Occurrence of Groundwater in Metropolitan Detroit，Michigan，USA

贷款是楼盘封顶后开始按揭还款吗?~

按揭的房子可以再次抵押给银行办理贷款。在办理房产二次抵押贷款，能选择的贷款机构和银行不多，所以选择哪家去办理成为很多客户比较头疼的事情，因为我们要考虑安全性，利率，额度，放款，选择很重要，不同的银行和机构办理速度可能差距在1个月左右，那么，房产二次抵押贷款哪个银行好？房产二次抵押贷款哪家银行利息最低？
比较申请条件
不同银行申请房产二次抵押贷款的条件不同，比如信用情况、个人收入，工作单位，还款能力等。而在贷款公司申请房产二次抵押贷款，主要是看房产价值高不高，是否具备变现的能力。信用情况好坏，有负债的借款人，只要能提供符合条件的房产进行二次抵押，一般都能在银行或贷款公司贷款。
比较贷款利率
相比于信用贷款，房产二次抵押贷款风险更低一些，因为有房产作为银行放款的保障。但是目前各家银行的房产二次抵押贷款产品利率不一，同一家银行，贷款利率在不同地区也会有所不同。
目前银行的房产二次抵押贷款利率都是在基准利率的基础上浮执行的，2017年银行基准年利率为一年以下（含一年）基准利率为4.35%、一年至五年（含五年）的基准利率为4.75%、五年以上为4.90%,大家可以参考一下。
比较审批速度
房产二次抵押贷款银行的流程非常多，审批时间也会比较长，最快需要20个工作日左右才能拿到贷款。贷款公司手续简单，审批快，一般10个工作日就能拿到贷款。
比较贷款额度
一般来说，房产二次抵押银行贷款的额度跟房屋评估价值有关，最高是7成左右。
总的来说，银行贷款不是那么容易申请的，申请失败还会影响征信记录。为了获得更低的融资成本，方便快捷的办理大额银行贷款，一般都会去找专业机构，比如说东莞房速贷，他们凭借专业的行业知识，可以帮客户解决融资过程中的疑难杂症，从上千家银行中帮客户选择最为合适的融资方案。房速贷融资咨询热线：0769-33888836

Introduction

Development in metropolitan Detroit has transformed the area into an industrial region w ith several million residents. As a result，pollution and quality of life have become issues of high priority. In the past 10 years，several thousand sites of environmental contamination have been identified w ithin the region. In addition，the dominant river in metropolitan Detroit，the Rouge River，has been identified as an area of concern by the International Joint Commission ( IJC ) and as a significant source of pollution to the Great Lakes.

The study of near-surface aquifers has become increasingly important in evaluating the impact of sites of environmental contamination，especially in urban areas such as metropolitan Detroit. Near-surface aquifers tend to act as pathw ays for contaminants in groundw ater to migrate to sensitive habitats or areas w here humans could be exposed to the contaminants.

Historically，near-surface aquifers in the region w ere not studied because ① abundant w ater supplies w ere available from surface w ater sources ( i. e. ，Detroit River) ，② near-surface groundw ater w as not considered potable，③ reliable sources of groundw ater w ere lacking，and ④ environmental contamination was not a concern. Only recently have near-surface aquifers become the focus of studies to evaluate their significance w ith respect to contaminant migration and overall environmental impact. This study used geologic and hydrogeologic information obtained from hundreds of sites of environmental contamination in metropolitan Detroit to evaluate urban groundw ater in the region.

Geology and Hydrogeology

Unconsolidated glacial deposits more than 10000 years old cover nearly all of Michigan. In metropolitan Detroit，they range from 20 m to 50 m thick. Bedrock consisting of limestones， shales and sandstones of Paleozoic age underlies the unconsolidated glacial deposits.

These unconsolidated sediments in metropolitan Detroit w ere historically mapped for identifying potential natural and agricultural resources for future development and exploitation. Historical geologic maps w ere based primarily on surface observation and did not address near- surface groundw ater. Thus， historical geologic maps are not adequate for environmental purposes. Therefore，an updated geologic map w as compiled that not only used historical information，but also included geologic and hydrogeologic data gathered from over 2500 investigations conducted at sites of environmental contamination. The updated geologic map has revealed eight distinct geologic units:

1) Moraine Unit ( glacial origin) ;

2) Sandy Clay Unit ( glacial-lacustrine origin) ;

3) Sand Unit ( glacial-lacustrine origin) ;

4) Sandy and Silty Clay Unit ( glacial-lacustrine origin) ;

5) Upper Clay Unit ( glacial-lacustrine origin) ;

6) Recent River Sediments ( fluvial origin) ;

7) Low er Clay Unit ( glacial origin) ;

8) Sand，Gravel and Cobble Unit ( fluvial origin) .

Figures 4. 2. 1 and 4. 2. 2 show the horizontal and vertical distribution of the geologic units.

Figure 4. 2. 1 Surficial geologic map of metropolitan Detroit，USA

Figure 4. 2. 2 Geologic cross section of metropolitan Detroit，USA

Moraine Unit

The Moraine Unit consists of deposits associated with the Defiance Moraine ( Inner Ridge) . This unit is located along the western edge of metropolitan Detroit where rapid development is occurring. The Moraine Unit consists of sands，silts，gravels，and clays of varying thickness. Glacial erratics are also present within the unit. Subunits identified within the Moraine Unit include kames，eskers，and historical glacial outwash zones. The Moraine Unit is stratigraphically the most complex and the least understood geologic unit within metropolitan Detroit because of the nature of the units' deposition.

Groundw ater w ithin the Moraine Unit is confined and unconfined. Multiple saturated zones are present w ithin the unit; these zones range in thickness from less than 1 m to more than 10 m. Groundw ater is present in layers of sediment that range from fine-grained sand to large cobbles. At some locations，near-surface groundw ater ( w ithin 7 m of the ground surface) is present and can be pumped in large volumes at a sustained rate ( greater than 100 L / min) . Groundw ater w ithin the Moraine Unit is a significant source of public and domestic potable w ater.

Recharge of groundw ater to aquifers w ithin the Moraine Unit is believed to be from lakes and surface infiltration through kames and historical glacial outw ash zones. Sandy Clay Unit

The Sandy Clay Unit is located east of the Moraine unit. The unit is generally described as a light-brow n to gray sandy clay w ith occasional pebbles. The Sandy Clay Unit ranges from 1 km to 5 km w ide and is generally less than 2 m thick. Groundw ater w ithin the unit is unconfined，discontinuous，and not present in large volumes that could be pumped at a sustained rate. Groundw ater w ithin the Sandy Clay Unit may be hydraulically connected to groundw ater w ithin the Sand Unit，especially along the contact betw een these units. Generally， groundw ater w ithin the Sandy Clay Unit flow s tow ard surface w ater. The Sandy Clay Unit has not been used as a source of potable w ater because of insufficient yield.

Sand Unit

The Sand Unit is located east of the Sandy Clay Unit and，like the Moraine Unit，it is located in an area of rapid development. The unit is characterized as a moderate yellow ish- brow n to light-olive-gray，fine-to coarse-grained quartz sand that becomes less coarse w ith depth. At many locations，the Sand Unit is stratified and has w ell developed cross-bedding， ripple marks，and scour and fill features. In addition，localized evidence of rew orking and eolian deposition is present w ithin the upper portion of the unit. The Sand Unit ranges from 3 km to 10 km w ide and from 1 m to more than 10 m thick.

Groundw ater w ithin the Sand Unit is unconfined. The direction of groundw ater flow is generally tow ard the Rouge River. Groundw ater has been observed seeping from the ground and discharging into the river at hundreds of locations. Groundw ater w ithin the Sand Unit accounts for as much as 80% of the base flow in the Rouge River. The saturated thickness of groundw ater w ithin the unit ranges from 1 m to more than 7 m.

The degree and nature of urbanization w ithin metropolitan Detroit have affected the rate and direction of groundw ater flow w ithin the Sand Unit. Roads，storm sew ers，retention basins and ditches constructed w ithin the Sand Unit act as additional points for groundw ater to discharge to surface w ater ( e. g. ，Rouge River) . Therefore，the residence time of groundw ater w ithin the aquifer has most likely decreased as a result of urbanization.

Groundw ater w ithin the Sand Unit is recharged by surface infiltration because the unit is encountered at or near the surface of the ground at most locations. Extraction w ells in the unit pump groundw ater at rates ranging from 2 L / min to 200 L / min. The average yield from the unit ranges from 20 L / min to 40 L / min. The Sand Unit has been used as a source of potable w ater.

Sandy and Silty Clay Unit and Upper Clay Unit

The Sandy and Silty Clay Unit and Upper Clay Unit are located adjacent to and east of the Sand Unit. They are characterized as a medium to light olive gray，mottled，pebble-bearing， sandy to silty clay or clay. Discontinuous fine-grained sand lenses may also be present w ithin the units especially along their w estern margin. The w idth of each unit ranges from 5 km to 10 km. The thickness of each unit ranges from 3 m to 10 m.

The presence of groundw ater in the Clay Units is relatively rare. When groundw ater is present，it is not present in large quantities，flow s tow ard surface w ater，and is not used as a source of potable w ater. Groundw ater w ithin these tw o units most often occurs w ithin sand and silt lenses and / or at the contact w ith the Low er Clay Unit.

Hairline fractures are present in these units. These fractures are caused by stress changes from w etting and drying cycles and / or freezing and thaw ing. The occurrence of the fractures decreases w ith depth. These fractures and discontinuous sand lenses are the most likely causes of hydraulic conductivities in these units being slightly higher than w hat w ould normally be expected ( refer to Table 4. 2. 1) .

Recent River Sediments

Sediments composed of interbedded fine-grained sands， silts， and clays are located immediately along the Rouge River. These sediments may be as thick as 20 m and may extend as far as 200 m from the banks of the river. Groundw ater has been encountered in these sediments at many locations along the river. Groundw ater w ithin these re-w orked fluvial sediments is almost certainly hydraulically connected to the Rouge River.

As the population of Detroit grew during the 19thand early 20thcentury，open dumps and heavy manufacturing facilities w ere located along the Rouge River. Groundw ater migrates through and beneath these sites to the Rouge River，making many of these sites significant sources of metal and other types of pollution to the river.

Subsurface G eology

Beneath the near-surface units，a thick clay unit of glacial origin ( ground moraine ) underlies the entire region. This clay unit，called the Low er Clay Unit，ranges in thickness from 16 m to 60 m and is characterized as a medium bluish-gray clay w ith pebbles and cobbles，and rarely a boulder. The Low er Clay Unit can be differentiated from the Upper Clay Unit by lithology and color.

Groundw ater is not present in the Low er Clay Unit at sufficient quantities to be pumped. The hydraulic conductivity of the unit ( refer to Table 4. 2. 1) is nearly uniform horizontally and vertically. The unit is an effective aquiclude because of its thickness，distribution，and low hydraulic conductivity. With the exception of the contact w ith the near-surface units，fractures have not been observed. This is likely due to the unit being at a sufficient depth beneath the surface to be unaffected by freezing and thaw ing or w etting and drying cycles.

The Low er Clay Unit has influenced near-surface groundw ater discharge on a regional basis. The presence of this unit has essentially prevented groundw ater from migrating to low er aquifers. Therefore，groundw ater in near-surface aquifers discharges to surface w ater.

A discontinuous Sand，Gravel，and Cobble Unit is beneath the Low er Clay Unit and overlies bedrock. This unit ranges from 1. 5 m to 16 m thick. Groundw ater in this unit is confined. Wells installed in this unit have pumped w ater as much as 2000 L / min. Groundw ater recharge from the Low er Clay Unit is most likely insignificant. Primary sources of recharge are more likely to occur from the Great Lakes or from bedrock aquifers.

Discussion

The geologic units that are most sensitive to urbanization and contamination in metropolitan Detroit are the Moraine Unit and the Sand Unit. These units are sensitive because ① they are composed of highly permeable sediments，② they contain large amounts of groundw ater，w hich flow s tow ard and discharges into the Rouge River，③ they account for the majority of the base flow of the Rouge River，and ④ they are areas of groundw ater recharge. The Moraine Unit is especially significant because it is a source of potable w ater.

This sensitivity has been documented from numerous sites of environmental contamination located w ithin the Sand Unit w here volatile organic compound ( VOC ) and heavy metal contamination has been detected in groundw ater ① near springs located immediately along the river w hich then enter the river，② at locations immediately upgradient of the river，and ③ within the river or river sediment. Data quantifying total contaminant loading from groundw ater for VOCs，heavy metals and other types of contaminants to the Rouge River are lacking. How ever，the results of this study suggest that the Sand Unit most likely accounts for the majority of contaminant loading to the Rouge River.

The Moraine Unit and Sand Unit are both located in area of rapid urban development and occupy approximately 50% of the land surface of metropolitan Detroit.

Because of the Low er Clay Unit，near-surface groundw ater in metropolitan Detroit has no migratory outlet other than surface w ater. This is environmentally significant because ① contaminated groundwater will eventually discharge into the Rouge River and other surface w ater bodies if it is not controlled，captured，or biodegraded，and ② groundw ater is a source of pollution in the Rouge River and subsequently the Great Lakes.

The likelihood of encountering groundw ater w ithin 3 m of the ground surface is summarized in Table 4. 2. 1.

Table 4. 2. 1 Occurrence of groundwater within 3 m of the ground surface

Conclusion

This study documents the environmental significance of near-surface groundw ater in an urban environment. Furthermore， it demonstrates that a comprehensive and thorough understanding of geologic and hydrogeologic processes in urban regions profoundly influences the preservation of natural resources by identifying areas that are geologically sensitive to contamination and urbanization. Words

地下水科学专业英语

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