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Daniel Defoe

1 Daniel Defoe (1659/1661 – April 24 , 1731) was an English writer, journalist, and spy, who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe.

2 Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest practitioners of the novel, helped popularise the genre in Britain and is even referred to as one of the founders, if not the founder, of the English novel.

3 Daniel Defoe was born as the son of Alice and James Foe.

4 His father is a butcher of Stroke Newington, whose stubborn puritanism occasionally comes through Defoe's writing.

5 He was educated in a Dissenting Academy at Stoke Newington run by Charles Morton

6In 1684 he married Mary Tuffley; they had two sons and five daughters.

7 He produced some 200 works of nonfiction prose in addition to close 2 000 short essays in periodical publications

8 Defoe was one of the first to write stories about believable characters in realistic situations using simple prose.

9In 1702 Defoe wrote his famous pamphlet The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters.

10 Defoe's famous novel Robinson Crusoe (1719) tells of a man's shipwreck on a deserted island and his subsequent adventures.

11 Daniel Defoe died on April 24 , 1731.

Henry Fielding

1 Henry Fielding (April 22, 1707 – October 8, 1754) was an English novelist and dramatist known for his rich earthy humour and satirical prowess, and as the author of the novel Tom Jones.

2 Aside from his literary achievements, he has a significant place in the history of law-enforcement, having founded what some have called London's first police force, the Bow Street Runners, using his authority as a magistrate.

3 Born into an aristocratic family at Sharpham near Glastonbury in Somerset in 1707, Fielding was educated at Eton College, where he established a lifelong friendship with Pitt the Elder. His younger sister, Sarah, also became a successful writer.

4 His father was a nephew of the 3th Earl of Denbigha, and mother was from a prominent family of lawyers.

5 In 1728 he wrote two plays, of which LOVE IN SEVERAL MASQUES was successfully performed at Drury Lane.

6 Between the years 1729 and 1737 Fielding wrote 25 plays but he acclaimed critical notice with his novels. The best known are THE HISTORY OF TOM JONES, A FOUNDLING (1749), in which the tangled comedies of coincidence are offset by the neat, architectonic structure of the story, and THE HISTORY OF THE ADVENTURES OF JOSEPH ANDREWS (1742), a parody of Richardson's Pamela (1740).

7 His greatest work was Tom Jones (1749), a meticulously constructed picaresque novel telling the convoluted and hilarious tale of how a foundling came into a fortune.

8 He was the first major novelist to openly admit that his prose fiction was pure artefact.

9 His aim as a novelist was to write comic epic poems in prose - he once described himself as "great, tattered bard."
"When I'm not thanked at all, I'm thanked enough;
I've done my duty, and I've done no more."
(from Tom Thumb the Great, 1730)

10 Henry Fielding died on October 8, 1754

Samuel Richardson

1 Samuel Richardson (August 19, 1689 – July 4, 1761) was a major English 18th century writer best known for his three epistolary novels: Pamela: Or, Virtue Rewarded (1740), Clarissa: Or the History of a Young Lady (1748) and Sir Charles Grandison (1753).

2 Richardson had been an established printer and publisher for most of his life when, at the age of 51, he wrote his first novel and immediately became one of the most popular and admired writers of his time.

3 Richardson was born in 1689 in Mackworth, Derbyshire.

4.His mother, Elizabeth, was a woman "not ungenteel" and his father (another Samuel) was a joiner from Surrey, described by his son as "of middling note."

5 His father was a London joiner (a kind of skilled workman who makes the wooden fittings of a building, e.g. window frames and doors).

6 In 1721 Richardson married Martha Wilde, the daughter of his former employer.

7 His wife died on January 23, 1731, following the deaths of five of their six children.

8 In 1733, following the death of this child, Richardson remarried.

9 His second wife Elizabeth was also a daughter of a former employer, John Leake. Together they had six children (five daughters and one son). Four of their daughters reached adulthood and survived their father.
7 In 1733 he wrote The Apprentice’s Vade Mecum, urging young men like himself to be diligent and self-denying.

10 Richardson's other most popular work, also regarded today as his best work, is Clarissa or, the History of a Young Lady, published in 1747-8. This novel is a tragic story of a girl who runs off with her seducer, but is later abandoned.

11 The popularity of Pamela was mainly due to the effective technique of revealing the story through letters written by the protagonist.

12 Samuel Richardson died on July 4, 1761.

Daniel Defoe

Daniel Defoe (1659/1661 – April 24 , 1731) was an English writer, journalist, and spy, who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe. Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest practitioners of the novel, helped popularise the genre in Britain and is even referred to as one of the founders, if not the founder, of the English novel.[2] A prolific and versatile writer, he wrote more than five hundred books, pamphlets, and journals on various topics (including politics, crime, religion, marriage, psychology and the supernatural). He was also a pioneer of economic journalism.

Early life

Daniel Foe (his original name), was probably born in the parish of St. Giles Cripplegate, London. (Daniel later added the aristocratic sounding "De" to his name and on occasion claimed descent from the family of De Beau Faux.) Both the date and the place of his birth are uncertain with sources often giving dates of 1659 or 1661. His father, James Foe, though a member of the Butchers' Company, was a tallow chandler. In Daniel's early life he experienced first-hand some of the most unusual occurrences in English history: In 1664, when Defoe was probably about four years old, a Dutch fleet sailed up the River Thames and attacked London. In 1665 70,000 were killed by the plague. On top of all these catastrophes, the Great Fire of London (1666) hit Defoe's neighbourhood hard, leaving only his and two other homes standing in the area.[3] All of this happened before Defoe was around seven years old, and by the age of about thirteen, Defoe's mother had died.[4] Both of his parents were Presbyterian dissenters, and he was educated in a Dissenting Academy at Stoke Newington run by Charles Morton (later vice-president of Harvard University).

Although Defoe was a Christian himself he decided not to become a dissenting minister, and entered the world of business as a general merchant, dealing at different times in hosiery, general woolen goods, and wine. Though his ambitions were great and he bought both a country estate and a ship (as well as civet cats to make perfume), he was rarely free of debt. In 1684 Defoe married a woman by the name of Mary Tuffley, receiving a dowry of £3,700. With his recurring debts, their marriage was most likely a difficult one. They had eight children, six of whom survived. In 1685, he joined the ill-fated Monmouth Rebellion, but gained a pardon by which he escaped the assizes of Judge George Jeffreys. In 1692, Defoe was arrested for payments of £700 (and his civets were seized), though his total debts may have amounted to £17,000. His laments were loud, and he always defended unfortunate debtors, but there is evidence that his financial dealings were not always honest.

Following his release, he probably traveled in Europe and Scotland, and it may have been at this time that he traded in wine to Cadiz, Porto, and Lisbon. By 1695 he was back in England, using the name "Defoe", and serving as a "commissioner of the glass duty", responsible for collecting the tax on bottles. In 1696, he was operating a tile and brick factory in Tilbury, Essex and thought to be living in nearby Chadwell St Mary.

Pamphleteering and prison

Defoe's first notable publication was An Essay upon Projects, a series of proposals for social and economic improvement, published in 1697. From 1697 to 1698, he defended the right of King William III to a standing army during disarmament after the Treaty of Ryswick (1697) had ended the War of the Grand Alliance (1689 – 97). His most successful poem, The True-Born Englishman (1697), defended the king against the perceived xenophobia of his enemies, satirising the English claim to racial purity. In 1701, Defoe, flanked by a guard of sixteen gentlemen of quality, presented the Legion's Memorial to the Speaker of the House of Commons, later his employer, Robert Harley. It demanded the release of the Kentish petitioners, who had asked Parliament to support the king in an imminent war against France.

Defoe's pamphleteering and political activities resulted in his arrest and placement in a pillory on July 31, 1703, principally on account of a pamphlet entitled "The Shortest Way with the Dissenters", in which he ruthlessly satirised the High church Tories, purporting to argue for the extermination of dissenters. However, according to legend, the publication of his poem Hymn to the Pillory caused his audience at the pillory to throw flowers instead of the customary harmful and noxious objects, and to drink to his health. The historicity of this story, however, is questioned by most scholars, although the scholar J. R. Moore later said that “no man in England but Defoe ever stood in the pillory and later rose to eminence among his fellow men.”[4]

After his three days in the pillory, Defoe went into Newgate Prison. Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer, brokered his release in exchange for Defoe's co-operation as an intelligence agent. Within a week of his release from prison, Defoe witnessed the Great Storm of 1703, which raged from 26 to 27 November, the only true hurricane ever to have made it over the Atlantic Ocean to the British Isles at full strength. It caused severe damage to London and Bristol, uprooted millions of trees, and over 8,000 people lost their lives, mostly at sea. The event became the subject of Defoe's The Storm (1704), a collection of eyewitness accounts of the tempest. In the same year he set up his periodical A Review of the Affairs of France, which supported the Harley ministry, chronicling the events of the War of the Spanish Succession (1702 – 14). The Review ran tri-weekly without interruption until 1713. When Harley was ousted from the ministry in 1708 Defoe continued writing it to support Godolphin, then again to support Harley and the Tories in the Tory ministry of 1710 to 1714. After the Tories fell from power with the death of Queen Anne, it is widely thought Defoe continued doing intelligence work for the Whig government.

Later life and writings

The extent and particulars of Defoe's writing in the period from the Tory fall in 1714 to the publication of Robinson Crusoe in 1719 is widely contested. Defoe comments on the tendency to attribute author-less tracts to him in his self-vindicatory Appeal to Honour and Justice (1715), a defence of his part in Harley's Tory ministry (1710 – 14). Other works that are thought to anticipate his novelistic career include: The Family Instructor (1715), an immensely successful conduct manual on religious duty; Minutes of the Negotiations of Monsr. Mesnager (1717), in which he impersonates the titular French plenipotentiary, who negotiated the Treaty of Utrecht (1713); and A Continuation of the Letters Writ by a Turkish Spy (1718), a satire on European politics and religion, professedly written by a Muslim in Paris.

From 1719 to 1724, Defoe published the novels for which he is now famous (see below). In the final decade of his life, he also wrote conduct manuals, including Religious Courtship (1722), The Complete English Tradesman (1726), and The New Family Instructor (1727). He published a number of books decrying the breakdown of the social order, such as The Great Law of Subordination Considered (1724) and Everybody's Business is Nobody's Business (1725), and works on the supernatural, like The Political History of the Devil (1726), A System of Magick (1726), and An Essay on the History and Reality of Apparitions (1727). His works on foreign travel and trade include A General History of Discoveries and Improvements (1727) and Atlas Maritimus and Commercialis (1728). Perhaps his greatest achievement alongside the novels is the magisterial A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724 – 27), which provided a panoramic survey of British trade on the eve of the Industrial Revolution.

Daniel Defoe died on April 26, 1731, probably whilst in hiding from his creditors. He was interred in Bunhill Fields, London, where his grave can still be visited.

His name is Daniel Defoe
http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/defoe.htm
http://www.classicreader.com/author.php/aut.2/
http://www.classicauthors.net/defoe/

Henry Fielding
http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/hfieldin.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fielding
http://incompetech.com/authors/fielding/

Samuel Richardson
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Richardson
http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/pamela_illustrated/richardson.htm

You spelled the first author wrong: Defoe, not Deroe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fielding

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Richardson

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