人教版英语八年级下册中出现的时态

人教版初中英语八大时态详解~

英语的时态（tense）是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。
下面就英语中常见的八种基本时态进行阐述，其它的时态都是在这八种时态的基础上结合而成的。
一、 一般现在时：
1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
2.时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month...), once a week, on Sundays,
3.基本结构：动词 原形 （如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要加（e）S）
4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don＇t,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn＇t，通常还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。
6.例句：It seldom snows here.
He is always ready to help others.
Action speaks louder than words.
二、 一般过去时：
1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词
4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn＇t，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。
6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.
I didn＇t know you were so busy.
三、 现在进行时：
1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.
3.基本结构：am/is/are+doing
4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。
6.例句：How are you feeling today?
He is doing well in his lessons.
四、 过去进行时：
1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
3.基本结构：was/were+doing
4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing.
5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。
6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.
When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
五、 现在完成时：
1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.
3.基本结构：have/has + done
4.否定形式：have/has + not +done.
5.一般疑问句：have或has提前
6.例句：I＇ve written an article.
It has been raining these days.
六、 过去完成时：
1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
2.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
3.基本结构：had + done.
4.否定形式：had + not + done.
5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。
6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books
七、 一般将来时：
1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
3.基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do.
4.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行为动词前加won＇t，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。
6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.
It is going to rain.
八、 过去将来时：
1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
2.时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
3.基本结构：was/were/going to do；would/should + do.
4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。
6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.
I asked who was going there .

重点语法给你发上来了


Unit 1 Will people have robots?
重点语法：一般将来时态的应用
do/does 的一般将来时态形式：(shall/will) do
do/does 的一般将来时态的被动语态：(shall/will) be done
一般将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：People will have robots in a few years.
否定句例句：People (will not/won't) have robots in a few years.
一般疑问句例句：Will people have robots in a few years?
特殊疑问句例句：What will people have in a few years?
重点短语：won't = will not
they'll = they will
she'll = she will
he'll = he will
I'll = I will
fall in love with(sb./sth.) 爱上（某人/某物）
be able to do sth. 能够做某事
come true 实现
in the future 未来
hundreds of 数以百计的
thousands of 数以千计的
look for(sb./sth.) 寻找（某人/某物）
will → would 情态动词 will 的原形和过去式
may → might 情态动词 may 的原形和过去式

Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
Look at the title and picture, and predict what you will read about. (看着标题和图片，预知你要阅读那些方面的内容。)This helps you get ready to acquire new information. (这样可以帮助你获得一些新的信息。)

Unit 2 What should I do?
重点语法：过去将来时态（将来时态的委婉说法）
do/does 的过去将来时态形式：(should/would) do
do/does 的过去将来时态的被动语态：(should/would) be done
过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：You should write a letter to him.
否定句例句：You shouldn't write a letter to him.
一般疑问句例句：Should I write a letter to him?
特殊疑问句例句：What should I do?
重点短语：keep sb. out 不让某人进入
What's wrong? = What's the matter? = What's the problem? 怎么了？
out of style 不时髦的；过时的
call sb. up 给某人打电话
pay for sth. 为某事付款
part-time job 兼职工作
the same as = be same (to/with) 与……同样
in style 时髦的；流行的
get on [well] with sb. = get along [well] with sb. 与某人相处（好）
didn't = did not
couldn't = could not
as ... as possible 尽可能……(eg/ as soon as possible 尽快)
all kinds of 各种；许多
on the one hand 一方面
on the other hand 另一方面
ask sb. for sth. = ask sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事
ask sb. not to do sth. 请求某人不要做某事
spend (money) on sth. = spend (money) [in] doing sth. 花钱做某事
sth. cost sb. (money) 某人花钱为了某事
take sb. sometime to do sth. 花某人时间做某事
find out 查明
find sb. doing sth. 发现某人做某事
be angry with sb. 生某人的气
be angry at sth. 生某事的气
the same age as = as old as 与某人年龄一样
have fight with sb. 与某人打架
learn to do sth. 学会做某事
not ... until ... 直到……才……
compare sth.(A) with sth.(B) 把某事(A)与某事(B)作比较
it's time for sth. = it's time to do sth. 到该做某事的时间了
maybe adv. 或许
may be （情态动词 + 动词原形）可能是
shall → should 情态动词 shall 的原形和过去式
pay → paid → paid 动词 pay 的原形、过去式和过去分词

Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
You will learn to use new words better if you use a learner's dictionary. (时刻学着应用新单词来学习比时刻使用字典这种途径方法更好。)A bilingual dictionary sometimes gives the wrong meaning for the situation you want. (在某些你需要的场合下，一本双语字典有时会给你错误的解释。)

Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?
重点语法：过去进行时态
do/does 的过去进行时态形式：(was/were) doing
do/does 的过去进行时态的被动语态：(was/were) being done
过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：I was walking down the street when a UFO landed.
否定句例句：I wasn't walking down the street when a UFO landed.
一般疑问句例句：Were you walking down the street when a UFO landed?
特殊疑问句例句：What were you doing when a UFO landed?

动词 when 和 while 的选择：when 后加瞬间动词，while 后加延续性动词。
例句：The boy was walking down the street when the UFO landed.
=While the boy was walking down the street, the UFO landed.

感叹句
结构：(1) How + adj. + the + 主语 + 谓语动词
=(2) What + (a/an) + [adj.] + n. + 主语 + 谓语动词
例句：What a beautiful flower [it is]!
=How beautiful the flower is!
What beautiful flowers [they are]!
=How beautiful the flowers are!

重点短语：get out 出去；离开
take off 起飞
run away 逃跑；跑掉
come in 进来
hear about = hear of 听说
take place 发生
as ... as 像……一样(eg/ as old as him 像他一样老)
anywhere = everywhere = here and there 任何地方
think about 考虑
think of 认为
get up = get out of the bed 起床
at the doctor's 在诊所
every day 每一天
everyday adj. 日常的
most adj. 大部分
the most 最多的
in space 在太空中
national hero 民族英雄
all over the world = in the world 全世界

Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
The title can be helpful for you to understand a text. (一篇文章的标题可以帮助你理解整篇文章。)It's also a good idea to read the first sentence of each paragraph before you read. (在阅读整篇文章之前，阅读每段的第一句话也是一个很有效的方法。)

Unit 4 He said I was hard-working.
重点语法：宾语从句
结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语)
例句：----I'm good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句)
----He says I'm good at English.
注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。
例句：He says I'm good at English now.
He says I was good at mathematics when I was young.
②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。
例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday.
He said I was good at English now yesterday.
③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。
例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day.
Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday.
④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。
例句：She said helping others changed her life.
重点短语：direct speech 直接引语
reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语
first of all = at first 首先
pass on 传递
be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事
be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好
in good health 身体健康
get over 克服
open up 打开
care for = take care of = look after 照料；照顾
not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再
have a cold 感冒
end-of-year exam 年终考试
get nervous 变得紧张
forget to do sth. 忘记做某事（该事未做）
forget doing sth. 忘记做某事（该事已做）
it's + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说]……（加形容词）
context 上下文

Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
First read for meaning, not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。)You can understand the meaning of a word you don't know from the context. (至于不懂的单词，你可以通过上下文来寻找它的正确释义。)

Unit 5 If you go to the party, you'll have a great time!
重点语法：if 引导的条件状语从句
结构：主句 + if + 条件状语从句
if + 条件状语从句 + [(comma)] + 主句
注意：在 if 引导的条件状语从句中，主句应用将来时态，状语从句用一般现在时态。
例句：You'll have a great time if you go to the party.
=If you go to the party, you'll have a great time.
重点短语：take away 拿走
around the world = all over the world 在世界各地
make a living 谋生
all the time = always 一直
What's the problem? = What's the matter? = What's wrong? 怎么了？
in order to do sth. 为了做某事
make sb. do sth. 使得某人做某事（to 省略，该结构是一个不带 to 的不定式。）
make sb. adj. 使得某人……（加形容词）
make sb. done 使得某人被做
be famous for 为……而出名
be famous as 作为……而出名
in class 在课堂上
spend ...(time/money) on sth. = spend ...(time/money) in doing sth. 花……（时间/钱）用于做某事
see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事（强调整个过程）
see sb. doing sth. 看见某人做某事（强调偶然性）
say → said → said 动词 say 的原形、过去式和过去分词
tell → told → told 动词 tell 的原形、过去式和过去分词
eat → ate → eaten 动词 eat 的原形、过去式和过去分词
speak → spoke → spoken 动词 speak 的原形、过去式和过去分词

Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?
重点语法：现在完成进行时态
do/does 的现在完成进行时态形式：have/has been doing
do/does 的现在完成进行时态的被动语态：have/has been being done
现在完成进行时态所应用的场合：
①某事从过去发生一直持续到现在都在做
②过去发生的动作对现在造成影响
例：我已上了三年初中。
I have been in Junior School for 3 years.
自从那次他与我谈过心后，我天天都在进步。
I have been making progress since he talked with me that time.
现在完成进行时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：I have been skating for five hours.
否定句例句：I haven't been skating for five hours.
一般疑问句例句：Have you been skating for five hours?
特殊疑问句例句：How long have you been skating?
注意：瞬间动词不能和一段时间连用。
例句：你借这本书已经多长时间了？
How long have you been keeping this book?
重点短语：run out of 用完；用尽
by the way 顺便说说
be interested in doing sth. 对某事感兴趣
more than 比……多
far away 在远处
would like to do sth. = want to do sth. = feel like doing sth. 想要做某事
send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物赠送给某人
in fact 实际上
room 房间（用于可数名词）；空间（用于不可数名词）
common → more common → the most common 形容词 common 的原级、比较级和最高级

Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
Let your eyes "scan" the text quickly to find details that you're looking for. (在阅读文章之前，用眼睛“横扫”整篇文章，快速寻找你需要的文章要点。)You can find information quickly without reading the whole text. (这样你就不用细读整篇文章，就能寻找到你需要的一些信息。)

Unit 7 Would you mind turning down the music?
重点语法：mind [one's] doing sth. 介意（某人）做某事
重点短语：not at all 一点也不
turn down 调节使音量变小
right away = in a minute = at once 立刻；马上
wait in line 排队等候
cut in line 插队等候
hasn't = has not
keep ... down 压低声音；使缓和
at first = first of all 首先
take care 当心；小心
take care of = care about = look after 关心；照顾
break the rule 违规
obey the rule 遵守规定
put out 熄灭
pick sth. up 捡起某物
wait for sb. 等候某人
depend on 依赖；依靠
get back = return 要回
mean → meant → meant 动词 mean 的原形、过去式和过去分词

Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
As we read, we need to find "topic sentences".(在我们阅读的时候，我们需要寻找“主题语句”，也就是和文章中心最相关的语句。) These sentences usually gives us a "summary", or overall meaning of each paragraph and help us understand what the paragraph is about.(这些语句通常会给我们一些文章的“概要”，或者每个文段的全部意思，来帮助我们理解段落大意。) After the topic sentence comes more detail and explanation.(当“主题语句”出现后，该段的一些解释和细节也就会随之出现。)

Unit 8 Why don't you get her a scarf?
重点语法：询问别人为什么要做或者不做某事
why don't you do sth. = why not do sth.
例句：Why don't you get her a camera? = Why not get her a camera?
what about = how about
例句：How about some tennis balls? = What about some tennis balls?
重点短语：fall asleep 入睡
give away 赠送；分发
hear of = hear about 听说
take an interest in = be interested in 对……感兴趣
make friends with 与……交友
make progress 取得进步
keep → kept → kept 动词 keep 的原形、过去式和过去分词
feed → fed → fed 动词 feed 的原形、过去式和过去分词
fall → fell → fallen 动词 fall 的原形、过去式和过去分词
hear → heard → heard 动词 hear 的原形、过去式和过去分词

Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
To understand the important ideas from the text, we must "summarize".(为了了解文段最主要的意图，我们必须要进行总结。) Do this by answering "who, what, where, why" questions as you read.(在阅读时，常注意回答时间、地点、人物这些基本要素问题，达到总结的目的。)

Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement?
重点语法：现在完成时态
do/does 的现在完成时态形式：(have/has) done
do/does 的现在完成时态的被动语态：(have/has) been done
现在完成时态主要强调过去发生的事情对现在的影响。
例句：我去年去过美国，那是我第一次出国。
I have ever been to America. It's the first time for me to go abroad.
重点短语：have a great time = have a good time = have fun = enjoy oneself 玩得高兴
on board 在船上
end up doing sth. 结束做某事
all year round = all over the year 终年
understand → understood → understood 动词 understand 的原形、过去式和过去分词

Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
After reading, write down three or more things you have learned. (在阅读整篇文章之后，把你学到的三样或更多事物写下来。)We always remember things better if we take time to reflect. (如果我们花时间去思考一些问题的话，那么我们就能更容易地记住一些事情。)

Unit 10 It's a nice day, isn't it?
重点语法：反意疑问句
反意疑问句由肯定陈述句加否定问句构成，或者由否定陈述句加肯定问句构成。
例句：He's a student, isn't he?
She's not his mother, is she?
回答反意疑问句时，要根据事实来回答。若事实是肯定的，则必须用 yes 回答。若事实是否定的，则必须用 no 回答。
例句：你还没有准备好，对吧？
You're not ready, are you?
是的，我没有准备好。
No, I'm not.
不，我准备好了。
Yes, I am.

重点短语：look through 浏览
come along 出现；发生
get along 相处
at least 至少
at most 至多
a thank-you note 感谢信
forget → forgot → forgotten 动词 forget 的原形、过去式和过去分词
little → less → least 形容词 little 的原级、比较级和最高级
many/much → more → most 形容词 many/much 的原级、比较级和最高级

更多语法知识点请参见书后附录的 Grammar (语法) 章节。

Unit 15 What do people eat?
单元小结
�8�5 简单句的五种基本句型
1. 主语+谓语(不及物动词) [S + V]
如：The children are playing happily.
孩子们正在高兴地玩。
2. 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语 [S+V+O]
如：The Greens enjoy living in China.
格林一家喜欢住在中国。
3. 主语+谓语+表语 [S+V+P]
该句型谓语动词为连系动词。常见的系动词有：be(是)； get(变得), become(成为), turn(变得), look(看起来), feel(感到), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), sound(听起来), seem(似乎) 等。如：
① He became a famous doctor.
他成为了一名著名的医生。
② The apple pie tastes really delicious.
苹果派吃起来真是好吃。
4. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 [S+V+InO+DO]
这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语，既指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。也可以把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，但要加介词for或to。如：
① My aunt bought me a computer. = My aunt bought a computer for me. 我阿姨买给我一台电脑。
② I passed him the salt. = I passed the salt to him.
我把盐递给他。
5. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 [S+V+O+OC]
如：We must keep our school clean.
我们必须保持我们的学校清洁。

Unit 16
单元小结
�8�5 情态动词can的用法
情态动词can只有：can和过去式could两种形式，后面跟动词原形，用于一切人称和单、复数。
1. 表示客观条件的许可，意思是“可以”。如：
-Can I borrow your bike for today?
我可以借你的自行车用一天吗？

-Yes, you can. 行。
-No, you can’t. 不行。
2. 表示具有某种能力，意思是“会”“能”=(be able to)。如：He can speak English. 他会讲英语。
3. 与否定词not连用，表示否定的推测，意为“不可能”。如：He can’t be only fifteen. 他不可能只有十五岁。
�8�5 情态动词may的用法
情态动词 may有：may现在式和might过去式两种形式，后面跟动词原形，用于一切人称和单、复数。
1. 表示说话人同意，或在疑问句中征求对方许可。意思是“可以”。如：
You may take it away. 你可以把它拿走。
【注】否定式常用must not(mustn’t)，表示“不可以”“不许”。如：You mustn’t smoke here. 你不可以在这里吸烟。
2. 表示可能性，意为“可能”。如：
He may not come tomorrow. 明天他可能不来。
【注】could和might有时作为can和may的过去式，而是表示语气更为客气或委婉。如：
Could you tell me how to get to the cinema, please? 你可以告诉我去电影院的路怎么走吗？
Unit 17 You must be more careful
单元小结
�8�5 情态动词must的用法
情态动词must只有一种形式must，只用于一般现在时和一般将来时，没有人称和数的变化，后接动词原形。
1. 表示义务或必要性，意思是“应该，必须”，通常用于肯定句及疑问句。如：
You must close the windows when you leave the classroom. 你离开教室时一定要关好窗户。
2. must的否定形式是mustn’t，意思是“不应该、禁止”，语气较强烈。如：
You mustn’t smoke here. 你不许在这里吸烟。
3. 由must引出的一般疑问句，肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn’t或don’t have to，但不可以用mustn’t。如：-You must go there on foot, mustn’t you?
你必须走着去那里，是吗？
-Yes, I must. 是的。
-No, I needn’t./No, I don’t have to. 不是的。
4. 表示说话人对事情进行的肯定推测，意思是“一定、准是”。否定句用can’t。如：
He must be a teacher. 他一定是个老师。
【注】must表示推测时，其反意疑问句疑问部分不能用must，而要与它后面的动词保持一致。如：
David must have a sister, doesn’t he? 大卫肯定有个妹妹，是吗？
�8�5 由when, before, after, if等连词引导的时间和条件状语从句当主句是一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时。如：
If it rains, we won’t go there. 如果下雨，我们就不去。

Unit 18 Seeing the doctor
单元小结
�8�5 情态动词have to的用法
1. have to意为“不得不”“必须”，后面跟动词原形；第三人称单数形式是has to，过去式是had to，将来式是will have to。如：
He has to go to school now. 他现在必须去上学。
2. 含有have to的句子否定式通常是在have to前加don’t, doesn’t或didn’t；疑问句通常是在主语前加do, does或did。如：
You don’t have to tell Jim about it. 你不必告诉吉姆这件事。
3. have to与must的区别：
have to和must都表示“必须”。have to有人称、数和时态的变化，而must没有人称、数和时态的变化；have to常表示因外界客观因素所致，而must表示说话人的主观看法。另外，have to有多种时态，而must一般只用于现在时。如：
① It’s raining hard. You have to take the raincoat.
雨下得很大，你必须带上雨衣。
② I must be off. Thank you for your help.
我得走了。谢谢你的帮助。
�8�5 系动词的用法
1. 连系动词在句子中与其后表语一起构成谓语，表语一般是名词、形容词、副词或介词词组。
2. 常见系动词有：be动词；表示状态变化：become, get, grow, fall, turn等；表示感觉：feel, taste, look, smell, sound, seem等。
【Unit 15单元小结讲解3】
Unit 19 A visit to an island

单元小结
�8�5 复合不定代词的用法
1. some, any, every, no都能和one, body, thing一起构成代词，这些代词叫复合不定代词。它们基本含义为：
指

人 somebody
someone 某人 anybody
anyone
任何人 everybody
everyone每人 nobody
no one
没人
指物 Something某物某事 anything任何事物 everything一切 nothing没东西
2. 一般情况下，some构成的复合不定代词，其作用和some相同，用于肯定句；any构成的复合不定代词用于否定句或疑问句；no构成的复合不定代词表示否定含义，用于否定句。如：
① I have something to tell you. 我有事要告诉你。
② He didn’t say anything at the meeting yesterday. 昨天在会上他没发言。
③ Everybody likes swimming. 每个人都喜欢游泳。
④ There is nothing wrong with your ears.
你耳朵没毛病。
3. something可用于提建议或请求的问句中，以及希望说话对方作出肯定回答的问句中。如：
Would you like something to eat? 你要吃点东西吗？
4. 复合不定代词在句子中作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：
Nobody knows his name. 没有人知道他的名字。
5. 不定代词的定语要后置。如：
Is there anything important in today’s newspaper? 今天的报纸上有什么重要新闻吗？

Unit 20 Mainly revision
单元小结
�8�5 情态动词need的用法
1. need作为情态动词表示“需要”“必须”，没有人称、数和时态的变化，主要用于否定句和疑问句。如：
He said he need not hurry. 他说他不必匆忙。
2. need的否定形式needn’t常用来回答以must提问的一般疑问句的否定回答。如：
-Must I give the book back in two days?
我应该在两天里归还这本书吗？
-No, you needn’t. 不，不用。
3. need主要作实义动词，后面接带to的动词不定式，有人称、数和时态的变化。如：
You don’t need to stay. 你没有必要留下。
�8�5 时间、条件状语从句的时态
1. 当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时时，从句要用一般现在时。如：
We’ll have a picnic if it doesn’t rain tomorrow. 如果明天不下雨我们将要去野餐。
2. 主句的谓语动词是“情态动词+动词原形”时，从句也要用一般现在时。如：
When the lights are red, the traffic must stop. 红灯亮时，车辆必须停下。
3. 主句是祈使句时，从句也要用一般现在时。如：
Please close the window before you leave the classroom. 在你离开教室前请关好窗户。
4. 主句谓语用一般过去时时，从句也要用一般过去时。如：They talked about the party after people left.
人们离开后，他们谈论这次晚会的情况。
Unit 21 She taught herself
单元小结
�8�5 句子的分类：
1. 句子按其用途可分为下列4种类型：陈述句；疑问句；祈使句；感叹句。
2. 按其结构可分为下列3种类型：
① 简单句：由一个主语部分和一个谓语部分组成的句子。
② 并列句：由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起组成的句子。
③ 复合句：由主句和其它从句组成的句子。
�8�5 并列句及并列连词
常见的并列连词有：and表示并列或承接; so表示因果; but表示转折; or表示选择或转折等。如：①He spoke, and all was still.
他一说话，大家都肃静了。
②It was late, so I went home.
天晚了，因此我就回家去了。
③We love peace but we have to fight for it.
我们热爱和平，但我们必须去争取它。
④Hurry up, or else we’ll be late.
赶快，不然就晚了。
�8�5 反身代词的用法
1. 单数：myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
复数：ourselves, yourselves, themselves
2. 用法：①作动词或介词的宾语。如：
The child can dress himself. 这小孩会自己穿衣服。
②作同位语，意为“亲自”“本人”。如：
I myself did the work. 我亲自做的这件事。

Unit 22 The sports meeting
单元小结
�8�5 形容词、副词的比较等级
1. 形容词、副词比较等级的构成：形容词、副词比较等级有原级、比较级、最高级。原级既形容词或副词的本身，比较级和最高级有规则和不规则变化。【具体变化见本书第三册第三、四单元单元小结。】
2. 原级的用法：表示双方程度相等，用“as…as”，意为“和…一样”；表示双方程度不相等用“not so(as)…as”，意思是“和…不一样”或“不如…”。如：①It is as cold as it was yesterday.
今天和昨天一样冷。
②Jim didn’t jump so far as Li Lei.
吉姆跳得没有李雷高。
3. 比较级的用法：表示两个人或事物的比较用比较级。基本句式为：主语+谓语+比较级+than+比较对象。注意比较双方的性质要一致。如：
Your jacket is longer than mine. 你的夹克比我的长。
4. 最高级的用法：表示三个或三个以上的人或事物进行比较用最高级。基本句式为：主语+谓语+最高级+比较范围。比较范围常由of或in词组构成，of指同类人或物；in指地方或单位。如：
She did best in the test of all the students in his class. 在他班里所有同学中，她在这次考试中考得最好。
【注】副词最高级前不加the。
5. 有时原级、比较级和最高级之间可互相转换。如：
She is not as tall as her brother. 她比她弟弟矮。
=She is shorter than her brother.
还有Lesson 86讲解2的情况等。

Unit 23 A famous person
单元小结
�8�5 冠词及其用法
冠词是位于名词之前，说明名词说指的人或物的一种虚词。分不定冠词(a, an)和定冠词(the)两种。不定冠词a用在以辅音音素开头的单词之前；an用在以元音音素开头的单词前。
1. 不定冠词的用法：
不定冠词用于可数名词单数形式前。表示某一类人或事物；或指某人或某物但不具体说明何人何物。如：①A bike is very useful in the countryside.
自行车在农村里很有用。
②A Wang is looking for you.
一位姓王的同志组正在找你。
2. 定冠词的用法：
①表示特指某(些)人或物，或者说话双方共同所指的人或物。如：The flowers in Mary’s garden are very sweet. 重点语法
时间状语从句
1。引导词：
（1） when, while , as 当……时候. when 后可跟短暂性动词也可跟延续性动词；while 后跟延续性动词；as 多用于口语，强调同一时间，或一前一后。The students were talking in the classroom when the teacher came in.= While the students were talking in the classroom , the teacher came in. 学生在教室里谈话时，老师进来了。Mother always sings as she cooks dinner for us. 妈妈总是边给我们做饭边唱歌。
（2）not … until 直到……才，主句谓语动词常用短暂性动词。I won’t leave here until the rain stops.He didn’t sleep until his mother came back home.
(3) after 在……之后，before 在……之前，as soon as 一……就I went to sleep after I finished my homework..= I finished my homework before I went to sleep.As soon as the bell rings , the students will go into the classroom.
2. 时态
1）当主句为一般过去时时，从句常用过去的某种时态。 While I was doing my homework , the telephone rang.
(2)当主句的时态为一般将来时， 从句用一般现在时。 I will call you as soon as I get to Beijing.本topic出现的句子有：
1.While you were enjoying your trip, I was busy preparing for my exams.
2.He didn’t raise his head until someone called his name.
3.While the crowd was pushing him in different directions, someone stepped on his toes..
4. As soon as the three boys saw each other, they all jumped up happily.
5.After they rode their bikes for two and a half hours, Kangkanf , Michael and Darren arrived at the Ming Tombs.
6.As they were exploring happily, the crowd became larger and larger.
Topic3 Bicycles are popular with people
重点语法
条件状语从句
1.条件状语从句由if（如果），unless(除非)等 引导的，谓语动词常用一般现在时表示将来，主句用一般将来时。主句 if从句Will (must, should, may) 一般现在时如：I won’t go if he doesn’t go .We will pass the exam if we study hard.We won’t pass the exam unless we study hard..
2. 祈使句+and/or 引导的结果句，祈使句在意义上相当于条件状语从句。如：Hurry up, or you’ll be late.= If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.=You’ll be late unless you hurry up.Study hard, and you will pass the exam.= If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

---

镇雄县18833517447： 人教版英语八年级下册中出现的时态 - ？
翟刚欣畅： Unit 15 What do people eat? 单元小结

镇雄县18833517447： 八年级下册英语主要要学的时态都有哪些只需列举出名字即可` - ？
翟刚欣畅：[答案] 1 一般将来时 2 一般将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式3 过去将来时态(将来时态的委婉说法)4 过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式 5过去进行时态 过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式 6 现在完成进行时态形式 7现在完成...

镇雄县18833517447： 人教版八年级英语会学那些时态 - ？
翟刚欣畅：[答案] 上册:现在进行时 下册:一般将来时,过去进行时,现在完成时,现在完成进行时(不要求掌握) 很高兴为你解答! 请及时采纳哦!多谢你的问题!

镇雄县18833517447： 八年级下册英语时态 - ？
翟刚欣畅： 英语中有16种时态1.一般现在时 the present tense 2.一般过去时 the past tense3.一般将来时 the future tense4.一般过去将来时 the past future tense 5.现在进行时 the present continuous tense6.过去进行时 the past Continuous Tense 7.将来进行时 ...

镇雄县18833517447： 八年级下册英语时态总结1.意义2.结构3.常用的时间状语 1 - 6单元的时态全部总结 最好按点来如:过去进行时1.意义:...2.结构:....3.时间状语:..... - ？
翟刚欣畅：[答案] 1.关于谈论外星人和UFO 着陆时,人们在干什么(预测未来)2.提建议(运用情态动词以及Why don't ...的用法)3.谈论过去发生的事(when 和 while 引导的时间状语从句)4.转述某人说的话5.谈论结果(If 引导的 条件状语...

镇雄县18833517447： 八年级下册英语时态总结 - ？
翟刚欣畅： 1.关于谈论外星人和UFO 着陆时,人们在干什么(预测未来) 2.提建议(运用情态动词以及Why don't ...? 的用法) 3.谈论过去发生的事(when 和 while 引导的时间状语从句) 4.转述某人说的话 5.谈论结果(If 引导的 条件状语从句) 6.谈论某事需要多长时间(现在完成时,一般过去时,现在进行时)

镇雄县18833517447： 求初二下学期英语时态的标志集锦 - ？
翟刚欣畅： 一 般 现 在 时.概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况. 动词用原形(单三人称动词加s / es) (问句和否定句借用助词do / does) 时间状语 often, usually, always, sometimes, every day(week, month),once a week, on Mondays,...

镇雄县18833517447： 八下英语二单元语法 - ？
翟刚欣畅： Unit 2 What should I do?重点语法:过去将来时态(将来时态的委婉说法) do/does 的过去将来时态形式:(should/would) do do/does 的过去将来时态的被动语态:(should/would) be done 过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式:肯...

镇雄县18833517447： 人教版初中英语八大时态详解 - ？
翟刚欣畅： 英语的时态(tense)是一种动词形式,不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式.下面就英语中常见的八种基本时态进行阐述,其它的时态都是在这八种时态的基础上结合而成的.一、 一般现在时:...

镇雄县18833517447： 初中英语中的8个时态 的定义是什么? - ？
翟刚欣畅： 常用的有8种时态:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,现在完成时,过去完成时和过去将来时,其他时态在初中少见 (一)一般现在时的定义:一般现在时是表示现在经常反复发生的动作存在的状态或习惯性的...