急求初中英语语法,时态的教学视屏(如果有句型,结构的就最好了)

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初中英语语法时态?~

英语共有16种时态, 时态测试重点主要有:完成时态——现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时;进行时态——现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、完成进行时;一般时态。

一、一般时态

1、一般现在时

(1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态,常和副词 usually,often,always sometimes, regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every week 等连谩@�纾?

1)The moon moves round the earth..

2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.

(2)在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment 以及 if,unless 等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:

1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.

2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.

(3)某些表示起始的动词,可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,这类动词有:be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,leave 等。例如:

1)The plane leaves at three sharp.

2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.

(4)在由why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as 等引导的从句中,也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:

1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.

2)You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.

2.一般过去时

(1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态,常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如:

We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.

(2)表示过去习惯性动作。例如:

1)He always went to class last.

2)I used to do my homework in the library.

(注意与be used to doing短语的区别)

3.一般将来时

1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如:

I shall graduate next year.

2)几种替代形式:

1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用,表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如:

I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.

2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事,具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如:

I am to play tennis this afternoon.

3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如:

He was about to start.

4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事, 必定发生的事。例如:

The train is due to depart in ten minutes.

5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing 强调即将发生的某种事态。例如:

The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.

二、进行时态

1.现在进行时

(1)表示现在正在进行的动作,常与now,right now,at the mother,for the time being,for the present等连用。例如:

Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.

(2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作, 常与always,continually,forever,constantly等连用。例如:

My father is forever criticizing me.

(3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return等。例如:

They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.

(4)有些动词不能用进行时,这是一类表示“感觉,感情,存在,从属”等的动词。如:see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,appear,(表示感觉的词);hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive(表示感情的动词);be,exist,remain,stay,obtain(表示存在状态的动词);have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of,form(表示占有与从属的动词);understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember(表示思考理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变,便也可用进行时态。例如:

1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?

(look 在此为联系动词,意为“显得,看上去”)

2)Tom is looking for his books.

(look 在此为实义动词,意为“寻找”)

2. 过去进行时

过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后,另一个过去的动作正在进行,或表示过去反复的习惯,常与always,continually,constantly等动词连用。例如:

1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.

2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.

3. 将来进行时

将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时刻开始,并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如:

1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.

2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?

4. 完成进行时

(现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式,将放在完成时态部分讲述。

三、完成时态

完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为:

1. 现在完成时

(1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的,刚刚完成的动作(常与yet,already,just连用),或者过去某一时刻发生的,持续到现在的情况(常与for,since连用)。例如:

1)I have just finished my homework.

2)Mary has been ill for three days.

(2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有:since, for, during, over等引导出的短语;副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如:

1)I haven’t been there for five years.

2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.

3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.

(3)完成时态可用在下列结构中:

This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时;如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时,从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如:

(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.

(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.

2. 过去完成时

(1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况,这个过去的时间可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示;或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如:

1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.

2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.

(2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时,表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如:

I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.

另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是:

1)was / were + to have done sth, 例如:

We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.

2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 例如:

I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.

(3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型:

1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如:

Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.

2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如:

No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.

3)by (the end of ) +过去时间,主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如:

The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.

3. 将来完成时

将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作;也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有:by (the time / the end of ) + 表示将来时间的短语和句子;before (the end of ) + 表示将来时间的词语或句子;when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如:

1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.

2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.

3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.

4. 完成进行时

完成进行时是完成时的强调形式,有现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来完成进行时。

(1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如:

I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.

(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如:

It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.

(3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如:

By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.

四:时态一致

时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是:

1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时,从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态

He says that he lives in Wuhan.

We hope that there will be many people at your party today.

“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”

“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”

“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”

2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候,从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态

He said he was writing a novel.

The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.

He said his father had been an engineer.

3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时,从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如:

The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.

注:在此种情况下,即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态,从句谓语也应用一般现在时。

4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况

利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时,还应注意,若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词,从句谓语只能用虚拟语气,不能遵循时态一致原则。例如:

We insisted that we do it ourselves.

动词的语态

语态也是动词的一种形式,英语有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态)

2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态)

1. 不能用于被动语态的动词和短语

(1)在英语中,不及物动词不能用于被动语态,但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用。如:appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。

(2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词,如:become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。

2. 被动语态的时态形式

常用的被动语态有表1 所列的几种时态形式。

表1



时间 一般时 进行时 完成时

现在 am asked am being asked

is asked is being asked

are asked are being asked

过去

was be asked was being asked

were be asked were being asked

将来 shall be asked shall have been asked

will be asked will have been asked



过去 should be asked should have been asked

将来 would be asked would have been asked



3. 短语动词的被动语态

短语动词转换为被动语态时,通常被看作是一个动词,后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如:

1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.

2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.

4.“get + -ed分词”的被动语态

“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果,而非动作本身,常用来表示突发性的,出乎意料的偶然事件。例如:

The boy got hurt on his way home from work.

另外,“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事,是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如:

get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚)

get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解)

get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸)

get married(结婚)

5. 能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态

(1) 能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时,一次只能由一个宾语作主语,另一个宾语被保留下来。例如:

1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态)

2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态)

3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态)

(2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时,原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如:

1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态)

2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态)

6. 被动语态与系表结构的区别

(1)The novel was well written.(系表结构)

(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被动语态)

7. 少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思

例1:The book is selling remarkably well.

例2:The song sounds very beautiful.

能这样用的动词还有read(读起来),clean(擦起来),wash(洗起来),write(写起来)。

例3:My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).

能像need这样用的动词还有:want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。

例4:The meat is cooking.

例 5:The book written by the professor is printing

英语不是数学,讲句型,不讲公式。
不过,我从数学的角度,就时态和语态,还真悟出了公式的味道来了。
比如时态,以do为例。
时态=时间X状态=4(时间)X4(状态)=16(种时态)
时间有:现在,过去,将来,过去将来
状态有:一般、进行、完成、完成进行。
do的现在式有两个:does,
do,
过去式有一个did,
将来式为will
do,
过去将来式用would
do,过去分词为done,
be动词的现在式有三个:am,
is
are,
过去式有两个:was,
were,
将来式用will
be,
过去将来式用would
be,过去分词为been,
其它动词的现在式也是两个:S形、原形。过去式一个-ed式,将来式用will
+V.
过去将来式:would
+V,
过去分词一个-ed
式(有不规则变化)
以上就是动词的一般时态形式。
进行态的基本公式是
助动词be+v-ing
(动词的现在分词)
时间的变化由be来担任。
比如现在进行时,用be的现在式=am
/is/
are
doing
sth.
过去进行时,用be的过去式=was/were
doing
完成时态的通式是助动词have+过去分词(P.P)
时间的变化反映在助动词have上:
比如过去完成时,用have
的过去式=had
done
完成进行态的通式是have
been
doing
时间的变化反映在助动词have
上。
被动语态的通式是be+过去分词。
时态的变化由be来担任。
比如:
过去完成时的被动语态结构(以do为例)
被动式:be
done
+
完成态
=
have
+be的过去分词=have
been
-----------------------------------------------------------------
完成态的被动式=
have
been
done
+
过去时用
have
的过去式=had
------------------------------------------------------------------
过去完成时的被动语态
=
had
been
done

11.1 一般现在时的用法

1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。

  时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday

  I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。

  The earth moves around the sun.

  Shanghai lies in the east of China.

3) 表示格言或警句中。

  Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

  注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例:Columbus proved that the earth is round..

4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。

  I don't want so much.

  Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.

比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup.

   I am doing my homework now.

  第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。

11.2 一般过去时的用法

1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。

  时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。

  Where did you go just now?

2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。

  When I was a child, I often played football in the street.

  Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.     

3)句型:

  It is time for sb. to do sth  "到……时间了"  "该……了"

  It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"  "早该……了"

  It is time for you to go to bed.  你该睡觉了。

  It is time you went to bed.   你早该睡觉了。

  would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'

  I'd rather you came tomorrow.

4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。

 I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。

比较:

  一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。

 Christine was an invalid all her life. 

  (含义:她已不在人间。)

 Christine has been an invalid all her life. 

  (含义:她现在还活着)

 Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.

  (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)

 Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.

 ( 含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)

  

注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。

1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。

   Did you want anything else?

   I wondered if you could help me.

2)情态动词 could, would.

   Could you lend me your bike?

11.3 used to / be used to

  used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。

  Mother used not to be so forgetful.  

  Scarf used to take a walk.  (过去常常散步)

  be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。

  He is used to a vegetarian diet.  

  Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)

典型例题   

---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.

---- It's 69568442.      

A. didn't  B. couldn't C. don't D. can't

  答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看 出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。

11.4 一般将来时

1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。

  will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求意见时常用于第二人称。

  Which paragraph shall I read first.

  Will you be at home at seven this evening?

2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。

  a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。

   What are you going to do tomorrow?

  b. 计划,安排要发生的事。

   The play is going to be produced next month。

  c. 有迹象要发生的事

   Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.

3)  be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。

   We are to discuss the report next Saturday.

4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing.

  注意:be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

11.5 be going to / will

用于条件句时, be going to 表将来

        will 表意愿

  If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.

  Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.

11.6 be to和be going to

   be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。

   be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。

 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.   (客观安排)

 I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)

11.7 一般现在时表将来

1)下列动词:come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。

   The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.

   When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.

2)倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如:

    Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.

    There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.

3)在时间或条件句中。

    When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.

    I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.

4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。

    I hope they have a nice time next week.

    Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.

11.8 用现在进行时表示将来

  意为:"意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。

  I'm leaving tomorrow.

  Are you staying here till next week?

11.9 现在完成时

  现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状 态,其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去 但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或 状态。其构成: have (has) +过去分词。

11.10 比较过去时与现在完成时

  1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。

 

  2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语:

yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语

共同的时间状语: 

this morning, tonight,this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately 

现在完成时的时间状语

for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,      till / until, up to now, in past years, always,

不确定的时间状语

 

  3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.

  过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。

 举例:

  I saw this film yesterday.

  (强调看的动作发生过了。)

  I have seen this film.

  (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。) 

  Why did you get up so early?

  (强调起床的动作已发生过了。)

  Who hasn't handed in his paper? 

  (强调有卷子,可能为不公平竞争。)

  She has returned from Paris. 

   她已从巴黎回来了。

  She returned yesterday.

   她是昨天回来了。

  He has been in the League for three years.

  (在团内的状态可延续)

  He has been a League member for three years.

  (是团员的状态可持续)

  He joined the League three years ago. 

  ( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。)

  I have finished my homework now. 

 

  ---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?

  ---He's already been sent for. 

  句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。

  (错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

  (对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

11.11 用于现在完成时的句型

1)It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。

  It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.

2)This is the… that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时.

  This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.

    这是我看过的最好的电影。


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