帮我翻译成英文,谢谢
I
hope
Congcong
can
happy
and
happiness
forever,it
is
biggest
wish
in
my
life!
这个翻译为:我希望聪聪可以永远快乐和幸福,这是我生活中最大的愿望!
happy
是开心
happiness
是幸福....happiness和happy感觉有点重复,可以这样写,也可以把happy
and
去掉
或者去掉
and
happiness
就成了希望快乐
或者希望
幸福
留着也可以啦!
希望能帮上你,虽然我英语没有4
/
6
级...不过这个句子应该是不会错的
三年前,我遇见了一个值得我欣赏的人。我疯狂的沉迷于他。
Three years ago, I met someone who deserves my appreciation. I was crazy about him.
雨天担心他有没有加衣服,夏天给他送冰棒和饮料,想念他,等待他,寻找他……
In rainy days, I was worried if he had put up enough clothes; In the summer , I gave him a popsicle and a drink , I missed him, I waited for him, and I looked for him...
然而在喜欢他的这条路上,我意外的发现了一个男孩。他不帅不高,但是却对我特别好。However, I accidentally found a boy. He was not handsome or tall , but he was very good to me.
和他在一起的时候我总是会被保护着,而不是去小心翼翼的关注别人。
When I was with him, I was always be protected, not to pay attention to others careful .
他会在过马路时让我牵着他,会在等车的时候用棉花糖给我挡太阳,会在进出商店时让我先走,会给我买冰激凌付车费,会记得我喝“青梅绿茶”,
He always took my hand when crossing the road, would use the cotton candy to keep out the sun for me when I was waiting for the car. He let me go first when we entered and left the stores, and he would buy me and ice cream and remember I like the taste "Green Plum tea"
会看到我把冰激凌吃到手上时着急给我买卫生纸,会在我跟他说起赵帅时从来不会真的跟我生气,He would buy tissue for me when I eat ice cream, and he was never angry with me when I talked about Zhao Shuai.
会对我说我要学会自己走,没有谁会一直陪着我……
He told me that I should learn to go by myself, no one would be always stay by my side all the time...
总之,和他相处会让我感到很舒服,对我来说他真的是一个很好的哥哥。可能,至少在高中毕业之前我不会放弃那个我唯一用情至深的男孩,但是从今天开始,在喜欢他的同时,也会珍惜身边的人,尤其是对我好的。很感谢你,希望我可以是你永远的妹妹。
In a word, getting along with him made me feel very comfortable. For me, he was really a good brother. Maybe, at least before I graduated from high school, I won't give up the only boy I love, but from today, I will cherish the people around me, especially to me the people who were good to me. Thank you very much, I hope that I can be your sister forever .
Cloning is a new technology
The cause of cloning for medical help, can be cloned to organ transplantation, the patients back to health
Cloning used in biotechnology, we can produce better and higher quality products
Cloning can save the imminent extinction of species, improvement of existing species
In agriculture, people use "cloning" technology produce high quality and yield varieties, thereby greatly increasing the grain output
Cloning technology will improve our lives, make our lives better
The populace at first start to know the clone technology, all is the source in the clone animal.First clones the animal since the world, also is clones Yang Duoli the birth, has initiated the innumerable person's attention and the exclamation.
The clone has the help very much to the medical enterprise, may clone the organ to transplant, makes the patient to restore the health .
The clone technology can improve our life, causes us to live well
The clone uses in the biology, may cultivate a better quality higher product .
The clone may save the species which soon wipes out an entire race, improves the existing species.
In agricultural aspect, the people use “the clone” the technology to cultivate the good quality and high output variety, enhanced the grain yield greatly.
克隆”是从英文“clone”音译而来,在生物学领域有3个不同层次的含义。
1.在分子水平,克隆一般指DNA克隆(也叫分子克隆)。含义是将某一特定DNA片断通过重组DNA技术插入到一个载体(如质粒和病毒等)中,然后在宿主细胞中进行自我复制所得到的大量完全相同的该DNA片断的“群体”。
2.在细胞水平,克隆实质由一个单一的共同祖先细胞分裂所形成的一个细胞群体。其中每个细胞的基因都相同。比如,使一个细胞在体外的培养液中分裂若干代所形成的一个遗传背景完全相同的细胞集体即为一个细胞克隆。又如,在脊椎动物体内,当有外源物(如细菌或病毒)侵入时,会通过免疫反应产生特异的识别抗体。产生某一特定抗体的所有浆细胞都是由一个B细胞分裂而成,这样的一个浆细胞群体也是一个细胞克隆。细胞克隆是一种低级的生殖方式-无性繁殖,即不经过两性结合,子代和亲代具有相同的遗传性。生物进化的层次越低,越有可能采取这种繁殖方式。
3.在个体水平,克隆是指基因型完全相同的两个或更多的个体组成的一个群体。比如,两个同卵双胞胎即为一个克隆!因为他(她)们来自同一个卵细胞,所以遗传背景完全一样。按此定义,“多利”并不能说成是一个克隆!因为“多利”只是孤单的一个。只有当那些英国胚胎学家能将两个以上完全相同的细胞核移植到两个以上完全相同的去核卵细胞中,得到两个以上遗传背景完全相同的“多利”时才能用克隆这个词来描述。所以在那篇发表于1997年2月出版在《Nature》杂志上的轰动性论文中,作者并没有把“多利”说成是一个克隆。
另外,克隆也可以做动词用,意思是指获得以上所言DNA、细胞或个体群体的过程。
二、克隆技术
1.DNA克隆
现在进行DNA克隆的方法多种多样,其基本过程如下图所示(未按比例)
可见,这样得到的DNA可以应用于生物学研究的很多方面,包括对特异DNA的碱基顺序的分析和处理,以及生物技术工业中有价值蛋白质的大量生产等等。
2.生物个体的克隆
(1)植物个体的克隆
在20世纪50年代,植物学家用胡萝卜为模型材料,研究了分化的植物细胞中遗传物质是否丢失问题,他们惊奇地发现,从一个单一已经高度分化的胡萝卜细胞
可以发育形成一棵完整的植株!由此,他们认为植物细胞具有全能性。从一棵胡萝卜中的两个以上的体细胞发育而成的胡萝卜群体的遗传背景完全一样,故为一个克隆。如此的植物的克隆过程是一个完全的无性繁殖过程!
(2)动物个体的克隆
① “多利”的诞生
1997年2月27日英国爱丁堡罗斯林(Roslin)研究所的伊恩·维尔莫特科学研究小组向世界宣布,世界上第一头克隆绵羊“多利”(Dolly)诞生,这一消息立刻轰动了全世界。
“多莉”的产生与三只母羊有关。一只是怀孕三个月的芬兰多塞特母绵羊,两只是苏格兰黑面母绵羊。芬兰多塞特母绵羊提供了全套遗传信息,即提供了细胞核(称之为供体);一只苏格兰黑面母绵羊提供无细胞核的卵细胞;另一只苏格兰黑面母绵羊提供羊胚胎的发育环境——子宫,是“多莉”羊的“生”母。其整个克隆过程简述如下:
从芬兰多塞特母绵羊的乳腺中取出乳腺细胞,将其放入低浓度的营养培养液中,细胞逐渐停止了分裂,此细胞称之为供体细胞;给一头苏格兰黑面母绵羊注射促性腺素,促使它排卵,取出未受精的卵细胞,并立即将其细胞核除去,留下一个无核的卵细胞,此细胞称之为受体细胞;利用电脉冲的方法,使供体细胞和受体细胞发生融合,最后形成了融合细胞,由于电脉冲还可以产生类似于自然受精过程中的一系列反应,使融合细胞也能象受精卵一样进行细胞分裂、分化,从而形成胚胎细胞;将胚胎细胞转移到另一只苏格兰黑面母绵羊的子宫内,胚胎细胞进一步分化和发育,最后形成一只小绵羊。出生的“多莉”小绵羊与多塞特母绵羊具有完全相同的外貌。
一年以后,另一组科学家报道了将小鼠卵丘细胞(围绕在卵母细胞外周的高度分化细胞)的细胞核移植到去除了细胞核的卵母细胞中得到20多只发育完全的小鼠。如呆“多利”因为只有一只,还不够叫做克隆羊的话,这些小鼠
就是名副其实的克隆鼠了。
② 通过细胞核移植克隆小鼠的基本过程
在本实验中,卵丘细胞是经如下过程得到的:通过连续几次注射绒毛膜促性腺激素,使雌鼠诱导成高产卵量状态。然后从雌鼠输卵管中收集卵丘细胞与卵母细胞的复合体。经透明质酸处理使卵丘细胞散开。选择直径为10-12微米的卵丘细胞用作细胞核供体(前期实验表明,若用直径更小或更大的卵丘细胞的细胞核,经过细胞核移植的卵母细胞很少发育到8细胞期)。所选择的卵丘细胞保持在一定的溶液环境中,在3小时内进行细胞核移植(与此不同的是,在获得“多利”时用作细胞核供体的乳腺细胞先在培养液中传代了3-6次)
卵母细胞(一般处于减数分裂中期 II )通过与上面描述类似的方法,从不同种的雌鼠中收集。在显微镜下小心地用直径大约7微米的细管取出卵母细胞的细胞核,尽量不取出细胞质。同样小心取出卵丘细胞的细胞核,也尽量去除所带的细胞质(通过使取出的细胞核在玻璃管中往复运动数次,以去除所带的少量的细胞质)。在细胞核被取出后5分钟之内,直接注射到已经去除了细胞核的卵母细胞中。进行了细胞核移植的卵母细胞先放在一种特制的溶液中1-6小时,然后加入二价的锶离子(Sr2+)和细胞分裂抑素B。前者使卵母细胞激活,后者抑制极体的形成和染色体的排除。再取出处理过的卵母细胞,放在没有锶和细胞分裂抑素B的特制的溶液中使细胞分裂形成胚胎。
不同阶段的胚胎(从2细胞期到胚泡期)被分别植入几天前与已经结扎雄鼠交配过的假孕母鼠的输卵管或子宫中发育。发育完全的胎儿鼠在大约19天后通过手术取出。
目前胚胎细胞核移植克隆的动物有小鼠、兔、山羊、绵羊、猪、牛和猴子等。在中国,除猴子以外,其他克隆动物都有,也能连续核移植克隆山羊,该技术比胚胎分割技术更进一步,将克隆出更多的动物。因胚胎分割次数越多,每份细胞越少,发育成的个体的能力越差。体细胞核移植克隆的动物只有一个,就是“多利”羊。
三、克隆技术的福音
1. 克隆技术与遗传育种
在农业方面,人们利用“克隆”技术培育出大量具有抗旱、抗倒伏、抗病虫害的优质高产品种,大大提高了粮食产量。在这方面我国已迈入世界最先进的前列。
2. 克隆技术与濒危生物保护
克隆技术对保护物种特别是珍稀、濒危物种来讲是一个福音,具有很大的应用前景。从生物学的角度看,这也是克隆技术最有价值的地方之一。
3. 克隆技术与医学
在当代,医生几乎能在所有人类器官和组织上施行移植手术。但就科学技术而言,器官移植中的排斥反应仍是最为头痛的事。排斥反应的原因是组织不配型导致相容性差。如果把“克隆人”的器官提供给“原版人”,作器官移植之用,则绝对没有排斥反应之虑,因为二者基因相配,组织也相配。问题是,利用“克隆人”作为器官供体合不合乎人道?是否合法?经济是否合算?
克隆技术还可用来大量繁殖有价值的基因,例如,在医学方面,人们正是通过“克隆”技术生产出治疗糖尿病的胰岛素、使侏儒症患者重新长高的生长激素和能抗多种病毒感染的干挠素,等等.
The populace at first start to know the clone technology, all is thesource to the clone animal. First clones the animal since the world,also is clones Yang Duoli the birth, has initiated the innumerablepeople's attention and the exclamation.
The clone is a new technology
The clone has the help very much to the medical enterprise, mayclone the organ to transplant, makes the patient to restore thehealth
The clone uses in the biology, may cultivate a better qualityhigher product
The clone may save the species which soon wipes out an entirerace, improves the existing species
In agricultural aspect, the people use "the clone" thetechnology to cultivate the good quality and high output variety,greatly enhanced the grain yield
The clone technology can improve our life, causes us to live isbetter
帮我翻译成英文好吗?谢谢!
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