英语翻译 1、我们只是记住课本（textbooks）上的公理和公式（principles and formulas）
Elastic analysis
New power and new transmission lines to meet demand for electricity has a significant substitution effect, in order to quantify the
Analysis of this substitution effect, we have introduced the concept of flexibility. Flexibility is a concept in economics, used to indicate
As the dependent variable of the relative changes in economic variables as independent variables for the economic variables of relative changes in response to
The degree of
Flexibility can be explicitly expressed in the point 1% increase or decrease the capacity of electricity caused by the difference between the change
Degree, it can be understood as the capacity of one percent deviation from the point when the difference brought about by changes in electricity prices.
e
To show the power transmission lines and substitution effects, but also a need to introduce the concept of cross-elasticity. Cross-elasticity
A commodity in demand for a certain period of time relative to its associated changes in commodity prices relative
Reflect the degree of change. Here can be understood as the capacity of new power in relation to changes in the extent of new transmission lines
Caused by the way receipts (price difference) changes in the degree. New transmission lines in relation to the proceeds of the new power changes
Change the source of the capacity of the cross-elasticity coefficient is calculated as (assuming power plant built in the region A):
(4) analysis of numerical example
Micro-economic analysis of the use of more of the supply function is linear, but a linear function of the form is too simple,
Constant and flexibility for its constants, is not conducive to the flexibility analysis. Microscopic analysis of the cost function in the general secondary or
From three of the power function, because prices can be seen as marginal cost, so in order to facilitate the analysis, the supply function
Using the second form of power function. At the same time, cost and installed capacity of power plant size effect exists, that is, installed capacity
Reached a certain size of the year after expenses (including operating expenses and depreciation charges), although the increase in capacity to reduce.
Assuming A, B between the total demand for 1000MW, S1 of the S2 equation are as follows:
The initial A, B between the two transmission lines, the two places were the price 4 $ / MWh and 63.5 $ / MWh,
That is, A, B two places in respect of the provision of 100MW of electricity and 900MW, the two places for the price difference of 59.5 $ / MWh.
If you do not consider the impact of power supply, the construction of transmission lines of the relationship between size and earnings in Table 3-1; if we do not consider
The impact of transmission lines, construction of power in the region A, the relationship between capacity and revenue shown in Table 3-2. First to build power
Source, the power grid of the game and proceeds as shown in table 3-3; in the new grid, the power and
Proceeds of the game grid as shown in table 3-4.
Proceeds of the power transmission line of the cross-elasticity of supply capacity of the transmission line capacity of the proceeds of the cross-elasticity
Figure 3-4 with the first new power grid construction both cases the cross-elasticity
Earnings as a result of transmission lines and power capacity addition, but also the expansion of the capacity of its own, it is lost
Proceeds of the power supply line of the cross-elasticity of the capacity of the graphics should be a surface, but in order to simplify the reasons, Figure 3
-4 Expressed only when the transmission line capacity of 100MW at the time of cross-elasticity, can be calculated that in its
His capacity, the transmission line capacity of the power of the proceeds of the cross-elasticity of the shape of curve at the time of 100MW
Similar. Earnings power of the transmission line capacity similar to the cross-elasticity results.
ANOVA Model: The Unconditional Model
方差分析模型:无条件模型
This unconditional model quantifies the outcome variation in an important way: first, across dependent variables without independent variables (the ANOVA model). These results allow us to establish: first, whether there is systemic variation in the outcome that is worth exploring; and second, where that variation resides (local or regional level). Is there importance in each of the two levels (of local and regional) for understanding local hazard mitigation policy adoption? To answer this question, this paper estimated the ANOVA model described in formula (1). The ANOVA model, which can be called the unconditional means model, simply describes and partitions the variation in outcomes.
这无条件的模型变化(结果的一种重要方法:首先,穿过从属变量没有单独变量(方差分析模型得出)。这些结果让我们建立:首先,是否有全身的变化是值得探讨的产物;第二,这种变化的地方居住(本地或区域等级)。有在各自的重要性及地方的两个层次(地区)为了解当地的风险缓解政策选择吗?要回答这个问题,本文描述估计方差分析模型公式(1)。方差分析模型,该模型能够被称为无条件意味着模型,进行了简要的描述和分区的变化的结果。
The estimate of local-level variance, σε 2, is 3.008; the estimated regional-level variance, σ0 2, is 0.963. All of the variance components are statistically significant (p < .01 and .05, respectively), suggesting that that there is significant variation in local hazard mitigation policy adoption at both levels of analysis. This is evidence that the multilevel character of the local hazard mitigation policy adoption data should not be ignored.
local-level方差的估计,σε2,是3.008;据估计方差、regional-levelσ0 2,是0.963。所有的方差分量有统计学意义(p < . 01和0.05,这表明为变化较大,在当地的风险缓解政策选择在这两个层次的分析。这也说明了多层次的特点,相对减低灾害伤亡的政策选择数据当地不应该被忽视。
The ANOVA model serves another purpose as well which is to allow us to evaluate the relative magnitudes of the local-level and regional-level variance components (Bryk and Raudenbush, 1992; Snijders and Bosker, 1999; Singer and Willett, 2003). Thus, we find that the variance component at the local level accounts for a major portion (76%) variance in local hazard mitigation policy adoption. Importantly, however, 24 percent of the variance in local hazard mitigation policy adoption is due to the higher levels – that is, 24 percent of the variance is contributed by the regional level.
方差分析模型服务,这另一目的是让我们的相对大小评价local-level和regional-level方差分量,1992年,在一加一Bryk(发现,Snijders和Bosker学杂志,2003;歌手和的确是的,2003)。因此,我们发现方差成分在局部层面占大部分地方不同的(76%)相对减低灾害伤亡的政策选择。重要的是,然而,24%的方差在当地的风险缓解政策选择是由于更高层次——那就是,24%的方差作地区水平。
This is a sizable positive correlation that suggests a fair amount of clustering at the regional level. This is quite large, and is far from the zero residual autocorrelation that an OLS analysis of these data would require. Clearly, to ignore these sources of variance is to miss out on important aspects of support for the local hazard mitigation policy. This could result in erroneous substantive conclusions about local efforts in hazard mitigation (Opdenakker and Van Damme, 2000). The result of the ANOVA model indicates very clearly that there is significant variation in local hazard mitigation policy adoption at both two levels of analysis. Now we turn to the question of how we account for local hazard mitigation policy adoption at the different level.
这是一个相当大的正相关显示相当数量的聚类在地方一级。这是相当大的,远从零剩余自相关,分析这些罕见数据将要求。显然,忽略这些来源的方差是错过重要方面支持当地的风险缓解政策。这可能导致错误的实质性的结论有关当地努力减轻(危害及范Opdenakker剧,2000年)。方差分析模型的结果表明得很清楚,有明显的变化,在当地的风险缓解政策选择在两个两个层次的分析。现在我们转到的问题是如果我们占当地风险缓解政策选择在不同的等级。
We only remember the principles and formulas on the textbooks which is called rote learning, and I hate it.
2、背出乘法表（times tables）可以快速解出题目（handle arithmetic）、，却不告诉我们为什么
In order to let students handle arithmetic more quickly, (school) just make us memorize times tables ,Instead of giving us any reasons,
3、中国小学生的一般运算能力（numeracy skills）比西方小学生的更好（outperform）其实是有原因的
Actually, there are reasons for Chinese pupuils better at numeracy skills than those in western countries
4、而不是只学会只是（acquire knowledge）
but not only learn to acquire knowledge
我希望数学课老师能多讲一些实例（practical examples），培养我们对数学的兴趣（foster our interest in mathematics），而不只学会知识。
Instead of just learning some knowledge of maths, I hope maths teachers can put out more practical examples (in classes), in the meantime, to foster our interests in mathematics.
1, we only remember books (textbooks), on justice and on the formula (principles and formulas), I hated rote learning (rote learning)
2, recite multiplication tables (times tables) you can quickly work out topics (handle arithmetic), but does not tell us why
3, General computing power of Chinese primary school students (numeracy skills) better than Western primary school pupils (outperform) is actually a reason for
4, rather than just learning (acquire knowledge)
望能采纳
1, we only memorize thoes principles and formulas from textbooks, i hate rote learning.
2, by memorizing times tables, we can handle arithmetic fast, but no one tell us why.
(没有主语，我自己加上去的)
3, there is a reason why, in general, Chinese students are outperform western students in numeracy skills.
4, not only to acquire knowledge (这句话不完整吧）
1：
I hate therote learning
2：
Recitethe multiplication tablescan quicklyget the solution to the problem,but do nottell us why.
3:
Generaloperation ability ofChineseprimary schoolpupilsare betterthan in the Westthere is a reason
4：
and not onlylearnjust
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