求英语八种基本时态的知识点及基础练习和强化练习（附答案）

英语初中英语八大时态练习及答案~

一般现在时：
1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况.
二、 一般过去时：
1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为.
三、 现在进行时：
1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为.
四、 过去进行时：
1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作.
五、 现在完成时：
1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态.
六、 过去完成时：
1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”.
七、 一般将来时：
1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事.
八、 过去将来时：
1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中.

一、如何变人称;
下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：
She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。
“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：
Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。
二、如何变时态：
直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。
现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：
1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen
2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。
但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。
①直接引语是客观真理。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
②直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：
Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：
He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。
⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：
Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。
三、如何变状语：
直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如：
He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his.
四、如何变句型：
①直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.
②直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said, "Can you swim, John?" →He asked John if he could swim.
"You have finished the homework, haven‘t you?" my mother asked. →My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.
"Do you go to school by bus or by bike?" →He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.
③直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。
She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"→ She asked me when they had their dinner.
④直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如：
"Don’t make any noise," she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. "Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
⑤直接引语如果是以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如：
He said, "Let’s go to the film." →He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.
引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。例如：
John said, "I’m going to London with my father."
约翰说："我要和父亲到伦敦去。"（引号内是直接引语）
John said that he was going to London with his father.
约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语）


由直接引语变为间接引语，分以下情况：
1． 直接引语是陈述句时
间接引语为that引导的宾语从句（口语中that可以省略），主句的引述动词主要有say ,tell, repeat, explain, think等。
He said , "You are younger than I."-’He said (that ) I was younger than him.
2.直接引语是疑问句时
间接引语为陈述语序：主句的谓语动词say 改为ask,或改为wonder, do not know, want to know, be not sure, be puzzled等。
（1） 一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为if (whether)引导的宾语从句。
She said, "Do you often come here to read newspapers?"
→She asked me if (或whether)I often went there to read newspapers.
She asked me , "You have seen the film, haven’t you?"
→She asked me whether(或if )I had seen the film.
（2） 选择疑问句变为whether….or 宾语从句。
I asked him, "Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?"
→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.
(3)特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。
He asked , "Where do you live?"
→He asked me where I lived.
3.直接引语是祈使句时
间接引语为不定式，作ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise等动词的宾语补足语（don’t 变为not ）.
The teacher said to the boy, "Open the window."→The teacher told the boy to open the window.
His father said to him , "Don’t leave the door open."→His father told him not to leave the door open.
[注意]
（1） 有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest ,insist等动词 加以转述。例如：
He said, "Let’s go to the theatre."
→He suggested (our )going to the theatre.或He suggested that we(should) go to the theatre.
(2) "Would you mind opening the window?" he asked.
→He asked me to open the window.
"Why don’t you take a walk after supper?" he asked .
→he advised me to take a walk after supper.
"Shall we listen to the music?" he asked.
→He suggested listening to the music.
4.直接引语是感叹句时
间接引语为what 或how 引导，也可以用that 引导。
She said, "What a lovely day it is !"
→She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day.
5．如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：
（1） 一般现在时变为一般过去时
（2） 现在进行时变为过去进行时
（3） 一般将来时变为过去将来时
（4） 现在完成时变为过去完成时
（5） 一般过去时变为过去完成时
（6） 过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时
[注意]
（1） 如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."
→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
（2） 如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语，变为间接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如：
He said to me, "I was born in 1973."
→He told me that he was born in 1973.
(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
He said, "I’m a boy, not a girl."
→He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.
(4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
The girl said, "I get up at six every morning."
→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.
(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：
He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."
→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.
(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如：
The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation."
→The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.
He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."
→He said that he could swim when he was only six.
6.代词等一般地应作用相应的变化。
指示代词 this ---that
these--- those
表示时间的词 now --- then
today--- that day
this week(month ,etc) ----that week (month ,etc)
yesterday ----the day before
last week(month) --- the week(month) before
three days(a year)ago---three days(a year)before
tomorrow ----the next (following ) day
next week(month)--the next(following)week(month)
表地点的词 here --there
动词 bring -- take
come --go
直接引语和间接引语练习

I. 请选出正确的答案:

1. Where was Alice's sister? I don't know where ________.A.

was Alice's sister B. Alice's sister wasC. is Alice's sister

D. Alice's sister is2. What did he say? I don't know what _________.A. did he say B. he says C. he has said D. he said3. I don't know ___________.A. the reason why can be B. why the reason may beC. what the reason can be D. what the reason may be4. I wonder ___________ .which of the following is not the right choice?A. whether she will be fit for the job or notB. whether or not she will be fit for the jobC. if she will be fit for the jobD. what she will be fit for the job5. Is Mr. Wu from Beijing? I don't know ________.A. where does he come from B. from where does he comeC. which city he comes from D. what city he comes from6. Can you make sure _________?A. that he will come here today B. when he will come here todayC. will he come here today D.whether will he come here today7.Do you happen to know ______?A. where is her address B. in which place is her addressC. what her address

is D. the place her address is8. Excuse me, but can you tell me ________?A. where can I get to the library B. where I can get to the libraryC. how can I get to the library D. how I can get to the library9. John asked me _______ to visit his uncle's farm

with him.A. how would I like B. if or not would I likeC. whether I would like D. which I would like10. I'd like to know ________ Chi-nese.A.when he began to learn B. when did he begin to learnC.when did he begin learning D. for how long he began to learn II. 将下列句子变为间接引语:1. "You should be more careful next time," his father said to him.2. Mr. Wang said, "I will leave for Shang-hai on business next month, children."3."I haven't heard from my parents these days," said Mary.4. The geography teacher said to us, "The moon moves around the earth and the earth goes round the sun."5. She said to him, "It's time that you left here."6. Zhang Hong said to me, "Doctor Wang passed away in 1948."7. John said to his parents, "I had learned 500 Chinese words by the end of last term."8. The history teacher said to them, "The Chinese Communist Party was founded on July 1st , 1921."9. He said, "Are you a student?"10. "Have you anything interesting I can read, George?" she said.

一般现在时表示习惯性、个人能力、普遍真理；表示“已经列入日程表”时常用一般现在时表示将来；
2.表示说话人始料的事，常用一般过去时；
3.进行时与某些频度副词连用时，常带有赞赏、厌烦等感情色彩；
4.时间状语从句或条件状语从句中常用一般时表将来；
5.will/be going to do/be about to do的用法区别；
6．固定句式中的时态搭配；
7.用主动形式表示被动意义常见的几种情况；
8.was/were going to do以及had intended/hoped/expected/thought等可表示本打算干某事，实际上未干成；
9.固定句式中的时态：
1）It/This is/was+the+序数词+time+that-----;
It/This is/was+the+形容词最高级+名词+ -----
2）hardly/scarcely----when,no sooner---than结构中when,than前的主句必须用过去完成时时than,when所在的从句用一般过去时；
3）It is(high)time that-----(早)该----结构中，从句谓语动词必须用过去时，是虚拟语气的一种；
4）It will be+一段时间+before+从句（从句谓语动词一般用现在时）
It was+一段时间+before+从句（从句谓语动词一般用过去时）
5）It is/has been+一段时间+since从句（从句用一般过去时）
It was/had been+一段时间+since从句（从句用一般过去完成时）
【考纲要求】时态与语态一直是热点，也是广大考生复习备考的难点。考纲要求考生应该具备较强的语言应用能力，能在具体语境中恰当、准确地使用某一特定时态；熟练掌握常见的8种时态，弄清16种时态，同时还要熟练运用特殊时态句式和用法以及不用被动式但表示被动的动词和短语。
【教法指引】高考对时态的考查非常灵活且难度较大，不易把握。大部分时态题答案的选择取决于题干语境；但也有部分时态试题较易把握，其用法相对固定，常见于特定句式结构中；还有部分常见时态用法特殊。综观近年来的高考单项填空题,动词成为考查的热点,在15个单项选择中，考查动词时态的题一般不少于2道，动词的时态常和语态、主谓一致结合在一起进行考查。教师在指导学生复习备考、答题中，要遵循如下思路：
① 这个动作可能发生在什么时间？题干句中可参照的时间信息有那些？
② 这个动作处于什么时态，是进行中，还是已经结束（完成）？限制或修饰这个动作的状语信息有哪些？
③ 这个动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动？
只要全面细致地考虑了这些问题的答案，试题的正确答案也就水落石出了。
【知识网络】 动词时态与语态
一、动词时态
（一）一般现在时
一般现在时常以动词原形表示，但当主语是第三人称单数时，应用动词的单数第三人称形式。一般现在时主要有以下几种用法：
1、一般现在时表示现在经常发生或习惯性的行为或状态，常与usually, always, every day, twice a week, seldom, sometimes等时间状语连用。
He always sleeps with the windows open.他总是开着窗子睡觉。
2、一般现在时表示主语的性格、特征、能力等。He works hard .他工作很努力
3、一般现在时表示客观事实或普遍真理，也用在格言中。
The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
4、在时间、条件、比较等状语从句中表将来的动作
在由when, if, after, before, as, as soon as, the minute, the next time, in case, though, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, whenever等引导的状语从句中，常用一般现在时代替将来时，但应注意，主句的谓语动词必须用一般将来时。The volleyball match will be put off if it rains. 如果下雨，排球赛将推迟
5、表示安排或计划好的将来动作，通常限于表示"运动"的动词，如：go, come, leave, start等。The train starts at 10 o' clock in the morning.火车在上午10点发车
（二）一般过去时
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间连用，yesterday, last night, in 1990, two days ago等。也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often, always等表示频度的时间状语连用
1、表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或状态，常有明确的时间状语，如yesterday，last night, some years ago，in1890等，以及由when等引导的时间状语从句。
2、表示过去某一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作常与often，usually，seldom等表示频度的副词连用。When I was in the countryside, I often called on my old friends there.我在乡村里，经常去拜访那里的朋友。
3、在条件、时间状语从句中，常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.他们说如果听到什么关于他的消息，就通知我们。
4、表示虚拟语气
这一用法只适用于某些特定的句型，表示现在或将来的非真实、主观意图或愿望。
If only I had a better memory.要是我的记忆力好一点就好了。
If it rained tomorrow, the match would be put off.要是明天下雨，比赛就会延期举行。
（三）一般将来时
1、一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, in the future, next year等。一般将来时由"助动词will/shall+动词原形"构成。
2、一般将来时的其他表达法
（1）"be going to+动词原形"表将来
①这种结构表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。
They are going to meet outside the school gate.他们打算在校门口见面。
②还可表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象，认为某事即将发生、肯定会发生或可能出现的情况。I think I'm going to die. 我想我要死了。(现在生命垂危) Look at the cloud. It's going to rain.瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。(乌云密布，使我断定天要下雨)
③这种结构表示"肯定、预测，注定会"。在这种情况下可以和"think, hope, want, belive, like"等表示静态的动词连用。 He failed in the exam; he knew he was going to when he looked at the test paper.他没考及格，他一看试卷就知道考不及格。
The voters aren't going to like him.选民们不会喜欢他的。
"be about to+动词原形"表将来
（2）"be about to+动词原形"表示打算或据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用。The English evening is about to start.英语晚会即将开始。
（3）"be to+动词原形"表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务要求要发生的动作，这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意见。
There's to be a slide show this afternoon.今天下午要放幻灯。
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.到10点你得交上试卷。
（4）用现在进行时来表示将来
现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等，还有join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, stay, sleep, meet等。常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
I'm leaving for Tibet on Sunday.星期天我要去西藏。
When are you going back to your factory? 你什么时候回工厂？
（5）一般现在时表示将来
用一般现在时表示根据规定预计要发生、安排或计划好的将来的动作。这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come, go, leave, start, begin, sail, return, stop, end, open, stay等。The plane starts at 8 o'clock in the morning.飞机上午8点起飞。
When does the show begin?展览什么时候开始？
（四）现在进行时
现在进行时由"助动词be（is/am/are）+ v-ing"构成。它的用法如下：
1、表示说话人说话时正在进行的动作，它不涉及该动作的发生和结果，译成汉语"正在"，这一用法常和表示此刻的时间状语连用，如now, at this time, at present，at the moment等。
2、表示现阶段但并非眼下正在进行着的动作，这种动作常与表示一段的时间状语连用，如these days , this week等。
3、表示将来的动作,表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作，或即将开始或进行的动作。常用的这类词go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do, dine等，通常要与表示将来的时间状语连用，以区别此刻正在进行的动作。He is coming to see you tomorrow.他明天要来看你。
4、表达褒贬等感情色彩
和always ,forever, continually, constantly, instantly, continuously等频度副词连用，表示经常、反复发生的动作，不强调动作的进行性。表达厌烦、愤怒、抱怨、赞扬等情感。
He is constantly leaving his things about.他时常乱丢东西。（表责怪）
She is always changing her clothes.她老是换衣服。（表责怪）
He is always working hard.他总是学习很用功。（表赞赏）
They're forever quarrelling about something.他们老是为某件事争吵。(不满)
5、wonder, hope, think 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气
I'm wondering if I may come a little late.我在想我能不能晚来一会儿。
（五）过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。构成过去进行时常由"助动词be的过去时was/were+现在分词"构成。用法如下：
1、表示过去某一时刻正在或过去某段时间正在进行的动作。动作发生的特定时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明。
注意：在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时，另一个动作用一般过去时。如果表示两个延续动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，而不考虑动作的先后长短，则主句和从句的谓语动词都用过去进行时。
When I entered the room, she was sitting at her desk.我进屋的时候，她正坐在书桌前面。
The students were reading while the teacher was grading their homework.学生们在看书，而老师在批改他们的家庭作业。
2、用来描写故事发生的背景
在口语或记叙文中，可以用过去进行时表示的持续动作作为背景，以此引出由一般过去时表示的新动作。
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the river bank.一个漆黑的夜晚，狂风大作，大雨倾盆，一位年轻的妇女突然出现在河岸上。
3、代替过去将来时
用于come, go ,leave, start, stay, arrive等表位置转移的动词，以表示过去将要发生的动作。
She asked me whether he was starting the next day.她问我他是否第二天就走
4、表达褒贬等感情色彩
过去进行时也可以和always，constantly，continually，forever等连用，表示说话人的主观感情，如赞扬、不满、厌烦等。
He was always trying out new ideas.他总是试验一些新的设想
He was forever complaining about something.他老是怨这怨那
5、wonder, hope, think，want 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气
---Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favor? --打扰了,先生。你能帮我个忙吗？
---Of course. What is it? --当然。什么事？
---I was wondering if you could tell me how to fill out this form. --我一直在想你是否能告诉我怎样填这张表
（六）现在完成时
现在完成时由"助动词have/has+过去分词"构成。现在完成时的用法如下：
1、表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，通常使用不具有延续意义的动词，arrive, become, begin, break等。这种用法可带有迄今意义的时间状语，如up to now, so far, already, not...yet等。也可带有包括现在时间在内的时间状语，如now, recently, in the past few years, just等。
I have already posted the photos.我已经把照片寄出了
2、表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，也许还将继续下去。这种用法通常用于具有延续意义的动词，如live, stay, work等，并带有表示时间段的状语或迄今意义的时间的状语，如for, since等
They have lived in Beijing since 2002.他们自从2002年以来就住在北京。
注意：表示短暂的动作动词或状态动词不能用于这种用法，如arrive, come, go, leave等。如，不能说：She has come to our school for 2 years.
3、表示到现在为止的一段时间内重复发生的动作。常与often, always 等连用
He has been late for class every morning this week.这个星期他每天早晨都迟到。
My father has always gone to work by bike.我爸爸一向骑车上班
4、用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作。
He will be back before I have finished my work.我完成工作之前他会回来的。
5、用在"It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that从句"中
在这种从句中，当主句动词为is/will be时，that-从句的动词用现在完成时，that 可以省略。主句中的主语还可用this, this evening等; 这种结构中的first也可用其他序数词；time也可由其他名词替代
This is the first time I have been here.这是我第一次来这里。
It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.这将是我第一次当众讲话。
6、 "It (This)is the best( worst, most interesting等) + 名词+从句"结构中的从句要求用现在完成时
This is the best film I've ever seen.这是我所看过得最好的一部电影
This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.这是他写得最好的一部小说。
7、现在完成时可以表示反问的语气（与when连用）或感情色彩
- Who is Jerry Cooper? 杰利?库珀是谁呀？
- Haven't you met him yet? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting. 你还没见过他？我看见你和他在开会时握手了。Now you've done it.你这下可闯祸了。
When have I been treated like this?我什么时候吃这一套？
8、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时与一般过去时都表示完成的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in1990等。而一般过去时则表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。
I have seen the film.我看过这部电影。（我了解这部电影的内容）
I saw the film last week.我上星期看了这个电影。（只说明上星期看了这个电影，不涉及现在的情况）
He has lived here since 1972.1972年以来他一直住在这里。（他现在还住在这里）
He lived here in 1972.1972年他们住在这里。（不涉及到现在是否还住在这里）
9、使用现在完成时应注意的几点
（1）现在完成时不能和明确表示过去的时间状语(如yesterday, last week, in 1976, two days ago, just now等)连用，但可以和下列不确定的时间状语连用，如never, ever, always, yet, already, before, just, lately, so far, recently等
She has already come.她已经来了。I have met him before.我以前曾见过他。
（2）现在完成时还可以和表示从过去某时刻延续到现在 (包括现在在内)的时间状语连用。如today，this year，these days，this morning等
It has been hot this summer. 今年夏天一直很热。(说话时仍是夏天)
I have written two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。(说话时仍是上午)
（3）表示短暂意义的动词，如open，go，come，die，leave，arrive，begin， return，stop等，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。如要表达"他离开这儿已经3年了"这一意思时，不能说" He has left here for three years. "而要把其中的动词换为延续性动词或用其他表达法。如上句可用下列方式表达:
He has been away from here for three years.
He left here three years ago. It is three years since he left here.
（4）have/has been to表示到过某个地方，而have/has gone to表示已经去了某处。
He has been to the Great Wall.他到过长城。(现在他已不在长城)
He has gone to the Great Wall.他去长城了。(现在他不在此地)
（七）过去完成时
过去完成时由"助动词had+过去分词"构成。用法如下：
1、过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发的时间是"过去的过去"。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before，after，until等引导的从句或通过上下文表示。
When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。
2、表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去的动作，常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。
3、用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或as if从句中表示与过去事实相反
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你，他就会问你这件事了。
Had I known that you wanted the book , I would have sent it.如果我知道你要这本书，我会送来的。
4、放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。
My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告诉我，他已通过了考试。
5、用在 "It was the first/second/third…time that…"句型中，that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。
This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 这是39年里他们第一次见面。
It was the first time we had spoken together. 这是我们第一次在一起说话。
6、intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时，表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜。
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来昨天打算要去看你，但我来了个不速之客。
7、过去完成时常用结构有"hardly, scarcely, barely … when, no sooner… than等副词的句子里。
She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他刚睡下铃就响了。
No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他们刚刚离开大楼，一颗炸弹就爆炸了。
（八）过去将来时
过去将来时一般由 "助动词would(第二、三人称)/should(第一人称)+动词原形"构成。不论什么人称，美国英语皆可用would。用法如下：
1、表示对过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句中。
I thought they would come to help me.我认为他们会来帮我的。
He said he would wait for us at the bus stop.他说他要在车站等我们。
2、表示过去的某种习惯行为
He would sit for hours doing nothing.过去他常常坐几个钟头什么事也不做。
He would come to see us on Sundays.过去星期天他经常来看望我们。
3、过去将来时的其它表达法
（1）was/were going to
①表示过去的打算和意图
He was going to start work the following week.他打算下星期开始工作。（打算）
②表示没有实现的打算和意图
He was going to come last night, but it rained.他打算昨晚来，但下雨了。(没实现)
I thought the film was going to be interesting.我想这部电影会很有趣的。（结果不是）
（2）was/were to+动词原形
这种结构通常指过去的计划安排或注定要发生的事情。如果计划的动作没有实现，要用动词的完成式。
At that time he did not know that quitting the job was to become the turning point in his life.( 注定要发生的事情)那时他不知道辞职将会成为他生活的转折点。
She said she was to take up the position.(表示打算)他说他打算上任。
She said she was to have taken up the position.( 计划但未能实现) 他说他本打算上任。
（3）was/were about to＋动词原形
was/were about to＋动词原形，表示过去即将发生的事。
The meeting was about to be held the following day.会议打算第二天开。
（4）表示位置转移的动词 (如go，come，leave，start等)的过去进行时，表示按照过去的计划安排将在过去将来发生的事情。

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