请教 英国 美国文学史梗概
作者&投稿：乾羽 （若有异议请与网页底部的电邮联系）
太多了，买书吧。 第六章到第十二章很有意思的。文学作品选读也不像《英国文学》那么生硬了。
本课程分为15章：
第一章：美国印地安文学 （1学时）
第二章：殖民时期的美国文学（1学时）
第三章：启蒙时期的美国文学---美国民族文学的兴起（2学时）
第四章：早期浪漫主义（4学时）
第五章：超验主义---美国知识分子的浪漫主义运动 （2学时）
第六章：浪漫主义高潮 （4学时）
第七章：现实主义文学; 地方色彩 （2学时）
第八章：自然主义文学 （4学时）
第九章：美国现代主义文学（4学时）
第十章：迷惘的一代（2学时）
第十一章：垮掉的一代（2学时）
第十二章：南方文学和女性文学（2学时）
第十三章：美国犹太文学 （2学时）
第十四章：黑人文学（2学时）
第十五章：华裔美国文学 （2学时）
首先 ，《美国文学史及选读》《英国文学史及选读》，这两本书的学习指南一般书店都会买到，不管是哪所大学的版本 都很容易在图书市场找到中文版和学习指南，买这两本书的学习指南 要看清楚你的书是哪个出版社的版本，不要弄混了，《欧洲文化入门》，这本书至今还没见到中文版本，建议你问一下吉林大学的研究生师兄师姐，吉大要求这本书，《英美概况》青岛海洋版本的学习指南只有哈尔滨师范大学的一名老师出过，其他都没有 其他出版社有张奎武的版本 这个版本的学习指南很好找 一般大书店都有 我是学习文学的，建议你在学习文学的过程中，先读一下中文版本的整个文学史，先有一个大概的印象，然后再读英文，融会贯通，注意基本点的掌握，考研没那么深奥，基础最重要！
······································
说行天下：小说网站上千个，总有一个适合您。 说行天下
美国文学史梗概
一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期
最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒，二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处，但他们都信奉加尔文主义：人生在世只是为了受苦受难，而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”，死后进天国，相信“原罪”。这时的文学作品也主要反映了这些思想，和欧洲文学一脉相承。
代表作家：考顿·马瑟，乔纳森·爱德华兹，安妮·布拉兹特里特，爱德华·泰勒。
二、18世纪独立战争胜利后，美国经济社会进入稳步发展时期
这一时期是启蒙主义文学运动的时期，主要文学指导思想是“自然神论”（Deism），强调理性，认为“宇宙的运动始于上帝”；自然万物是“神的体现”，人生在世，不再是受苦受难以换取来世的新生，而是要消灭种族、性别和信仰的不平等，建立自己的“人间乐园”。
主要特点：作家多是美国独立战争的积极拥护者和参加者；文学指导思想除了自然神论之外还有“唯理主义”和“新古典主义”，18世纪末还开始萌发了“早期浪漫主义”；文学种类主要有历史、日记和政论，也有诗歌，讽刺小品和劝人向善的故事，18世纪末还产生了话剧。
启蒙运动中出现大量优秀的散文作品，并多出自开国元勋之手，如本杰明·富兰克林，托马斯·潘恩，以及托马斯·杰斐逊。
三、19世纪南北战争时期
这一时期的文学先后发展了浪漫主义，现实主义和自然主义。
浪漫主义：18世纪70年代－19世纪30年代是浪漫主义发展的初期，南北战争前30年（1830－1860）为极盛时期，南北战争后10年逐渐衰微并向现实主义过度。浪漫主义注重“想象”、“激情”和“个性解放”，认为人本质是善良的，铲除邪恶和拯救人类的手段是抛弃一切传统束缚，摧毁一切陈规陋习而回归到“自然的原始状态中去。超验主义是其一分支，强调“天人合一”，认为上帝、人类和自然都是“超灵”的组成部分。
代表作家及作品：爱默生《自然》，索罗《瓦尔登湖》，霍桑《红字》，麦尔维尔《白鲸》，惠特曼《草叶集》。
现实主义：是美国政治、经济发展的必然产物，西部开拓运动、工业化、科学技术的进步都促进了其发展。现实主义的作家一般为实用主义和民主主义的信徒，他们追求和反映的是具有具有显而易见效果并被经验证实了的相对真理，他们创作题材的是普通人平常事，是中产阶级艺术的最高表现。
豪威尔斯是现实主义的奠基人，他发现了马克·吐温，鼓励和帮助了亨利·詹姆斯，影响了自然主义作家弗兰·克诺里斯和斯蒂芬·克莱恩。
自然主义：是现实主义的发展和继续，是现实主义与19世纪科学所强调的“分析法”和“因果律”互相结合的产物，有时被称为“悲观的现实主义”，认为人是一种软弱无能的动物，被置于机械化的世界汇总而成为这一世界中难以驾御的几种势力（包括环境、自然、遗传等）的牺牲品
其里程碑是：19世纪70、80年代左拉的小说的出版，90年代克莱恩的《红色英勇徽章》，1900年德莱塞《嘉莉妹妹》，1912年《金融家》，1925年《美国的悲剧》。
四、20世纪美国文学经历了两次世界大战，跨越了三个时代
a) 斯文时代（1880－1914，The Genteel Age）：这是一个跨世纪的，美国经济繁荣的时代。此时的美国文学与欧洲文学之间有着某种暧昧关系，本质上是欧洲式的和美国的小欧洲新英格兰式的。此时以西奥多·罗斯福为代表的民族主义在文学上有着强烈的反映，人们还念念不忘美国与欧洲的文化联系与差异。
b) 爵士时代（1918－1929, The Jazz Age）：一战后，产生了一代不受约束，幻想破灭了和玩世不恭的年青人，被格特鲁德·斯坦因称为“迷惘的一代”。
c) 经济萧条时代（1929－1941，The Depression Era）：20年代的玩世不恭的态度在此时转化为一种愤愤不平的悲观主义，30年代美国文学转向了“社会抗议文学”，“心理之学”和追求人的精神世界。
美国文学先后经历了现代主义，和后现代主义思潮：
现代主义：一战后到50年代，是一场自觉地反传统的文学艺术运动，表现无意识的荒谬心态，如斯坦因，乔伊斯的小说，运用意识流的手法，如福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》和《我弥留之际》；在组织构架上偏爱用神话，如艾略特的《荒原》，庞德的《诗章》，乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》；风格上以“意象”为主，语言上主张简洁、准确；题材上主要反映一战参与者的生活、思想、感情和前途命运，如多斯珀索斯的《三个士兵》，海明威的《太阳照样升起》，《永别了，武器》，描写了精神崩溃与幻想破灭的一代人。
邪恶是这是文学的主要题材之一，艾略特、弗罗斯特、奥尼尔、卡明斯、埃利森的作品中都有体现。
后现代主义：在二战后，纳粹极权主义大屠杀、原子弹、自然环境的破坏、世界人口过剩和饥荒造成西方人的精神摧残与危机，作家继续进行现代主义反传统的文艺实验，而且企图与当时业已形成规范的现代主义文艺形式决裂。后现代主义主张否定社会秩序，表现支离破碎的世界，认为文艺批评就是现象学形式的理论。此时，美国黑人文学，犹太文学，南方文学，反战文学和女权主义文学竞相发展。
小说家托马斯·品钦，诗人西尔维亚·普莱斯，戏剧家艾玛穆·阿米里·巴拉卡为典型的后现代主义作家。
索尔·贝娄，艾伦·金斯伯格，拉尔夫·埃里森，田纳西·威廉斯，阿瑟·密勒和爱德华·阿尔比是从现代主义向后现代主义过渡的著名作家。
20世纪美国文学的两个特征：
1. 现代主义作家一般是反对传统观念而提倡“个人主义”的或者说他们打破了美国社会、道德和文学的常规。
2. 现代作家潜心探索一种真正属于美国人民的写作手法和语言风格，他们试图以纯美国的方式进行创作。
英国的是我的笔记
英国文学史笔记
英国文学史笔记
1. Childe Harold’s Pilipimage
the poem tells of Childe Harold’s (A youth of noble birth) travels in Europe. Harold is young aristocrat whose “world-weariness” be speaks his loathing for English high society ,He leaves him country to escape from the society he hears and hates being solitary and melancholy he seek the company ship of mountains and seas .But beneath this melancholia(精神忧郁症) is a sad earnest a suffering young man of ardent feelings with a keen understanding and a strong love of freedom .Besides Harold’s impressions of the countries he visits. The poem in interspersed with a lyrical out bursts representing Byron’s own philosophical and political views .At First the views are express through the mouth of Hreold ,but by and by the creator and the creation become one the poet steps from the backstage to the fore and speaks directory to the audience himself.
2. The cricissitudes of his life and his adventures in many countries are described against caries social backgrounds and he is seen to take part in different historical events this giving amid panorama of contemporary life (ababcc )
3. Don Juan
Don Juan is Byron’s masterpiece writer in the prime of his creative power .His aim was to remove the choak which the manners and max of high society throw over their secret signs and show that to the world as they are .He called this poem an epic satire .A satire on abuse of the present state of society almost all Don Juan is real life .Either my own of from people I know. In Don Juan Byron displayed his genius as romanticist and a realist simultaneously
4. Ozymandias
The author shows his strong love behavior and his consistent hatred for tyranny. In this poem he also expresses his long for the nevenage of a once tyrannical King.
5. Ode to the West Wind
The west wind is considered a “destroyer” because it drive the last sign of life from trees, it’s is also considered the “preserver” because it scatters the seas which was come to life in spring.
6. To a Sky-Lark
The author portrays the softy flight of the sky-lark, the west wind and the sky-lark are symbols of freedom spiritual vitality that the poet want to possess desperate his bitter criticism of the harsh society. The poet fuses in both poems a note of optimism of promising for humanity.
7. John Keats
About poem: To Keats poetry exist for it’s own sake if preoccupy with philosophy or politic or any course at all, it will lose it’s own identity or quality
Aim: Keats was not only the last but the most perfect of Romanticist the only artistic aim in this poetry was to create a beautiful world imagination as apposed to the Sophie realistic of his days
创作原则: "beauty is truth, truth beauty " at the bottom of his poem lies his this satisfaction with the society in which he lied and experienced great miseries and sufferings
8. On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer
韵律韵脚：ABBA，ABBA，CDCD，CD（意大利）
9. Ode to a Nightingale
In this poem the author express his wishes to free himself form the burden of human cares and anxieties and to moaners himself in a world of beauty together with the bird
10. What is the genre of English literature in the 19th century
So far as the literary form for genre is concerned, the main contribution made by the 19th century critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Like the realists of 18th century, the 19th century critical realists made use of the broad canvas of novel for full and detailed representations of social and political events, and of the fate of individuals and of hole social classes. However, the realistic novels of 19th century went further than those of 18th century in fact they not only pictured the conflicts between separate individuals who stood for definite social strata(circle), but also showed the broad social conflicts over and above the fate of the mere individual
11. The 19th century realists’ strength.
The English realists of the 19th century not only give a satiric portal of a bourgeois and all the classes, but also showed the profound sympathy for the common people classes, but also showed the profound sympathy for the common people. In their best works the greed and hypocrisy of upper classes are contrasted with the onshest and good heartedness of the sympathy men of the lower classes. Hence humor and satire are used; humor is tinged with lyricism and servers to stress the human qualities of positive characters. However, bitter satire is used to expose the seamy side of rural society, through the stretches of various negative characters given birth to by the capitalist system, critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of rule of cosy upon human nature. Here lies in the democratic and humanistic character of critical realism and … in the 19th century
12. The 19th century realists’ weakness
The critical realists of the 19th century did not, and, due to their world outlook, could, not, find a way to eradicate social evils. They did not realize the massive of changing bourgeoisie society, they were unable to find a good solution to the social contradictions, the chief tendency in their works is not a revolution but rather a reformism: they often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeoisie world, merely to close in a much too co-incidental happy ending or an impotent compromise(So we can see at once the …)
13. Characteristics of critical realism
In general the critical realists described with much vivid and great artistic skill. The chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalized system. from a democratic view point:
1Critical realism is reflection of the reality with objectivity specificity and facility
2It is an intense exposure and criticism of greed and hypocrisy of ruling class
3The representative characters depicted within the prevented surrounding unfair both to the summit
14. Analysis of Oliver twist
Oliver Twist tells the story of an orphan boy, whose adventures provide a description of the lower depths of London.
† In the preface to the novel, Dickens proclaims himself a realist:
He makes his readers aware of the inhumanity of city life under capitalism. The first eleven chapters provide a most bitter and thoroughgoing exposure of the terrible conditions in the English workhouse of the time and the cruel treatment of a poor orphan by all sorts of “philanthropists” 慈善家.
The famous scene in Chapter II, in which Oliver was beaten up and punished merely because he ventured to ask for an extra portion of gruel to alleviate his intolerable hunger, is only one of the many details to show the extreme brutality and corruption of the oppressors and their agents.
It is in scenes like this we see the great critical realist voicing the helpless sufferings of the poor and the oppressed.
† Dickens succeeds in calling forth the reader’s sympathy for the lower classes:
In the vivid description of the thieves’ den and of the under-world of London, Dickens succeeds in calling forth the reader’s sympathy for the down-trodden people of the lower classes, who, degraded and corrupted by the social environment of the time, either climb up to be parasites 寄生虫 of oppressors or fall to be victims of society or even criminals. Among the characters of the lower strata, Oliver is the only one who emerges happy and successful in the end.
This happy issue/ending which Dickens’ novels usually end in comes about as a result of his optimistic belief in the inevitable triumph of good over evil.
Defects of the novel:
1. The improbability of the plot:
Toward the end of the novel, the plot gets to be very intricate and the reader is simply mystified, and when the mystery is finally revealed to him, he is faced with impossible coincidences which lead to the happy ending.
At critical moments Oliver has been once and again saved by “kindly” gentlefolk, who happen to be his parents’ kith and kin. 亲属
2. The unconvincingness of some characters.
Oliver himself is a pale figure who seems to be the helpless victim of fate. Fagin and Bill Sikes are too inhuman to be true, while the rich Mr. Brownlow and Miss Maylie are vaguely pictured as benevolent and good.
Here we may see that—
Dickens, while sympathizing with the miseries of the people, did not know what or who was responsible for such miseries and even cherished some illusion about rich and idle people like Mr. Brownlow and Miss Maylie. The whole social question, in Dickens’ opinion, would be settled if only every employer followed the example set by “good gentlemen” like Brownlow.
15. Women’s novelists in 19th century
Women novelists began to appear in England during the second half of the 18th century, but some gifted women of the 19th century made such contributions to the English novel that they have justifiably won their places in the front ranks of the brilliant realists headed by Dickens and Thackeray. These remarkable women novelists are Jane Austen, George Eliot and the Bronte sisters.
I .Jane Austen
Founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middle class people.
Her works:
Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Persuasion
II. George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans)
Novels:
Adam Bede (first)《亚当贝德 》
The Mill on the Floss 《弗洛斯河上的磨坊 》
Silas Marner 《织工马南 》
Adam Bede is a novel of moral conflicts, showing the contest of personal desires, passions, temperament, human weakness and the claims of moral duty. In the novel, the two pairs of lovers, Arthur and Hetty, and Adam and Dinah are described in contrast to each other. The former are shown to be always thinking of their own interests without any consideration of others, while the latter pair are endowed with high moral principles which guide their conduct for the good of others and themselves.
According to Eliot, the moral principles of man are closely connected with the “religion of heart”. This shows the influence of the bourgeois positive philosophy which seeks to reconcile science with religion and to prove the possibility of social harmony and concord in the capitalist society.
Analysis to George Eliot and her works: the novels of George Eliot mark the beginning of a new stage in the development of English critical realism following that of Dickens and Thackeray. Her characters were not grotesque types, but real, common men and women, but in other aspects her work marks retrogression. She shifted the centre of gravity in the novel from the social problems to the problems of religion and morality. While being aware of the evils of bourgeois society, she did not attack the social system. She believed in the sentimental “religion of humanity”, and cherished the illusion that humanity and love could do away with the evils
of capitalism.
III The Bronte Sisters
I. Charlotte Bronte
a. The Lowood school is the embodiment of the bourgeois principles of education, the aim of which is to bring up obedient slaves for the rich.
b. Another problem raised in the novel is the position of women in society. Jane Eyre maintains that women should have equal rights with men.
c. Charlotte Bronte attacked the greed, petty tyranny and lack of cul-ture among the bourgeoisie and sympathized with the sufferings of the poor people. Her realism was colored by petty-bourgeois philanthropy. Like Dickens, she believed that education was the key to all social problems, and that by the improvement of the school system and teaching, most of the evils of capitalism could be removed.
16. A brief review of historical backgrounds of 20th century
In the period of the transition between the 19th and 20th century the British Empire in the reign of Queen Victoria fell into a decline from the summit of its worldwide supremacy.
In the mean time, capitalistic Europe was divided into hostile camps for the colonial division of the world.
In 1917 the October Revolution broke out in Russia and a socialist state emerged.
1929 a great economic crisis in the capitalist world caused an unprecedented economic depression in Britain.
17. The definition of Stream of Consciousness
Stream of Consciousness is a narrative technique that presents as if they were coming directly from a character’s mind. Lacking chronological order, the events in a stream of consciousness narrative are presented from the character’s point of view, mixed in with the characters’ ongoing feelings and memories.
Developed by writers as James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, stream-of-consciousness writing is used to reveal a character’s complex psychology and to present it in realist detail. The novelists demonstrated an awareness of the inner workings of the mind. One’s present was believed to be the sum of his past. Time was no longer a series of chronological moments to be presented by the novelists in sequence, but as a continuous flow in the consciousness of the individual
18. Thomas Hardy
1). representative works.
Tess of the d’Urbervilles, far from the Madding Crowd, under the Greenwood, the Reture of the Native, the Mayor of Casterbridge, Jude the Obscure.
2). Hardy’s position in English literature.
The last and one of the greatest Victorian novelists.
3). theme.
Tess of the d’Urbervilles tells the tragic life story of a beautiful country girl. It is a fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the society and the political status quo in England. The misery and tragedy of Tess rise to a bitter cry of protest and denunciation of the society.
Hardy became more and more convinced that mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile mysterious fate, which brings misfortune to human life. So, there is a strong naturalistic tendency in the novel.
“Justice was done, and the Precedence of the Immortals had ended his sport with Tess.”
I. Consolidation and practice
Compare the two main figures: Tess and Angel
Tess: pure, simple
Angel: hypocritical and selfish
Angel is no angel at all, but an ordinary man. Tess has forgiven him, but he cannot forgive Tess.
II. Summary
The dominance of the novel which began in the Victorian Age, continued and increased during the
路凤异山： 本书全面梳理英美文学的基础知识及重点难点,体例清晰,内容详实.全书共包括十一章,每个章节分为三大板块:以思维导图的形式清晰展现单元的核心知识点,使读者对本章内容做到心中有数,起到提纲契领的作用.列出本章需掌握的重点知识,总结到位、脉络清晰.总结常见考点,帮助读者全面理解、彻底掌握该知识点.
温县15564748719： 英国文学史的介绍 - ？
路凤异山： 《英国文学史》包括The Venerable Bede and Caedmon、King Alfred the Great、Beowulf、The Exeter Book等内容.
温县15564748719： 欧美文学史 概要？
路凤异山： 中世纪的文学是从希腊罗马古典文学到文艺复兴文学之间的桥梁和纽带.中世纪文学非常丰富,它所取得的成就为文艺复兴文学的产生提供了充分、必要的条件. 中世纪欧洲文学包括基督教文学、英雄史诗、骑士文学和市民文学. A、基督教文...
温县15564748719： 19世纪英国文学概况? - ？
路凤异山： 十九世纪的英国处于维多利亚时期,也称为维多利亚文学时代.由于工业上的全盛,以及英国国力增强,各种社会问题和社会矛盾也日益突出.这一时期文学主流是小说,尤其是批判现实主义小说.也是整个欧洲现实主义的繁荣时期.代表作家有狄更斯,勃朗特三姐妹,托马斯哈代,萧伯纳等.
温县15564748719： 英美文学简史 - ？
路凤异山： 首先要搞清楚时间跟流派,在流派下面记住代表人物跟代表作品,如果不怕麻烦可以另外整理出来;考试一般不会太难的,基本上也不会考的很偏,能大概的记下来就肯定能过的;不过如果想要考高分的话,就需要好好研究了,那可是很花时间跟精力的!
温县15564748719： 英国文学史简介？
路凤异山： 我也无能,只能把这个搬给你,如果用得上,赏我10分就好 http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6
温县15564748719： 英美文学或英美文化,的名词概念是什么?什么是英美文学? - ？
路凤异山： 英美文学关注的是英国和美国这两个国家的文学史,文学流派,文学现象以及文学作品的文本分析. 英美文化关注的是英国和美国国家概况,包括国家的历史,地理,政治制度,社会文化等
温县15564748719： 英美文学概况有哪些教材 - ？
路凤异山： 英美文学课分为文学史和文学选读.要想学好英美文学首先就要把文学史学好,搞清楚各时代的特色各流派的主张,把握好主干后再看文学选读,读读名家名篇,学会简评分析.如果想要提高一下鉴赏水平,再看看西方文论和文学批评.推荐书目:文学史可以看常耀信的那两大本,选读有王守仁的一套.文论可以看外研社出的《当代文学理论导读》和《文学批评方法手册》.
温县15564748719： 如何写好一篇关于美国文学史简介的论文 - ？
路凤异山： 按照时间顺序写,分为三大部分,分别是浪漫主义时期,现实主义时期和现代时期.每个时期列举几个相应的代表性作家,浪漫主义有艾默生,霍桑,惠特曼等,现实主义有马克吐温、迪金森、德莱赛,现代时期有庞德、海明威、福克纳等,阐述一下他们的代表作品,然后总结下这一时期的总体特色,应该差不多了.
温县15564748719： 请教英语专业研究生!关于英美文学,是不是重点要看一下文学史,(劳烦接着看一下问题补充), - ？
路凤异山： 我觉得文学史还是需要认真的看一下的,这个毕竟是学文学的基础~如果你能很好的了解文学的发展史和各个时期各个流派的脉络的话,对于考研是很重要~因为不论你考什么学校,只要是考英美文学,一定会有论述一类或者一类的题,这就...
