跪求一篇关于即时通讯系统的英文资料

跪求一篇关于Internet的英文文章~

【英文】
The Internet World
I have no idea by whom the internet was invented. But I am sure what a great revolution it brings after it came to the world. Just take a look at the real life, and you will find out how deeply it is affecting our daily life.

First of all, it creates a new means to share the information, which is very important in today’s IT (information and technology) World. With the fast changing and developing pace, the traditional ways of getting the information can no longer satisfy us. Faster speed and easier means are greatly demanded. So when the internet was invented and introduced, it is accepted soon and develops at a great speed ever since. Today, you don’t have to waste your valuable time and money to check and buy the sources of materials from newspapers and magazines. Simply go on-line, and the information you want will be available in seconds. What’s more, you can also share the information you have by creating your own webpages and uploading them to the internet or giving your commence on the BBS and so on. By this means, different kinds of webs are weaved and linked together forming a vast and endless ocean, on which people surf and have fun.

Furthermore, the internet is now playing an essential role in the interpersonal connection and communication. Letters, telephone calls, telexes, faxes, etc. are no longer the only ways to communicate. Instead, one can have contact with others by e-mail, net chat, BBS, IRC, MAVEN, CU-SeeMe and so on with the help of the internet. For example, during the period of SARS, students in Beijing had to be sent away from school. As a result, their school education was forced to be cut off. However, a new flavor helped solve the problem. Do you know how? Thanks to the internet, a new system called “Education On-line” was being carried out. With their PCs at home, students cruised around their school websites merely by inputting the IP addresses. Here, sufficient lectures, materials, exercises and homework are available on-line. After listening to the lectures, students could also teach themselves by reading books and materials, taking notes, doing exercises and finishing their assignment that was required to be submitted later on-line. See the benefits the internet offers?

Besides all of these, there are also some other new flavors you can enjoy in the internet world, such as banking, shopping, flash, movies, and music on-line. Take banking and shopping on-line for instances. You must have once experienced how time-consuming it is for one to wait in a long queue in the bank. Nowadays, the choice is alternative. Sitting comfortably in your chair at home or in the office, you can still visit the bank and do the banking on­-line. So why do we keep wasting our precious time on all those dull things? Why not let the banking system on the internet do them for you? With a small charge, you can hire an excellent banking assistant to finish all your work in a very short time with the maximum profits. Shopping is gaining more and more popularity in the modern society. And again, the internet can make it more efficient and convenient. Go to the shopping websites, and a long list of products’ items with specific information will be at hand instantly, including a brief introduction and vivid picture of the purchase, its material, price, manufacturer, and how to order it, etc., only to name a few. In this way, you are able to compare a variety of items at one time and choose your favorite one by filling a form and paying a little delivery charge. Soon, your chosen product will be sent to your house.

Such is the internet world, the revolution it brings about since this new flavor came into our life. Try to experience this wonderland. And I believe you will surely enjoy it and get tremendous fun in it.

【翻译】
互联网世界
我不知道是谁在互联网的发明。但我相信它带来多么伟大的革命后，来到了这个世界。只要看看现实生活中，你会发现它是如何深深影响着我们的日常生活。

首先，它创建了一个新的手段来分享信息，这在当今的IT（信息技术）世界非常重要的。随着快速变化和发展的步伐，获取信息的传统方式已经不能满足我们。更快的速度，更方便的手段有很大的要求。因此，当互联网被发明并推出，它很快就接受了，并从此以极快的速度发展。今天，你不必浪费宝贵的时间和金钱来检查，并从报纸和杂志买材料的来源。只需进入上线，和你想要的信息将可在几秒钟。更重要的是，你还可以通过创建自己的网页，并把它们上传到互联网或给你的动工在BBS等分享你的信息。通过这种方式，不同种类的纤维网被编织并连接在一起，形成一个巨大的和无尽的海洋，人们上网冲浪带来的无限乐趣。

此外，互联网现在效力于人与人之间的联系和交流的重要作用。信件，电话，电传，传真等，不再需要沟通的唯一途径。相反，人们可以与他人通过电子邮件，网上聊天，BBS，IRC，MAVEN，CU-SeeME所和接触等与互联网的帮助。例如，在非典期间，北京学生不得不被送到远离学校。这样一来，他们的学校教育被迫切断。然而，新的香味帮助解决这个问题。你知道怎么样？感谢互联网，正在开展一个名为“教育在线”的新系统。在家里自己的电脑，学生只是通过输入IP地址巡航在他们学校的网站。在这里，充足的讲座，材料，练习和作业可上线。听完讲座，学生们还可以通过阅读书籍和资料，做笔记，做练习和整理他们被要求将上线后提交的分配自学。看到好处互联网提供？

除了所有这些，也有一些其他的新口味，你可以在互联网世界享受，如银行，购物，闪光灯，电影和音乐上线。以银行和购物上线的实例。你一定曾经经历了怎样的耗时是一个等待的长龙在银行。如今，选择替代。在家里或在办公室里你的椅子坐得舒服，你仍然可以访问银行和做银行上线。那么，为什么我们继续浪费我们宝贵的时间在所有这些平淡的事情呢？为什么不能让互联网上的银行系统做这些的吗？有了一小笔费用，你可以雇佣一个优秀的银行助手来完成所有的工作，在很短的时间内以最大的利润。购物正在获得越来越多的普及，在现代社会中。再次，互联网可以使之更加高效，便捷。进入购物网站，和产品的项目具体信息的长名单将在眼前瞬间，其中包括一个简单的介绍购买和生动的画面，它的材质，价格，厂家，以及如何订购它，等等，仅仅举几。通过这种方式，你可以在同一时间通过填写表格并支付少许运费各种物品比较和选择自己喜欢的之一。不久，您所选择的产品将被发送到你的房子。

这就是互联网世界，它带来了，因为这个新的气息走进我们的生活革命。尝试体验这个仙境。我相信你一定会喜欢它，并获得了巨大的乐趣在里面。

Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (born February 24, 1955) is an American businessman, and the co-founder and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Jobs previously served as CEO of Pixar Animation Studios and is now a member of the Walt Disney Company's Board of Directors.In the late 1970s, Jobs, with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Mike Markkula and others, designed, developed, and marketed some of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series and later, the Macintosh. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of the mouse-driven graphical user interface.After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs resigned from Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher education and business markets. NeXT's subsequent 1997 buyout by Apple Computer Inc. brought Jobs back to the company he co-founded, and he has served as its CEO since then.In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm Ltd which was spun off as Pixar Animation Studios. He remained CEO and majority shareholder until its acquisition by the Walt Disney Company in 2006. Jobs is currently a member of Walt Disney Company's Board of Directors.Jobs' history in business has contributed much to the symbolic image of the idiosyncratic, individualistic Silicon Valley entrepreneur, emphasizing the importance of design and understanding the crucial role aesthetics play in public appeal. His work driving forward the development of products that are both functional and elegant has earned him a devoted following.Beginning in mid-January 2009, Jobs took a five-month leave of absence from Apple to undergo a liver transplant. Jobs officially resumed his role as CEO of Apple on June 29, 2009. 史蒂芬保罗“史蒂夫“乔布斯（生于1955年2月24日）是一位美国商人，和共同创始人乔布斯和苹果公司行政总裁曾作为皮克斯动画工作室的总裁，现在担任的成员沃尔特迪斯尼公司董事会。

在70年代后期，乔布斯，销售与苹果联合创始人史蒂夫�6�1沃兹尼亚克，迈克马库拉和其他设计，研制和第一个商业成功的个人电脑，苹果II系列和更高版本，Macintosh的一些台词。在80年代初，乔布斯是最早看到鼠标驱动的图形用户在1985年失去与董事会的权力斗争interface.After商业潜力，乔布斯辞去苹果和创办NeXT公司，电脑平台开发公司专门从事高等教育和企业市场。 NeXT的1997年以后，苹果电脑公司的收购带来了就业机会，他的公司共同创立的，他作为其从那时起担任首席执行官。

1986年，他收购了卢卡斯影业有限公司是计算机图形部门独立为皮克斯动画工作室关闭。直到他仍然由沃尔特迪斯尼公司首席执行官和在2006年收购大股东。乔布斯目前是沃尔特迪斯尼公司的董事会成员。

乔布斯的商业史上具有很大的贡献的特质，个性的象征硅谷企业家的形象，强调设计的重要性和理解的关键作用发挥美学的公开呼吁。驾驶着他的工作是对产品功能和优雅的他赢得了专门的后续发展。
在一月中旬2009年开始，乔布斯从苹果公司的缺席五个月给接受了肝移植。乔布斯正式恢复06月29日2009年，他作为苹果CEO的角色。

即时通讯系统Instant Messaging System
Instant Messaging (IM) is a form of real-time communication between two or more people based on typed text. The text is conveyed via computers connected over a network such as the Internet.

Overview
Instant messaging (IM) and chat are technologies that create the possibility of real-time text-based communication between two or more participants over the internet or some form of internal network/ intranet. It is important to understand that what separates chat and instant messaging from technologies such as e-mail is the perceived synchronicity of the communication by the user - Chat happens in real-time before your eyes. Some systems allow the sending of messages to people not currently logged on (offline messages), thus removing much of the difference between Instant Messaging and e-mail.

While many IM services have additional features such as: the immediate receipt of acknowledgment or reply, group chatting, conference services (including voice and video), conversation logging and file transfer, those functions are beyond the scope of this article.

IM allows effective and efficient communication, featuring immediate receipt of acknowledgment or reply. In certain cases Instant Messaging involves additional features, which make it even more popular, i.e. to see the other party, e.g. by using web-cams, or to talk directly for free over the Internet.

It is possible to save a conversation for later reference. Instant messages are typically logged in a local message history which closes the gap to the persistent nature of e-mails and facilitates quick exchange of information like URLs or document snippets (which can be unwieldy when communicated via telephone).

History
Instant messaging actually predates the Internet, first appearing on multi-user operating systems like CTSS and Multics[1] in the mid-1960s. Initially, many of these systems, such as CTSS'.SAVED, were used as notification systems for services like printing, but quickly were used to facilitate communication with other users logged in to the same machine. As networks developed, the protocols spread with the networks. Some of these used a peer-to-peer protocol (eg talk, ntalk and ytalk), while others required peers to connect to a server (see talker and IRC). During the Bulletin board system (BBS) phenomenon that peaked during the 1980s, some systems incorporated chat features which were similar to instant messaging; Freelancin' Roundtable was one prime example.

In the last half of the 1980s and into the early 1990s, the Quantum Link online service for Commodore 64 computers offered user-to-user messages between currently connected customers which they called "On-Line Messages" (or OLM for short). Quantum Link's better known later incarnation, America Online, offers a similar product under the name "AOL Instant Messages" (AIM). While the Quantum Link service ran on a Commodore 64, using only the Commodore's PETSCII text-graphics, the screen was visually divided up into sections and OLMs would appear as a yellow bar saying "Message From:" and the name of the sender along with the message across the top of whatever the user was already doing, and presented a list of options for responding.[2] As such, it could be considered a sort of GUI, albeit much more primitive than the later Unix, Windows and Macintosh based GUI IM programs. OLMs were what Q-Link called "Plus Services" meaning they charged an extra per-minute fee on top of the monthly Q-Link access costs.

Modern, Internet-wide, GUI-based messaging clients, as they are known today, began to take off in the mid 1990s with ICQ (1996) being the first, followed by AOL Instant Messenger (AOL Instant Messenger, 1997). AOL later acquired Mirabilis, the creators of ICQ. A few years later ICQ (by now owned by AOL) was awarded two patents for instant messaging by the U.S. patent office. Meanwhile, other companies developed their own applications (Excite, MSN, Ubique, and Yahoo), each with its own proprietary protocol and client; users therefore had to run multiple client applications if they wished to use more than one of these networks. In 1998 IBM released IBM Lotus Sametime, a product based on technology acquired when IBM bought Haifa-based Ubique and Lexington-based Databeam.

In 2000, an open source application and open standards-based protocol called Jabber was launched. Jabber servers could act as gateways to other IM protocols, reducing the need to run multiple clients. Multi-protocol clients such as Digsby,Pidgin, Trillian, Adium and Miranda can use any of the popular IM protocols by using additional local libraries for each protocol. IBM Lotus Sametime's November 2007 release added IBM Lotus Sametime Gateway support for XMPP.

Recently, many instant messaging services have begun to offer video conferencing features, Voice Over IP (VoIP) and web conferencing services. Web conferencing services integrate both video conferencing and instant messaging capabilities. Some newer instant messaging companies are offering desktop sharing, IP radio, and IPTV to the voice and video features.

The term "instant messenger" is a service mark of Time Warner[3] and may not be used in software not affiliated with AOL in the United States. For this reason, the instant messaging client formerly known as Gaim or gaim announced in April 2007 that they would be renamed "Pidgin"

Cooperation
Standard free instant messaging applications offer functions like file transfer, contact lists, the ability to have simultaneous conversations etc. These may be all the functions that a small business needs but larger organisations will require more sophisticated applications that can work together. The solution to finding applications capable of this is to use enterprise versions of instant messaging applications. These include titles like Jabber, Lotus Sametime, Microsoft Office Communicator, etc., which are often integrated with other enterprise applications such as workflow systems. These enterprise applications, or Enterprise Application Integration (EAI), are built to certain constraints, namely storing data in a common format.

There have been several attempts to create a unified standard for instant messaging: IETF's SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) and SIMPLE (SIP for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions), APEX (Application Exchange), Prim (Presence and Instant Messaging Protocol), the open XML-based XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol), more commonly known as Jabber and OMA's (Open Mobile Alliance) IMPS (Instant Messaging and Presence Service) created specifically for mobile devices.

Most attempts at creating a unified standard for the major IM providers (AOL, Yahoo! and Microsoft) have failed and each continues to use its own proprietary protocol.

However, while discussions at IETF were stalled, Reuters head of collaboration services, David Gurle (the founder of Microsoft's Real Time Communication and Collaboration business), signed the first inter-service provider connectivity agreement on September 2003. This agreement enabled AIM, ICQ and MSN Messenger users to talk with Reuters Messaging counterparts and vice-versa against an access fee. Following this, Microsoft, Yahoo! and AOL came to a deal where Microsoft's Live Communication Server 2005 users would also have the possibility to talk to public instant messaging users. This deal established SIP/SIMPLE as a standard for protocol interoperability and established a connectivity fee for accessing public instant messaging clouds. Separately, on October 13, 2005 Microsoft and Yahoo! announced that by (the Northern Hemisphere) summer of 2006 they would interoperate using SIP/SIMPLE which is followed on December 2005 by the AOL and Google strategic partnership deal where Google Talk users would be able to talk with AIM and ICQ users provided they have an identity at AOL.

There are two ways to combine the many disparate protocols:

One way is to combine the many disparate protocols inside the IM client application.
The other way is to combine the many disparate protocols inside the IM server application. This approach moves the task of communicating to the other services to the server. Clients need not know or care about other IM protocols. For example, LCS 2005 Public IM Connectivity. This approach is popular in Jabber/XMPP servers however the so-called transport projects suffer the same reverse engineering difficulties as any other project involved with closed protocols or formats.
Some approaches, such as that adopted by the Sonork enterprise IM software or the Jabber/XMPP network or Winpopup LAN Messenger, allow organizations to create their own private instant messaging network by enabling them to limit access to the server (often with the IM network entirely behind their firewall) and administer user permissions. Other corporate messaging systems allow registered users to also connect from outside the corporation LAN, by using a secure firewall-friendly HTTPS based protocol. Typically, a dedicated corporate IM server has several advantages such as pre-populated contact lists, integrated authentication, and better security and privacy.

Some networks have made changes to prevent them from being utilized by such multi-network IM clients. For example, Trillian had to release several revisions and patches to allow its users to access the MSN, AOL, and Yahoo! networks, after changes were made to these networks. The major IM providers typically cite the need for formal agreements as well as security concerns as reasons for making these changes.

[edit] Mobile Instant Messaging
Mobile Instant Messaging (MIM) is a presence enabled messaging service that aims to transpose the desktop messaging experience to the usage scenario of being on the move. While several of the core ideas of the desktop experience on one hand apply to a connected mobile device, others do not: Users usually only look at their phone's screen — presence status changes might occur under different circumstances as happens at the desktop, and several functional limits exist based on the fact that the vast majority of mobile communication devices are chosen by their users to fit into the palm of their hand. Some of the form factor and mobility related differences need to be taken into account in order to create a really adequate, powerful and yet convenient mobile experience: radio bandwidth, memory size, availability of media formats, keypad based input, screen output, CPU performance and battery power are core issues that desktop device users and even nomadic users with connected network.

[edit] Friend-to-friend networks
Instant Messaging may be done in a Friend-to-friend network, in which each node connects to the friends on the friendslist. This allows for communication with friends of friends and for the building of chatrooms for instant messages with all friends on that network.

Emotions are often expressed in shorthand. For example; lol. But a movement is currently underway to be more accurate with the emotional expression. Real time reactions such as (chortle) (snort) (guffaw) or (eye-roll) are rapidly taking the place of acronyms.[citation needed]

[edit] Business application
Instant messaging has proven to be similar to personal computers, e-mail, and the WWW, in that its adoption for use as a business communications medium was driven primarily by individual employees using consumer software at work, rather than by formal mandate or provisioning by corporate information technology departments. Tens of millions of the consumer IM accounts in use are being used for business purposes by employees of companies and other organizations.

In response to the demand for business-grade IM and the need to ensure security and legal compliance, a new type of instant messaging, called "Enterprise Instant Messaging" ("EIM") was created when Lotus Software launched IBM Lotus Sametime in 1998. Microsoft followed suit shortly thereafter with Microsoft Exchange Instant Messaging, later created a new platform called Microsoft Office Live Communications Server, and released Office Communications Server 2007 in October 2007. Both IBM Lotus and Microsoft have introduced federation between their EIM systems and some of the public IM networks so that employees may use a single interface to both their internal EIM system and their contacts on AOL, MSN, and Yahoo!. Current leading EIM platforms include IBM Lotus Sametime, Microsoft Office Communications Server, and Jabber XCP. In addition, industry-focused EIM platforms such as IMtrader from Pivot Incorporated, Reuters Messaging, and Bloomberg Messaging provide enhanced IM capabilities to financial services companies.

The adoption of IM across corporate networks outside of the control of IT organizations creates risks and liabilities for companies who do not effectively manage and support IM use. Companies implement specialized IM archiving and security products and services like those from Secure Computing, Akonix, SurfControl, and ScanSafe to mitigate these risks and provide safe, secure, productive instant messaging capabilities to their employees.

[edit] Practical Use in Enterprise
The popular embrace of IM technology for sharing information has quickly led to organizations adopting IM solutions for the perceived advantages that can be brought by it. As organizations are becoming more information based (McNurlin & Sprague, 2006, p.499) the need for effective knowledge sharing, team working and collaborative environments amongst employees has become vital, especially within more geographically dispersed teams.

Typically IM conversations tend to have a certain "character", they are often short and only cover one topic. Media-switching and multitasking are common throughout, however IM might also be used between established coworkers and friends for longer, more intermittent conversation. In their report of IM use at the workplace Nardi et al. (2000) identifies the four primary functions of IM which are often cited in other reports, These primary functions are:

Quick Questions and Clarifications
Coordinating and scheduling tasks
Coordinating impromptu social meetings
Keeping in touch with friends and family
IM is perhaps best suited to "Quick Questions and Clarifications" as this is the most often mentioned attribute in other reports. A user can "respond rapidly without the overhead of telephone or FTF interaction. For example, IDC reports, "Users see IM as a medium for quick, semi-permanent ‘flashes’ that beg a near-immediate response" (Isaacs et al., 2002). Nardi's second and third observations are enabled in part due to the "Presence Awareness" feature of IM clients in which the user knows who is "available". This is the most relevant for colleagues who share the same physical space as each other and even paves the way for other mediums to take up the task of communication e.g. F2F or Phone. The implication is that viable communication of any sort can in someway be encouraged through IM's "Presence Awareness" feature. (Issacs et al, 2002) supports this view, "IM in business might not be the main tool for of communication, it could just be the meeting point for another type of media e.g. conference calls.

Nardi's third and fourth observations focus on the social use of IM, which have also been widely publicized in other report. That IM is used for keeping in touch with friends and arranging social events has led some employers to believe that it is used primarily for this purpose. According to (Issacs et al, 2002) a market study found that "'Fear of losing employee productivity’ was the greatest concern of businesses in regards to instant messaging".

The study by (Issacs et al, 2002) goes on to suggest this fear is unfounded as it was found that on average "only 13% of conversations contained personal topics", and "only 6.4% were exclusively personal".

A study published in 2007, in the Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, found that workers who used instant messaging on the job reported less interruption than colleagues who did not.[5] Research showed that instant messaging was often used as a substitute for other, more disruptive forms of communication such as the telephone, e-mail, and face-to-face conversations. They found that the conversations were briefer between co-workers when using instant messaging than with the other forms of communications. Because of its unique setup, instant messaging allows users to control how and when they communicate with their coworkers. This technology gives people the ability to flag their availability or postpone responses to a more convenient time, according to one of the researchers.[6]

[edit] Review of Products
"IM solutions can typically be catagorised into two types: Enterprise Instant Messaging (EIM) and Consumer Instant Messaging (CIM). Enterprise solutions use an internal IM server, however this isn't always feasible, particularly for smaller businesses with limited budgets. The second option, using a (CIM) provides the advantage of being inexpensive to implement and has little need for investing in new hardware or server software. However, in recent years open source IM clients such as Jabber have emerged that provide free EIM grade solutions. (Wikipedia,. 2008)

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宝安区17873697606： 即时通信简介 - ？
芒研卓舒： 即时通信(IM)是指能够即时发送和接收互联网消息等的业务.自1998年面世以来,特别是近几年的迅速发展,即时通信的功能日益丰富,逐渐集成了电子邮件、博客、音乐、电视、游戏和搜索等多种功能.即时通信不再是一个单纯的聊天工具...

宝安区17873697606： 跪求关于“呼叫中心”的英文资料 - ？
芒研卓舒： center for calling

宝安区17873697606： 即时通讯软件的社会影响 - ？
芒研卓舒： 早期的即时通信是属于Unix用户的专利,随着个人计算机与互联网的普及,即时通信成为人与人沟通的另一条管道.即时通信在2003年后与WWW、e-mail共同成为互联网使用的主流.

宝安区17873697606： Skype是什么意思 - ？
芒研卓舒： n.网络电话;一、读音:英 ['sɪmpl],美 ['sɪmpl] 二、例句: In each cave they constructed fiveScarcity beds. 他们在每间窑洞里做了5个简单的床. 三、词汇用法: Skype用作形容词,基本意思是“简单的,易懂的”,侧重于事物不复杂,易...