He explain to us that the heavy rain stopped him arriving on time . 这是个什么句式,帮我分析一下
1 him后加from prevent sb (from) doing sth
2 we后加should 虚拟语气中省略了should
3 said后加that 省略了宾语从句中的关系连词that
4 when后加you are 这是从句省略的情况,①主句 从句主语一致,②从句中含有be动词的任何形式(①②是要同时满足的)
5 前半部分改为 If there should be a flood,这是虚拟语气省略If,should提前的情况。
拉丁语语法名词,又叫间接引述,英文为 indirect statement。指用在表述意见的动词 [perception] 之后的一种从句,这种从句并非由主语直接叙述出来,而是通过第三人转述的。实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句,当直接引语为祈使句,陈述句,疑问句被转换成间接引语时,句子的结构,人称,时态,时间,时间状语和地点状语等都要发生改变。
如:他们说:“皇帝死后将成为神。” [直接引语] Dixere:"Augustus post mortem deum factus erit."
他们说,那个皇帝死后将成为神。[间接引语] Dixere Augustum post mortem deum faciendum esse.
间接引语中,引语的主语要使用宾格,动词要使用不定式,不定式的时态取决于引语动词发生的时间与主句动词时间的先后性,不定式的性、数取决于间接引语的主语(如前所述,只用宾格)。如:
Consules sentiunt servos non esse liberandos. 执政官们认为奴隶们不该被释放。
主句动词是认为:sentiunt ,时态是现在时。间接引语中的动词是不定式 liberandos esse,是将来时,因为“被释放”的动作是发生在主句动词“认为”之后的。liberandos 的性(阳性)、数(复数)与间接引语的主语servos 保持一致。
Fama erat patrem meum interfectum esse; fratrem autem etiam vivere. 曾有消息说,我的父亲遭杀害;而我的一个兄弟仍活着。
这里有两句间接引语。前面一句的动词是 interfectum esse,是不定式的完成时,表示“被杀害”的动作是发生在fama erat [消息到来]之前的;后一句的动词是 vivere, 是不定式的现在时,表示“活着”这个动作与消息到来同步。
[思路分析]
如下
[解题过程]
直接引语和间接引语详解
引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话,两边用引号“ “标出,叫做直接引语;用自己的语言转述别人的话,不需要引号这叫做间接引语,实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句(其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外,其转换后是不定式)。那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句,转换为间接引语时,句子的结构,人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化,如何变化呢?
1、人称的转变
1)直接引语中的第一人称,一般转换为第三人称,如:
He said,“I am very sorry.” ——>He said that he was very sorry.
2)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对转述人说的,转换为第一人称,如:
“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.——>
My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.
3)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对第三人称说的,转换成第三人称。如:
She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.” ——>
She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.
4)人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等,如:
He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” ——>
He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.
总之,人称的转换不是固定的,具体情况,具体对待,要符合逻辑。
2、时态的转换
直接引语改为间接引语时,主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时,从句(即间接引语部分)的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化,变成过去时范畴的各种时态(实际也是宾语从句的时态要求),变化如下:
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时
一般过去时 过去完成时
现在进行时 过去进行时
过去完成时 过去完成时
现在完成时 过去完成时
过去进行时 过去进行时
一般将来时 过去将来时
例如:
“I am very glad to visit your school”, she said. ——>
She said she was very glad to visit our school.
Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.” ——>
Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.
Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?” ——>
Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.
He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?” ——>
He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.
“Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked. ——>
The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.
Mother asked me, “Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?” ——>
Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.
Tom said, “We were having a football match this time yesterday.” ——>
Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before.
He said,“I haven't heard from my parents these days.” ——>
He said that he hadn't heard from his parents those days.
3、直接引语变成间接引语时,从句时态无须改变的情况
1)当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候,如:
He always says, “I am tired out.” ——>He always says that he is tired out.
2)当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候,如:
He will say, “I’ll try my best to help you.” ——>He will say that he will try his best to help me.
3)当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时,如:
He said, “I went to college in 1994.” ——>He told us that he went to college in 1994.
4)当直接引语中有以when, while引导的从句,表示过去的时间时,如:
He said,“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.” ——>
He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.
5)当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时,如:
Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.” ——>
Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.
6)当引语是谚语、格言时,如:
He said,“Practice makes perfect.” ——>He said that practice makes perfect.
7)当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need时,如:
例如:
The doctor said, “You'd better drink plenty of water.” ——>
The doctor said I'd better drink plenty of water.
He said, “She must be a teacher.”——> He said that she must be a teacher.
He said, “She ought to have arrived her office by now.”——>
He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then.
The teacher said, “You needn't hand in your compositions today.”——>
The teacher said we needn't/didn't need to/didn't have to hand in our compositions.
She asked, “Must I take the medicine?”——> She asked if she had to take the medicine.
〔注〕:此处用had to代替must更好
8)此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定,不能机械照搬,如果当地转述,here不必改为there, 动词come不必改为go,如果当天转述yesterday, tomorrow, this afternoon等均不必改变。如:
Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon.
Student : What did the teacher say, Monitor?
Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon.
4、时间状语、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化
1)时间状语:
直接引语 间接引语 直接引语 间接引语
now (then); tomorrow (the next / following day )
today (that day); next week (the next / following week / month / year)
yesterday(the day before) two days ago( two days before )
last week /month/ year (the week/month/ year before) this week/month/year (that week/month/ year)
2)指示代词:these 变成those
3)地点状语:here变成there
She said, “I won't come here any more.”——> She said that she wouldn’t go there any more..
4)动词:come变成go,bring变成take
5、直接引语变成间接引语,句子结构的变化
1)陈述句。用连词that引导,that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said, 也可用told来代替,注意,可以说said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that,不可直接说told that, 如:
He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.” ——>He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.
He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday.”——>
He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.(不可说told that)
此外主句中的谓语还常有:
repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think等,又如:
He said,“I'm late because of the heavy traffic.”——> He explained to us that he was late because of the heavy traffic.
如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句,第一个连词可以省略,以后的连词一般不省略,以免混乱。
The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.”——>
The doctor said(that)I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon.
2)直接引语为一般疑问句,(也称是否疑问句,)间接引语用连词whether或if引导,原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked(me/him/us等),语序是陈述句的语序,这一点非常重要。
He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”——>
He asked(me)whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.
He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?”——>
He asked whether I was interested in English.
3) 直接引语为选择疑问句,间接引语用whether…or…表达,而不用if…or…,也不用either…or…. 如:
He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”——>
He asked me whether I spoke English or French..
I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?”——>
I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.
4)直接引语为特殊疑问句,改成间接引语时,原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词,主句的谓语动词用ask(sb.)来表达,语序改为陈述句语序。如:
He asked,“What's your name?”——> He asked(me)what my name was.
He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?”——>
He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.
5)直接引语为祈使句时,改为间接引语,用带to的不定式表达,谓语动词常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。如ask sb. to do,(由肯定祈使句变成)ask sb. not to do(由否定祈使句转变),并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。如:
He said,“Be seated, please.”——> He asked us to be seated.
“Do be careful with your handwriting.” He said. ——>
He told me to be careful with my handwriting.
“Never come here again!” said the officer nearby. ——>
The officer ordered the villagers never to go there again.
“Don't touch anything in the lab without permission,” the teacher said. ——>
The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission.
6)有些含有“建议”——>、“劝告”——>的祈使句,可用suggest, insist, offer等动词转述,如:
He said, “Let's have a rest.”——> He suggested our having a rest.
He said, “Let me help you.”——> He offered to help me.
7)当直接引语形式上是疑问句,有表示请求,建议意义时,可用ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise sb. to do sth. 等形式转述。如:
“Would you mind opening the door?” he asked. ——>He asked me to open the door.
“Why not going out for a walk?” he asked us. ——>
He advised us to go out for a walk. 或He suggested we go out for a walk.
8)直接引语是感叹句时,变间接引语可用what或how引导,也可用that引导,如:
She said, “What a lovely day it is!”——> She said what a lovely day it was. 或She said that it was a lovely day.
嵌套间接引语的从句:
如果间接引语当中还镶嵌有另一句从句,则被称为嵌套间接引语的从句,英文叫:the subordinate clause in indirect statement。这时,这样的从句要使用虚拟语气。从句动词的时态与主句动词的时态相关联。如:
Dux dicebat militem qui fugisset poenas daturum esse. 统帅曾常说,那个逃跑的士兵将要受到惩罚。
qui fugisset[逃跑] 是一句关系从句,修饰militem “士兵”,由于处在dicebat [说]后面的间接引语当中,因此需使用虚拟语气。间接引语的动词是不定式 daturum esse[将受到],为将来时,因为动作发生在主句动词“说”之后,而 fugisset [逃跑]为虚拟语气的过去完成时,表示在统帅“说话”之前已经逃走了。
如何把直接引语变间接引语
“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如:
She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时,若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称,如:
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。
“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如:
Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。
变时态:
直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。
现在时它需改为过去时态;过去时态改为完成时;过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如:
1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen
2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。
但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时,时态一般不变化。
①直接引语是客观真理。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
②直接引语是过去进行时,时态不变。如:
Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语,变为间接引语时,时态不变。如:
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作,变间接引语,时态不变。如:
He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。
⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式(例:ought to, had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时,(例:could, should, would, might)不再变。如:
Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。
三、如何变状语:
直接引语变间接引语,状语变化有其内在规津,时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”(例:now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before)地点状语,尤其表示方向性的,或用指示代词修饰的状语,由“此”改为“彼”(例:this 改为that),如:
He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his.
四、如何变句型:
①直接引语如果是陈述句,间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如:She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.
②直接引语如果是反意疑问句,选择疑问句或一般疑问句,间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如:He said, "Can you swim, John?" →He asked John if he could swim.
"You have finished the homework, haven‘t you?" my mother asked. →My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.
"Do you go to school by bus or by bike?" →He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.
③直接引语如果是特殊问句,间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句(宾语从句必须用陈述句语序)。
She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"→ She asked me when they had their dinner.
④直接引语如果是祈使句,间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如:
"Don’t make any noise," she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. "Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
⑤直接引语如果是以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句,变为间接引语时,通常用“suggest +动句词(或从句)。”如:
He said, "Let’s go to the film." →He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.
引述别人的话有两种方式:一是使用引号引出人家的原话,这叫做直接引语;一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来,这叫做间接引语。例如:
John said, "I’m going to London with my father."
约翰说:"我要和父亲到伦敦去。"(引号内是直接引语)
John said that he was going to London with his father.
约翰说,他要和他父亲去伦敦。(宾语从句是间接引语)
he是主语,explain to是谓语
us和 that(他解释的内容)是双宾语 that引导这个解释的内容。
定语是修饰名词的,而that引导的这个句子并没有修饰名词 而是explain的内容。
这里是由 explain 引导的宾语从句
宾语从句中有个固定短语 stop sb. (from) doing sth 阻止某人做某事
这个句子整体很简单,没有什么复杂的结构,只要你懂里面的细节就不难弄懂。
这不是定语从句,是一个宾语从句。从句作的是explain 的直接宾语,表示解释的内容,us是间接宾语。
定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。
如:Those who are willing to attend the party , sign your names here please.
整句的结构是宾语从句
explain后接双宾语,to us不定式作为一个宾语,表示对象;后面的that从句为另一宾语,表示解释说明的内容
宾语从句中还涉及了stop sb. (from) doing (阻止某人做某事的用法)
定语从句简单讲就是一个句子作为定语
例如
He has a friend who likes football.
who likes football为定语从句
宾语从句。He是主语,explain是谓语,该从句是“阐释”的内容
王柿木糖: 不可以省略的, 因为explain sth to sb等于 explain to sb sth,但是如果这里面的东西是有that引导的,宾语从句,那么这个引导词that是不可以省略的.
龙门县19750939180: 向某人解释某事英语 - ?
王柿木糖: explain不能接双宾语.若一定要表示“对(向)某人解释某事”,就要用explain sth. to sb.或explain to sb. sth.,介词短语to sb.是表示对象的状语;如果宾语过长,to sb.通常插在谓语和宾语之间.例如:He explained to me the rules. = He explained the rules to me. 他向我解释了这些规则.He then explained to us what it was all about. 接着他给我们解释了这是怎么一回事.
龙门县19750939180: explaine to us可以吗 - ?
王柿木糖: explain是及物动词或不及物动词,后面接宾语或从句,或者什么也不接.首先拼写错了.其次这样用是可以的.
龙门县19750939180: The Way that he explain to us was simple为什么缺宾语?
王柿木糖: 没有缺宾语, the way 便是宾语, 但句子用了[例装句式], 原句:He explained to us in a simple way
龙门县19750939180: 定语从句!the way ( ) he explained to us was quite simple 为什么小括号里填that which 什么都不填 都可以?在这里way做什么成份?是什么特殊用法吗?什么... - ?
王柿木糖:[答案] 因为explain是及物动词,其后面必须有宾语,而这里的宾语就是way,所以that which 或不填都行.这里的从句属于定语从句,如果是状语从句的话,就用in which或that
龙门县19750939180: explain后接什么样的宾语 - ?
王柿木糖: explain后接什么样的宾语 1. 表示“解释”,通常不接双宾语;若语义上需要这类结构,可以改用 explain sth to sb结构.如: 请把这条规则给我们解释一下. 误:Please explain us this rule. 正:Please explain this rule to us. 若其中的 sth 较长或...
龙门县19750939180: explain后面一定要加to sb.吗? - ?
王柿木糖: 如果要表示“向某人解释”,要加“to sb.” 否则不加
龙门县19750939180: no matter what 和whatever 有什么区别 - ?
王柿木糖: 这两个单词意思都一样,都是无论什么的意思 但no matter what只能放在句首,在句中,只能用whatever "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever" . 例如: No matter what happened,he would not mind.=Whatever happened,he would not ...
龙门县19750939180: explain sth to sb和 explain to sb sth的区别 - ?
王柿木糖: 如果硬要说的话,做宾语补足语explain 谓语,sth宾语,to sb.向某人 其实这就是个词组,固定搭配,不要老想着什么成分,意思是:向某人解释某种东西eg;The general explained the present situation to his soldiers.将军向士兵解释当前的形势.类似的词组有:play a joke on sb. take sth with sb. 不懂可继续问我,希望被采纳,谢谢
龙门县19750939180: explain的名词? - ?
王柿木糖: explain:用作动词,主要义项有:解释;说明(原因).作及物动词,后面可跟名词、复合宾语、动词不定式和宾语从句作宾语. 注意:表示“向某人解释某事”时,sb.前必须使用介词to,即explain to sb. sth. /explain sth. to sb.. Eg. He explained the outline of his plan to us. explain的名词为explanation.