mustn’t D needn’t
2. He -----have completed his work , otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the seaside. A .should B must C wouldn’t D can’t
3 .This cake is very sweet . You -------a lot of sugar in it .
A. should put B could have put C might put D must have put
4. ------Tom is never late for work . Why is he absent today ?
--------Something ---------to him .
A. must happen B should have happened C could have happened D must have happened
5. I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They -----at least 150 kilometers an hour .
A. should have been doing B must have been doing
C. could have done D. would have done
( answer: 1---5 BBDDB )
Ⅲ. 情态动词在虚拟语气中的用法
虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望,假设,猜测或建议,而不表示客观存在的事实, 虚拟语气通
过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。
表示与现在事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式(be的过去式用were)”,而主句中的谓语动词用“would (should ,could , might ) +动词原形”。
If I were you , I should study English .
If he had time , he would attend the meeting .
表示与过去的事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“had +过去分词”,而主句中的谓语动词用“would (should ,could , might ) + have +过去分词”
If you had taken my advice , you wouldn’t have failed in the examination .
不定式的完成时可表达与过去事实相反的假设。
To have studied harder, you would have passed the exam .
表示与将来事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句和主句所用的谓语动词与“表示与现在事实相反的假设”的谓语动词相同,或者条件从句中用“were to (should)+动词原形”。
If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting .
If it were to rain tomorrow , the meeting would be out off .
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。
If you had worked hard , you would be very tired . (从句说的是过去,主句指的是现在)
6)以上句型可以转换成下列形式
-----省略if , 用Were, had ,should+主语
Were I in school again , I would work harder .
Had you been here earlier , you would have seen him .
Should there be a meeting tomorrow , I would come .
但 在虚拟条件状语从句中,省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式
Were it not for the expense , I would go to Italy .(不能用weren’t it for.......
1)表示能力,could主要指过去时间。
Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。
Could the girl read before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗?
2)表示可能(理论上或是逻辑判断上)。
The temperature can fall to –60℃, that is 60℃ below freezing.
气温可降至—60℃,也就是零下60℃。
He can�0�7t (couldn�0�7t) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。
You mustn�0�7t smoke while you�0�7re walking around in the wood. You could start a fire.
在林子里走时勿吸烟,那样可能会引起火灾。
3)表示允许。
Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗?
He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading—room.
他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。
4)表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。
Where can (could) they have gone to? 他们会去哪儿了呢?
He can�0�7t (couldn�0�7t) be over sixty. 他不可能超过六十岁。
How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心?
5)比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。
Can (Could) you lend me a hand? 帮我一把好吗?
I�0�7m afraid we couldn�0�7t give you an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。
2. may (might)
1)表允许,might可以指过去时间,也可指现在时间,语气更委婉。
You may take whatever you like. 你喜欢什么就拿什么。
He told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。
May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗?
在回答以may引起的问句时,多避免用这个词,而用其它方式,如Yes, please. / Certainly.
/ Please don�0�7t ./ You�0�7d better not. / No, you mustn�0�7t.等,以免显得太严峻或不客气。
2)表可能(事实上)。可以指过去时间,也可以指现在时间,但语气更加不肯定。
He may be at home. 他可能在家。
She may not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。
He was afraid they might not agree with him. 他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。
They might be having a meeting, but I�0�7m not sure. 他们有可能在开会,不过我不肯定。
3. must
1)表示义务。意为“必须”(主观意志)。
We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。
You mustn�0�7t talk to her like that. 你不可能那样对她说话。
--Must we hand in our exercise—books now? 我们现在就要交练习本吗?
--No, you needn�0�7t. / No, you don�0�7t have to. 不必。(这种情况下,一般不用mustn�0�7t)
2)表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等,只用于肯定句。
He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。
She�0�7s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 她戴着钻石项链,一定很有钱。
4. shall
1)表征询意见,用于第一、第三人称疑问句。
Shall I get you some tea? 我给你点茶好吗?
Shall the boy wait outside? 让那男孩在外面等吗?
What shall we do this evening? 我们今晚做什么?
2)表说话人的意愿,有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思,用于第二、第三人称陈述句。
You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。(命令)
You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。(允诺)
He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 有一天他会后悔的,我告诉你。(警告)
Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。(决心)
5. will
1)表意愿,用于各种人称陈述句。
I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。
None is so blind as those who won�0�7t see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。
If you will read the book, I�0�7ll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书,我会把它借给你。
2)表请求,用于疑问句。
Will you close the window? It�0�7s a bit cold. 请你把窗户关上好吗?有点冷。
Won�0�7t you drink some more coffee? 再来一点咖啡好吗?
3)表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。
Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。
The door won�0�7t open. 这门打不开。
The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点,看着车辆行人通过。
6. should
1)表义务。意为“应该”(某件事宜于做),用于各种人称。
You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。
You shouldn�0�7t waste any time. 你不应该浪费时间。
2)表推测,意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。
The film should be very good as it is starring first—class actors.
这部新电影是一流演员主演的,估计拍得很好。
They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。
7.would
1)表意愿。
They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。
I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。
2)表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。
Would you like another glass of beer? 再来杯啤酒好吗?
Would you mind cleaning the window? 请把窗户擦一下好吗?
They wouldn�0�7t have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。
3)表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。
Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help.
她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。他告诉我盒子打不开了。
(二)情态动词后跟完成式和进行式的用法
1.情态动词后跟完成式,表“应当已经……”,“想必已经……”,“本来可以……”等意。
I should have finished the work earlier. 我应当早一点完成这项工作的。
He isn�0�7t here. He must have missed the train. 他还未到,一定是没赶上火车。
Where can (could) he have gone? 他能到那里去了呢?
You may (might) have read about it. 你可能在报上已经读到这件事了。
You could (might) have been more careful. 你本来可以更细心的。
He needn�0�7t have worried about it. 他本不必为此事担心。
There was a lot of fun at yesterday�0�7s party. You ought to have come, but why didn�0�7t you?
昨天的聚会非常有意思。你本应该来,为何不来呢?
2. 情态动词后跟进行式,表示“想必正在……”,“可能正在……”,“应当正在”等意。
It�0�7s twelve o�0�7clock. They must be having lunch. 现在是十二点。他们一定正在吃饭。
They may be discussing this problem. 他们可能正在论讨这个问题。
He can�0�7t be telling the truth. 他说的不可能是真话。
She shouldn�0�7t be working like that. She�0�7s still so weak. 她不应当那样干,她身体仍那么虚。
(三)几组词的辨异
1. can 和be able to
1)情态动词can只有两种时态形式,现在式can和过去式could,而be able to有多种时态形式。
Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5.
玛丽会弹钢琴。她五岁起就会弹了。
2)用在过去时中,could经常表示能够做某事,事实上不一定去做,而was∕were able to则表示“过去做成了某事”。在否定句中两者可通用。
He could swim across the English Channel. But he didn�0�7t feel like it that day.
他能游过英吉利海峡,但那天他不想游。
Yesterday I was able to get home before the heavy rain. 昨天我在下大雨前赶到了家里。
2. must和 have to
must表示主观意志,而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事。must没有过去式,除在间接引语中可用于表示过去时间,在直接引语中表示过去时间应该用had to代替。
I told her that she must give up smoking. 我叫她必须戒烟。
We had to get everything ready that night. 我们那晚得把一切准备就绪。
3. would和used to
1)used to表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同,而would只表过去的情况。
People used to think that the earth was flat.
过去人们认为地球是平的。(现在人们不这么认为。)
She would go out for a walk in the morning when she was in the country.
在乡下时,她总是在早晨去散会儿步。(可能现在仍有散步的习惯。)
2)used to可表示过去的习惯动作和经常的情况,而would只表示过去的习惯动作。
He used to ∕would smoke while writing. 过去他写东西时常抽烟。
She used to be fat. 她过去很胖
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