专家进来帮忙啊，英文好的都请进来哦。。。

专家们，英语好的朋友们都请进来帮忙哦~

The A. economy development undulation can affect the lottery ticket quantity issued and the actual sales volume, affects the anticipated rate of increment and the market overall scale, B. only is the target sector cultural connotation has the certain characteristic difference, this company adopts is hires the principle, basically completely avoids from this the risk which brings;
In the C. management pattern utilizes □the time power □reward policy, effectively the attraction and the retention managerial talent, eliminates the trade or craft competition pressure;

B. economy development hot spot transformation and it to consumption pattern influence, also can create the color people to buy the color disbursement the undulation;

B. only is the target sector cultural connotation has the certain characteristic difference, this company adopts is hires the principle, basically completely avoids from this the risk which brings;
In the C. management pattern utilizes □the time power □reward policy, effectively the attraction and the retention managerial talent, eliminates the trade or craft competition pressure;

A. this company's already had the one whole set to pass through the actual examination successful marketing pattern, the resistance marketing way risk;
B. in the different target sector, unifies this local the characteristic, adopts the fusion the method, eliminates the marketing the risk;
C. in view of the different stage and the different time change, explores and the improvement marketing strategy unceasingly, also may avoid the marketing risk;

A. this this financing adopts is the usufruct sharing pattern, has the stable anticipated income safeguard, may avoid the retinitis simplex creditor's rights financing risk;
The B. financing repayment is by the government local finance payment income fund, therefore does not have the idea to propose the risk which 坏账 and refuses to pay money;
The C. financing return to scale risk mainly exists in the market and the marketing risk, but in view of this two risk, this company has the integrity, the feasibility measure, performs to avoid;

用下面的做参考吧。


Export credit agencies, known in trade finance as ECAs, are private or quasi-governmental institutions that act as intermediaries between national governments and exporters to issue export financing. The financing can take the form of credits (financial support) or credit insurance and guarantees (pure cover) or both, depending on the mandate the ECA has been given by its government. ECAs can also offer credit or cover on their own account. This does not differ from normal banking activities. Some agencies are government-sponsored, others private, and others a bit of both.

ECAs currently finance or underwrite about $430 billion of business activity abroad - about $55 billion of which goes towards project finance in developing countries - and provide $14 billion of insurance for new foreign direct investment, dwarfing all other official sources combined (such as the World Bank and Regional Development Banks, bilateral and multilateral aid, etc.). As a result of the claims against developing countries that have resulted from ECA transactions, ECAs hold over 25% of these developing countries' US$2.2 trillion debt. These data are unreliable in the absence of source, definition, or date.

Officially supported export credits
Credits may be short term (up to two years), medium term (two to five years) or long term (five to ten years). They are usually supplier's credits, extended to the exporter, but they may be buyer's credits, extended to the importer. The risk on these credits, as well as on guarantees and insurance, is borne by the sponsoring government. ECAs limit this risk by being "closed" on risky countries, meaning that they do not accept any risk on these countries. In addition, a committee of government and ECA officials will review large and otherwise riskier than normal transactions.

Tied aid credits
Officially supported export credit may be connected to official development assistance (ODA) in two ways. First, they may be mixed with ODA, while still financing the same project (mixed credit). As the export credit is tied to purchases in the issuing country, the whole package qualifies as a tied aid credit, even if the ODA part is untied aid. Second, tied aid credits are not very different from export credits, except in interest, grace period (the time when there is no repayment of the principal) and terms of repayment. Such credits are separated from export credit by an OECD requirement that they have a minimum degree of "softness". "Softness" is measured by a formula that compares the present value of the credit with the present value of the same amount at standardized "commercial" terms. This difference is expressed as a percentage of the credit and called "concessionality level". Thus a grant has a concessionality level of 100%, a commercial credit scores zero per cent. The higher the concessionality level, the more the tied aid credit looks like ODA, the lower, the more it looks like an export credit.

Partially untied credits consist of a tied and an untied part. The latter is usually intended to finance "local cost", investment cost to be made in the importing country. This part may also be in a local currency. Partially untied aid is treated us tied aid.

International regulation
Both officially supported export credits and tied aid credit and grants are extended on terms controlled by governments. Therefore, there is a constant temptation to use these financial instruments to subsidize commercial exports in order to win a temporary advantage on an export market or to counterbalance such an action from another government (matching). However, the end result of such action is negative for importing countries (usually developing countries), who are rendered unable to choose the best combination of quality and price but consider financing first. It is also negative for tax payers, who foot the bill. It may only to the benefit of exporters whose government have the deepest pockets and the greatest willingness to subsidize, even though the macro-economic outcome of the subsidy is doubtful. In the past, there have been big, government-sheltered companies that were kept alive to a very large extent by export credits and tied aid credits. To avoid these traps, it was considered useful to standardize export credit conditions and to monitor matching and tied aid credits.

This situation has led first to an informal agreement in 1976 among some OECD countries, known as "The Consensus". This was succeeded in 1978 by a gentlemen's agreement facilitated by the OECD's now defunct Trade Directorate, which established a Working Party on Officially Supported Export Credits. This gentleman's agreement, officially known as the Arrangement on Guidelines for Officially Supported Export Credits, is known as "The Arrangement". Although negotiations are facilitated by the OECD, not all OECD member countries are participants ad membership is possble for non-OECD countries.

Since 1999, country risk categories have been harmonized by the Arrangement and minimum premium rates have been allocated to the various risk categories. This is intended to ensure that competition takes place via pricing and the quality of the goods exported, and not in terms of how much support a state provides for its exporters. The Arrangement does not extend to exports of agricultural commodities or military equipment. A recent decision at the World Trade Organization (WTO) indicates that the use of officially supported export credits in agriculture is bound by WTO members' commitments with respect to subsidised agricultural exports (see the WTO Appellate Body decision on the Brazil-US cotton case as it relates to the General Sales Manager (GSM) 102 and 103 programs and other US agricultural export credits).

The Berne Union, or officially, the International Union of Credit & Investment Insurers, is an international organisation for the export credit and investment insurance industry. The Berne Union and Prague Club combined have more than 70 member companies spanning the globe.

At EU level, the European Commission, in particular DG Trade, plays a role in the harmonization of Export Credit Agencies and the co-ordination of policy statements and negotiation positions. This is based on council decisions 73/391/EEC and 76/641/EEC. These decisions provide for prior consultations among member states on long term export credits. Member states may ask each other if they are considering to finance a specific transaction with official export credit support. EU members may not subsidize intra-EU export credits.

Polemic on ECAs
Observers argue for and against export credits. Some observers view them as nothing more than export subsidies by a different name. Others argue that export credits may further the burden of debt that poor countries already suffer. The activities of ECAs are considered by some to be a type of welfare for large corporations. ECAs are also criticised for insuring companies against political actions which aim to protect workers' rights, other human rights or the natural environment in the countries where the investment is being made. Advocates of ECAs have assertions of their own, such as the following: export credits allow impoverished importers to purchase needed goods that would otherwise be unaffordable; export credits are components of a broader strategy of trade policies; and government involvement can achieve results that the private sector cannot, such as applying greater pressure on a recalcitrant borrower. These arguments for and against export credits are not new, having been studied at length in academic literature (for a good general discussion, see Baron, David P. The Export-Import Bank: An Economic Analysis. Academic Press. 1983.; or Eaton, Jonathan. “Credit Policy and International Competition.” Strategic Trade Policy and the New International Economics, ed. Paul Krugman. MIT Press, Cambridge Mass. 1988.). Of course, these arguments also spill over into broader literature and it is certainly important not to confuse the agency that applies the export credits, the ECA, with the actual policy of providing guarantees or direct lending support to facilitate exports. For example, some accuse the Canadian Wheat Board of providing export credits (for a strident representation of this argument, see Goodloe, Carol. “The Canadian Wheat Board: Government Guarantees and Hidden Subsidies?” The Estey Centre Journal of International Law and Trade Policy, Vol 5 No 2, p 102-122. 2004.).

ECAs are increasingly requiring member countries to undertake anti-corruption due diligence when applying for export credit. This is due to the increased international enforcement of anti-bribery laws.

ECAs play a pivotal role of getting new projects financed so the economy can be turned around from this recession. Most commercial banks are closed for new business and project funding is a scarce resource. The favourable Commercial Interest Reference Rate (CIRR is the reference rate laid down by the OECD for its member states as the minimum interest rate for officially supported financing of exports) is helping to keep your cost of capital down. But even more important is it that ECAs enables start ups to get financing, which again implies that projects are being realized.

The Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank) is the official export credit agency of the United States federal government. It is an independent agency in the Executive branch established by Congress in 1934 for the purposes of financing and insuring foreign purchases of United States goods for customers unable or unwilling to accept credit risk. The mission of the Bank is to create and sustain U.S. jobs by financing sales of U.S. exports to international buyers. The Bank is chartered as a government corporation by the Congress of the United States; it was last Chartered, for a five year term, in 2006 (Senate Bill 3938, which became Public Law 109-438 on 12/20/2006). Its Charter spells out the Bank's authorities and limitations. Among them is the principle that Ex-Im Bank does not compete with private sector lenders, but rather provides financing for transactions that would otherwise not take place because commercial lenders are either unable or unwilling to accept the political or commercial risks inherent in the deal. Its current chairman is James H. Lambright.

目前中国经济持续发展，给彩票发行提供了良好的发展环境。
China's present continuously developing economy provide a good eniroment for the development of lottery.
⑴中国政府以严格的政策，使彩票发行处于绝对垄断地位，也使彩票行业处于垄断阶段；
(1)Due to the strict policies of chinese government, the issure of lottery is sitting in a position of monopoly, which also results in putting the lottery related business in a position of monopoly.
⑵中国政府以严格的政策，只允许博彩行业中的彩票业务，其他一直保持坚决禁止的政策；
(2)Due to the strict polices of chinese government, Gambling is the only one that can do business of lottery. for other industires, it's toally banned .
⑶中国政府以严格的政策，打击“非法彩票行为”和“地下私彩”；
(3)Chinese govenment deal with "illegal lottery related behavior" and "underground lottery" with very strict polices.
⑷中国经济的发展，提高了社会总体水平，使彩票市场的规模有了发展的基础；
(4)the develpment of china's economy push the whole society upto a higher level, and also makes it possible for the lotter market to expand.
⑸彩票交易手段的不断发展和完善，使更多的购买者不断加入；
(5)With the development and improvement of lottery transition ways, more and more people buy lotter tickets.
⑹彩票消费者的购买心理逐渐平和，购彩消费逐渐成为日常娱乐性消费；
(6)the lottery buyers are becoming more and more calm and sensible, and reguard the lottery consumption as part of their entertainment consumptioin.
⑺消费者的消费观念日趋成熟后，彩票市场逐步进入稳定发展的阶段；
(7)As people's concept of consumption become mature, the lottery market is entering into a stage of stable development.
⑻中国总体经济和人均收入不断增长，使购彩总量呈平稳增长态势，但人均收入的差距也在逐步加大。贫富差距的加大，促使中低收入者“通过彩票中奖”的致富心态更加强烈，更加刺激低收入者，加大购买彩票的冲动，社会购彩规模会不断发展；
(8)With the growth of the overall economy and GDP, the number of lottery tickets is enjoying a steady increase, however so is the GDP gap. The widening gap between the haves and have-nots, makes the low-medium incomer hold a greater hope that they can win the lottery and make their fortune, and it furtherly drives them to buy lotter tickets and contributes to the enlargin scale of the lotter tickets.
⑼各省市体彩中心倾向于与单个合作伙伴建立长期稳定的合作关系，本公司依据自身独有的社会和行政关系渠道，使本公司与各体彩中心的合作合同全部是唯一，具有排它性质；
(9)the Sports lottery centers in provinces and cities tend to establish a long term cooperation with only one partner. Our company takes advantage of its social and adminstraive network, and ensures all the contrasts with these sports lotter centers are exclusive.
⑽本公司与湖南省体彩合作的成功经验，和摸索出整套的行之有效的市场培育、市场营销和管理模式，非常适应国内各地区开展体彩的推广，同时也迎合国内消费者的消费习惯。
(10)The successful experice from our coopertaioin with Hunan sports lottery center, and the effective marketing and management methods, are very suitable to be implemented to every other place across the nation. they fit the consumption habit of the domestic buyers.

翻译的不太好，主要是太多了。》》》

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庾修右旋： 中粮集团有限公司在美国协作发行的首份商业本票已筹集到1亿美元.注:Commercial Paper 商业票据;商业本票.定义:企业发行的无抵押、短期债务,经常用来筹集应收账款及库存的资金,利率一般低于当时市场利率.

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